Dissenting Opinion of
Chief Justice Judd.1 feel obliged to adhere to my former opinion on the demurrer. I think that there is a remedy in case for the injury complained of, distinct from the conventional action of libel; and for this reason respectfully dissent from the above opinions of my learned brethren.
Opinion of
Chief Justice Judd,Appealed From.
This is an action on the case to recover $50,000 damages, resulting to plaintiff for injury done by the defendants to the character, feelings and reputation of the plaintiff. The declaration alleges:
1. That for thirty years and upwards the plaintiff has carried *252on, and still carries on, the business of a general merchant, importer and retail storekeeper in the city of Honolulu.
2. That in the year 1864 the plaintiff had certain disputes and differences with one W. L. Green, a merchant, then and now residing in Honolulu,
3. That in order to settle and arrange the said disputes and differences, the plaintiff wrote and sent a letter to the said W. L. Green, a copy whereof is annexed to the complaint, marked “A,”
4. That by the said letter the plaintiff authorized Mr. Green, but no other person, to print and circulate, should he so desire, 100 copies, but no more, of the said letter.
5. That on the 7th day of June, of this year, the defendants, intending to injure the character, feelings and reputation of the plaintiff, did, without the knowledge or consent of the said W. L. Green or of the plaintiff, wrongfully and injuriously print, publish and circulate, or cause to be printed, published and circulated, a large number, that is to say several hundred copies, of the said letter, and did so wrongfully and injuriously cause the said copies of the said letter to be distributed and delivered to divers residents of Honolulu, and other persons residing in this Kingdom.
All of which actions and doings by the defendants, the plaintiff alleges, were done in contravention of his private rights under the laws, and to the damage of the plaintiff to the amount claimed.
The defendants demur, and say that the complaint is insufficient in law, and urge particularly:
1. That the complaint does not allege that the letter published is untrue or defamatory.
2. No special damages can be recovered, for none are alleged to have resulted.
3. General damage cannot be presumed from publishing the truth. The truth is a complete and perfect answer to a civil suit for libel.
Townsend on Libel, p. 211; Odgers on Libel, p. 169.
4. The plaintiff cannot recover nominal- damages, for he ha's no property in the letter. .It is Mr. Green, the receiver’s, property. The letter has no literary value. If it had, it has been given to *253the world by the writer, and be has not secured its copyright.
5. The letter is a part of a judicial proceeding in the case of Green vs. Waterhouse, and no action is maintainable for such.a publication.
6. The complaint contains no allegation of injury to plaintiff’s business.
The publication may have been “ officious, intermeddling and annoying,” but these elements will not support an action. Nor if published with intent to injure.
7. The truth is a justification in a libel, though the motive be malicious.
Against these views the plaintiff’s counsel urge:
1. In this case it is clear that the words of the letter were of and concerning the plaintiff personally in his business ; and also that the “ publication directly tends to injure the fame, reputation and good name of the plaintiff,” within the statutory definition of a libel.
But the falseness of the letter is not to be averred, and therefore it is possible that the present case cannot be classified technically as an action for libel. But it comes within all the evils which actions for libel are meant to prevent. It contains all the legal ingredients of a tort, and is not damnum absque injuria.
2. The declaration conforms to our statutory form. It avers an intent to do the injury, and an unauthorized act done, whereby injury has resulted to the plaintiff’s character, reputation and feelings, and the act is one which tends to injure the plaintiff’s business.
3. The truth of the publication is not always a defense in a civil action.
4. Even Mr. Green would be liable for publishing over IGO copies. But it does not appear that he published any. Defendant’s publication of the letter for a malevolent purpose was more than officious intermeddling with private affairs, it was a tort.
5. The receiver of a letter cannot publish it without leave of the sender. An injunction would issue to restrain such wrongful act; The amount of damage for the wrong committed is immaterial in this discussion.
6. The old theory for the necessity of averring special damages, *254was that they were required to be averred, when not presumed, in order to prevent surprise to the defendant. But as proof of damage, where the words published are defamatory and actionable per se, would be no less a surprise; it shows that the theory is not based on principle, and ought not to be adopted. '
7. A publication may be true, and yet be a libel. To rake up a buried feud, to spread before the community a statement which was made by one of the parties to that feud, for the sole purpose of ending it, and to do so for the malicious purpose of injuring such person, and more especially when such publication necessarily tends to affect injuriously his business, reputation and feelings, is a wrong, and it would be a reproach to a system of law based solely on right reason, to say of such malicious injury that it has no remedy, unless its effect can be shown to have been to wring dollars out of the plaintiff.
8. Equity will restrain the unauthorized publication of private letters, on the ground of violation of confidence and injury to the feelings.
Cooley on Torts, pp. 356 to 359 ; Kerr on Injunctions, pp. 187 to 189; Pomeroy Eq. Jur,, Sec. 1358 ; 2 Story Eq. Jur., Sections 946, 948.
By the Court.
