DISSENTING OPINION OP
PERRY, J.The petitioner was sentenced to imprisonment for the term of thirty days for an alleged contempt of the Circuit Court of the First Circuit and then brought this petition for a writ of habeas corpus to determine the legality of such sentence and commitment. Many questions ai’e presented.
One McCarthy was tried in the Circuit Court upon a charge of mayhem. The jury rendered a verdict of guilty. Thereafter, upon motion of counsel, the court discharged the defendant on the ground that there is no such crime known to our law as mayhem. This was on March 5, 1902. On March 11, McCarthy was arraigned before the same court on a charge of assault and battery based on the same acts, and the tidal 'was begun. 'In its issue of the day following, and while the trial was still pending and the case undetermined, the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, a newspaper printed and published in this city, of which newspaper the present petitioner was then the editor, contained a certain cartoon and certain printed words said to' be of and concerning the Hon. George D. Gear who was the judge presiding at the two trials referred to. One; of the attorneys for the defendant on the day last named presented to the court a motion or affidavit praying that the editor of the Advertiser be cited to appear and show cause why he shoxxld not be summarily punished for contempt of court, charging in the'affidavit that the editor “did mate and publish for circulation an insulting, contemptuous, contumelious, disrespectful cartoon or picture a copy of which isi hereto attached and made a part hereof, intending and meaning thereby to throw disrespect upon the Honorable George D.. Gear, one of the judges of said court, and the presiding judge at both of the trials hereinbefore named; and in said cartoon or picture intending to and attempting to represent *256the former action in a ludicrous and disgraceful manner of him the said Honorable George D. Gear in his official and judicial capacity, as well as to prejudice the case of said defendant in the minds of the public and jury trying said cause and that by reason of said insulting, contemptuous, contumelious and disrespectful picture or cartoon, and intending to publish animadversions on the evidence or proceedings in a pending trial tending to prejudice the public respecting the same, and to obstruct and prevent the administration of justice; and by knowingly publishing an unfair report of the proceedings of the Court, and malicious invectives against the court and jury tending to bring such court and jury, and the administration of justice into ridicule, contempt, discredit and odium, did then and there and thereby commit a contempt of court.” An order was thereupon issued citing Smith to appear at a time stated and show cause why he should not be adjudged guilty of contempt “in ptiblishing, printing and circulating the said statement of and concerning the Presiding Judge of this Court and the cartoon or picture with reference to a cause now pending and undetermined in this Court, to wit: the case of the Territory of Hawaii against William McCarthy, and which said statement and publication and picture or cartoon is well calculated to prejudice and will prejudice the minds of the jury sworn to try the issues and hinder, obstruct and prevent the court and jury in the discharge of their duties and the Administration of Public Justice.” The respondent appeared and filed a return and after certain other proceedings had been had, judgment was rendered and sentence pronounced.
In the view which I take- of the case, it becomes material to consider whether the respondent in that proceeding was committed and sentenced for a constructive contempt or for a direct contempt.
As to the distinction between these two classes of contempts. “A direct contempt, or a contempt in fade curiae, is noisy or tumultuous conduct in the presence of the court, or so near thereto as to interrupt its proceedings; or an open defiance of *257its powers or authority; or disrespectful behavior or language to the presiding judge; or any improper conduct tending to defeat or impair the administration of justice. An indirect or constructive contempt is one offered elsewhere than in the presence of the court, and which tends by its operation to degrade or make impotent the authority of the court, or in some manner to impede or embarrass the due administration, of justice.” — 7 Am. & Eng. Encycl. Law, 2nd ed., 27. “Contempts are defined to be, direct, such as are offered in the presence of the court, while sitting judicially, or constructive, such, though not in its presence, as tend to obstruct and embarrass or prevent the due administration of justice.” — State v. Wilson, 64 Ill. 195. “The .contempt is direct when committed before and in the presence of or so near to the court as to interrupt the proceedings of the court. * * * Contempts are constructive when they are committed not in the presence of the- court, and when they tend by their operation to interrupt, obstruct, embarrass or prevent the due administration of justice.” — Whittem v. State, 36 Ind. 196, 212, 213. “Contempts are- generally divided by jurists into the classes of direct and constructive-; direct being those committed in the presence of the court, and constructive being those-acts which the court would have to construe by some process of reasoning to be eqxxivalent to a direct coixtempt.” — In re Bush, 8 Haw. 222. See also Church on Habeas Corpus, §306; Bradley v. State, 50 L. R. A. 692 (111 Ga. 168); Cooper v. People, 22 Pac. (Colo.) 795; State v. Kaiser, 20 Or. 57.
Assxxming that the cartoon and words complained of ax*e of the natxxx’e- charged in the- affidavit, i. e., insulting, contempt-xxous, contxxmelious, disrespectful and tending to obstruct and prevent the administration of justice, and that, as contexxded on behalf of the present respondent, they were of and concerning the case then pending and xxndetermined and not, as contended on behalf of the petitionex*, of and concerning the case first tried and then concluded, and that the Cix’cxxit Coxxrt so found, and that such finding cannot be reviewed on, habeas corpus, still, if the objectionable matter was published and circulated or caused *258to be published and circulated by Smith, or even, perhaps, by the proprietors of the Advertiser, only in the city generally and not in the court room or in the adjoining portions of the court house, these acts would at most constitute a constructive contempt only. If, on the other hand, Smith or, let us say, the pro-praetors, published and circulated such matter, or caused it to be published and circulated, within the court room or in the adjoining portions of the court house, the contempt would be direct. Although there may be, perhaps, a few authorities to the contrary, this is supported by the great weight of authority. In Cooper v. People, supra, immediately after the language above quoted, the court said: “The acts here complained of belong to the latter class” (constructive), “if either. They 'consist of the publication in a newspaper, of general circulation in the place where the court was being held, of such articles in reference to a case pending as were calculated to interfere with the due administration of justice^ as it is said.” “We have in this case, not a case of direct contempt, but a case of indirect or constructive contempt alleged to have been committed by the publication of these several articles in a daily newspaper, which are alleged * * * were intended to and did prejudice the people against the court and grand jury, embarrass the administration of justice and reflect upon the court and its proceedings.”— Fishback v. State, 131 Ind. 304, 312. “A newspaper corporation which deliberately seeks to influence judicial action by the publication of articles threatening the judges with public odium and reprobation in case they decide a pending cause in a particular way, is guilty of constructive contempt.” — State v. Bee Publishing Co., 50 L. R. A. (Neb.) 195.
Ackermann v. Congdon, 7 Haw. 31 (January, 1887) ,was a case of a publication in a newspaper of an article containing expressions which were deemed by the court to be “calculated to prejudice the tribunal which was to' try defendant’s case and render it unfavorable to him.” The defendant’s case referred to was pending. The publication was held to be a contempt, but that it was regarded as a constructive contempt is plain from *259the language of the court: “As the ease before us is the first instance of constructive contempt of this character brought to our notice, and as the case is not a serious one, we impose no fine.” (p. 38.)
In Smith v. Aholo, 7 Haw. 117 (April, 1887), the publication in a newspaper, was of an abstract of a bill in equity and while the suit was pending. The court said: “We had occasion, at the January term, 1887, of this court, in the case of the Hawaiian Gazette, ante, page 31, to say that such publications as appear to have a prejudicial effect upon the rights of the parties in cases pending in the courts, were punishable as constructive contempts of court. * * * The publication in question comes within the principle laid down in the Gazette case, and is fully sustained by authority.” See also, on this subject, State v. Circuit Court, 72 N. W. (Wis.) 193, 195.
The case of Telegram Newspaper Co. v. Commonwealth, 172 Mass. 294, cited for thei respondent, does not hold to' the contrary. It was immaterial in that case whether the. contempt was direct or constructive, for the court was not limited by statute in the matter but. had power to punish either or both. The court merely held that the publication was a contempt, and while it said, p. 298, “H the publication amounts to a contempt of court, because it interferes with the due administration of justice in a cause before the court, the contempt is analogous to a contempt committed in the presence of the court,” it also said, “The contempt, if there was one, was not, strictly speaking, committed in the presence of the court, but it related to a trial then before the court.” (Italics mine.)
The mere fact that the petitioner, at the time that he published or caused to be published and circulated, generally, the newspaper containing the matter in question, knew, if he did, or must have known, that some subscriber or subscribers, to whom the paper would be delivered in due course, might bring copies of the paper to the court room and there circulate or publish them, would not of itself, on any principle that I know of, render the petitioner criminally liable for such publication or *260circulation in the court room. (There is, it is true, authority to the contrary.) To convict him upon such facts would be to hold him liable for the acts of others not aided, incited or encouraged by him. Such a case would not com© within the rule as to responsibility for the natural and plainly probable consequences of one’s acts.
Bearing in mind these definitions and distinctions, of what offense does the mittimus show the petitioner to have been adjudged guilty and for what offense does it show that sentence was imposed upon him?