The first question to be decided is, whether this complaint is to be judged according to well settled rules concerning civil actions for libel. If it is, then it is clear that the demurrer must be sustained ; for the complaint does not aver that the words in the publication are defamatory. Moreover, they are not alleged to be false. A libel, according to our statutes, is a “ publication in writing, print, or by picture, statue, sign or a representation other than by words merely spoken, which directly tend to injure the fame, reputation or good name of another person, and to bring him into disgrace, abhorrence, odium, hatred, contempt or ridicule, or cause him to be excluded from society.”
It has been settled by a long course of legal decisions that defamatory words are those which produce any perceptible injury to the reputation of another. These, 'if false, are actionable, and general damages may be recovered of the person using them, without proof that any particular damage has followed their use.
*255It is also settled that the fact that the words employed by the defendant have perceptibly injured the plaintiff’s reputation may be presumed from the nature of the words themselves. Also, if the words, being written and published or printed and published, are in any way disparaging to the plaintiff and tend to bring him into ridicule or contempt.
As above stated, the publication complained of is not alleged to be defamatory. It is therefore unnecessary to consider whether it has in fact that character. For this reason alone the plaintiff cannot recover general damages on his complaint, as for a libel. Nor can the plaintiff recover special damages, as for a libel, for he has-failed to aver them in the particular manner required of the pleader in a libel suit.
I. deem it unnecessary to discuss the question whether or not., considering our statute, the truth of the published matter is a complete defense to a civil action, for the complaint does not charge the matter published to be false, and it, purporting to be a copj- of a letter written by the plaintiff himself, could not well be alleged to be false.
I pass now to consider whether the plaintiff has a cau=e of action in his ease stated in the complaint, independently of the law governing libels.
This is a novel question and may be thus statedA letter was-written by a merchant in Honolulu twenty years ago as an apology and in order to settle and compromise a suit for slander. The letter was written to a person not the defendant,, and closes with the statement: “I beg to enclose herewith a check for $300 in your favor to pay the expenses you have already been put to in the suit against me, and also to pay for 100 printed copies of the apology should you desire to print the same, in order that you may have an opportunity, by circulating them, of repairing any injury you may have suffered by what I have said or done.” Permission was thus accorded by the writer to the receiver of the letter to print 100 copies of the letter and to circulate them, presumably among those who might have been unfavorably affected toward the receiver by the plaintiff’s statements.
The complaint charges that the publication of this letter by the defendants was. with the -intent to injure the character, feelings- *256and reputation of the plaintiff, and that it was done without the knowledge or consent of the receiver, Mr. W. L. Green, or of the plaintiff, and that the defendants wrongfully and injuriously printed and circulated a large number, that is to say several hundred copies, and delivered and distributed them to divers residents in Honolulu and other persons residing in this Kingdom.
In considering whether the plaintiff can recover damages for this conduct of the defendants, these allegations must be taken as true.
Judge Story discusses the question as to whether courts of equity ought to restrain by injunction the publication of mere private letters on business or on family concerns, or on matters of personal friendship and not strictly falling within the line of literary compositions. 2 Story, Eq. Jur., Sections 946 to 949. .
This learned jurist says in See. 946 : “ In amoral view the publication of such letters, unless in cases where it is necessary to the proper vindication of the rights or conduct of the party against unjust claims or injurious imputations, is perhaps one of the most odious breaches of private correspondence, of social duty and of honorable feelings which can well be imagined. It strikes at the root of all that free and mutual interchange of advice, opinions and sentiments between relatives and friends and correspondents which is so essential to the well-being of society and to the spirit of a liberal courtesy and refinement. It may involve whole families in great distress from the public display of facts and circumstances which were reposed in the bosoms of others under the deepest and most affecting confidence that they should forever remain inviolable secrets.”
Sec. 947. “It would be a sad reproach to English and American jurisprudence if courts of equity could not interpose in such cases, and if the rights of property of the writers should be deemed to exist only when the letters were literary compositions. If the mere sending of letters to third persons is not to be deemed, in cases of literary composition, a total abandonment of the rights of property by the sender, a fortiori, the act of sending them cannot be presumed to be an abandonment thereof in cases where the very nature of the letters imports, as matters of business, or friendship, or advice, or personal confidence, the implied or necessary intention of duty and secrecy.”
*257See. 948. The author here says that private letters may be required to be produced for the purposes of public justice, and adds : * “But it by no means follows that private persons have a right to make such on other occasions, upon their own notion of taking the administration of justice into their own hands, or for the purpose of vindicating their own conduct, or of gratifying their own enmity, or of gratifying a gross and diseased public curiosity by the circulation of private anecdotes, or family secrets, or personal concerns.”
948 a. “But the utmost extent to which courts of equity have gone in restraining any publication by injunction has been upon the principle of protecting the rights of property in the books or letters sought to be published. They have never assumed, at least since the destruction of the Court of the Star Chamber, to restrain any publication which purports to be a literary work, upon the mere ground that it is of a libelous character and tends to the degradation or injury of the reputation or business of the plaintiff who seeks relief against such publication. For matters of this sort do not properly fall within the jurisdiotion of courts of equity to redress, but are cognizable in a civil or criminal suit at law.”
Judge Cooley (Cooley on Torts, 358), in commenting upon a New York case, in which Chancellor Walworth held that he would not enjoin the publication of private letters unless they had a literary value (Hoyt vs. Mackensie, 3 Barb. Chan., 320), says: “It was,also heid that if the contents of the letter were such that it could not be supposed that the writer would consent to its publication, the conclusion must be that the letter has no value as a literary production. But this is a remarkable non sequitur, especially as in the very case in which the decision was made the defendant had published the plaintiff’s letters, surreptitiously obtained, expecting to derive a profit therefrom.” Mr. Justice Story has strongly contended for the jurisdiction of equity to restrain the publication of private letters on the ground of violation of confidence and injury to the feelings, and this seems the most reasonable doctrine, and it receives countenance from cases cited in the margin.” Of these eases only one is accessible to me : Eyre vs. Higbee, 35 Barb., 502. This case decides that private *258letters received by a person in his lifetime are not assets in the hands of his administrator and subject to sale to pay debts.
The receiver has only a qualified property in them. At the most he has only a joint property with the writer. As laid down by Lord Eldon in Gee vs. Pritchard, 2 Swanston, 402 : “ The property is qualified in some respects; that by sending the letter the writer has given, for the purpose of reading it, and in some cases of keeping it, a property to the person to whom it is addressed, yet that gift is so restrained that beyond the purposes for which the letter is sent the property is in the sender. Under such circumstances it is immaterial whether the intended publication is for the purpose of profit or not. If profit, the party is then selling, if not for profit, he is then giving that, a portion of which belongs to the writer.”
This case is not accessible to me, but Judge Mullin, in Eyre vs. Higbee, in commenting upon it, says.- “The English Court of Chancery has extended its protection, by means of injunction, over letters on matters of business or friendship, and for the reason that the writer has an interest in them, and it would not permit a breach of his confidence in allowing the publication.”
Under these authorities the receiver of the letter in question would not be authorized to make publication of it to any extent greater than authorized by the writer.
A fortiori third parties, as these defendants are, have no such authority.
Even Judge Story, though finding that courts of equity would not exercise the injunctive power of the Court unless the letters were of literary value, says that these matters are “ cognizable in a civil or criminal action at law.” Vide Supra, Sec. 948 a.
In Brandreth vs. Lane, 8 Paige Ch. 23, Chancellor Walworth refused to restrain the publication of a libelous work, but left the plaintiff to his action at law.
In Woolsey vs. Judd, 4 Duer, 379, it is held that a court of equity cannot prevent the publication of private letters merely on the ground that such publication is injurious to the interests of society. It must stand on the ground that the writer has an exclusive property remaining in him, and the right to an injunction *259does not depend upon the question whether the letter possess value as a literary composition.
Wait’s Digest, Title Injunction.
But Chancellor Kent, 2 Commentaries, 381, says: “The publication oí private letters ought to be restrained when it would be a breach of confidence and trust, as letters of courtship, or when injurious to the character or happiness of others.”
In Hopkinson vs. Lord Burghley, 2 L. R. Ch. App. 448, Lord Cairns says : “ The question in all these cases is, what was the purpose or object in the mind of the person sending the letter. The writer is supposed to intend that the receiver can use the letter for any lawful purpose, and it has been held that publication is not such a lawful purpose.”
It seems to me that as the complaint avers that not only was an injury intended to plaintiff by defendants, but that one was done to the feelings, character and reputation of the plaintiff by the wrongful and injurious publication of this letter, this injury is not one that is without redress.
Upon principle, and I think upon sufficient authority — to-wit, Mr. Justice Story, Lord Cairns and Judge Cooley — the plaintiff ought to have the remedy for the wrong done him. Where there is a right there is a remedy. As Lord Holt has said : “ It is a vain thing to imagine a right without a remedy, for want of right and want of remedy are reciprocal.” Ashby vs. White., Ld. Raymond, 938. 1 Smith’s Leading Cases, 105. Here the plaintiff had been denied the right to vote for members of Parliament. “No such case,” says Cooley, “ had ever been adjudged and there was no precedent for the suit. But in the opinion of Lord Holt a precedent was not important; the material question was, had they a right to vote ? When the facts were found in their favor, the legal conclusion must follow : Having a right, the remedy was of course.”
In the case before me the wrong has been done, the letter has been published; it cannot now be restrained by injunction. To sustain this demurrer would be to hold that the defendants may continue to publish this letter from year to year, indefinitely, in all parts of the world, wherever the defendants may think it would damage the plaintiff. It would be a reproach to justice to say that *260such conduct is remediless. The measure of damages is not raised by the demurrer. It is properly a matter of instruction to the jury.
Honolulu, July 26, 1884.I overrule the demurrer.