After reciting in full the motion for citation or affidavit the mittimus further recites that Smith was cited to answer “to< the said charge of contempt which had been duly filed against him” and that upon due hearing of the evidence and of counsel “in support of the cnarge” and contra “the said Circuit Court found the said "Walter G. Smith guilty of a contempt of this court as charged in the affidavit mid motion.” The affidavit and motion, as appears from the quotation above made, charged a constructive contempt only; it charged that the petitioner “did make and publish, for circulation” the matter referred to and, perhaps, that he knowingly published an unfair report of the proceedings and malicious invectives, etc. It did not, directly or indirectly, charge a publication or circulation by the petitioner or by any one else in the court room or in the court house. Thus far, then, the mittimus shows a conviction of a constructive contempt only.
The Cuddy case (131 U. S. 280) is distinguishable from that at bar. In the former the finding of the lower court was that the petitioner “did approach” a certain juror with a view to influencing him. The record in the habeas corpus proceedings was entirely silent as to the place where the juror was approached. The words used in the finding were consistent with the theory that the act was committed in the presence of the court as well as with the theory that it was not committed in the presence of the court. The Supreme Court held that under those circumstances the presumption was that the court found that *261the juror was approached in the presence of the court and that therefore the sentence was valid. In the case at bar, on the other hand, the record shows affirmatively, as it seems to me, that the acts charged were committed elsewhere than in the court room or court house. The language of the affidavit, adopted and made a part of the judgment and mittimus, is to be read in its ordinary acceptation. So read, it means, if it means anything, that the making and publishing was away from the court houses When one says that the “Advertiser” is “a newspaper printed, published and of general circulation within Honolulu” and that in its issue of a certain day the said newspaper and its editor and servants, “did make and publish for circulation” certain matter, he certainly does not mean that it was in the court room or court house that the editor and others did so make and publish for circulation. The language used seems to me to be incapable of such a construction.
The next and last recital of the mittimus in the case at bar is as follows: “And whereas the said Walter G-. Smith was guilty of a contempt of this Court by publishing and printing a certain false, scandalous, malicious and defamatory statement accompanied by a printed picture or cartoon, which said statement and cartoon had especial reference to the case of the Territory of Hatoaii v. William McCarthy and to- the conduct and judicial acts of the judge presiding on the trial of said cause, which said false, scandalous, malicious and defamatory statement and printed picture or cartoon was circulated and published in the Court room, in the Court house in Honolulu during the trial of the cause of the Territory of Hawaii v. William McCarthy, which said publication was calculated to prejudice and did prejudice the minds of the jury and prevent a fair and impartial trial of the issues involved in said case, and is calculated to obstruct and did obstruct the Circuit Court in the administration of justice- and in its duties in the trial of said cause which was then and is now pending and undetermined/' Of this it is to be observed that it is not a recital of a conviction or of an adjudication of guilt, but merely that Smith was guilty. *262The mittimus, however, is not the judgment or verdict; it is merely a formal order issued to the Sheriff reciting that a certain judgment or verdict has been theretofore rendered and sentence passed and directing the execution of such sentence. It is not sufficient that the mittimus recite tha.t the accused was guilty but it must show on its face that he has been adjudged guilty by a jury or by the court, as the case may be. In other words even though an accused is guilty, a conviction or judgment to that effect by a competent tribunal is necessary to' support a sentence or the execution thereof. "Without such conviction or judgment, the sentence and order of execution would be invalid. “But it is clear that a general order to imprison a party unless he has been convicted either by a jury or by the court is a mere nullity. The law requires that before a sentence of imprisonment shall be passed against a party, he should first be convicted of an offense. In ordinary cases, this conviction must be by the verdict of a jury. In the case of contempts, it may be by the judgment of the court. Still, in either case, the record must show a conviction. Now it will be seen from this return that there is no' judgment of imprisonment for a contempt generally, or for a contempt in refusing to answer questions. There is not any conviction or adjudication by the court that Mr. Adams had been guilty of a contempt. Without such judgment the court had no right to commit him to prison, nor the sheriff to detain -him. It is time, and was admitted on the argument, that Mr. Adams did refuse to answer questions asked by the grand jury, and it may be true that the court considered that a contempt for which he deserved imprisonment, but no such judgment has been rendered in the case; and however many con-tempts the prisoner may have committed, it is not lawful to imprison him until convicted thereof by the judgment of the court, which judgment and conviction must appear by the record.”'— Ex parte Adams, 25 Miss. 892 (59 Am. Dec. 234, 242, 243). “So that it appears that there has been no adjudication that petitioner and his associates have been guilty of a contempt. If this be true, then the commitment, occupying as it does the place *263of an execution, has no basis on which to rest. For it is the judgment and not the mittimus, by virtue of which the party committed is detained. People ex rel. v. Baker, 89 N. Y. 460. Unless the record shows a judgment of conviction of contempt, a petitioner may avail himself of the. remedy provided by habeas corpus.”- — Ex parte O’Brien, 127 Mo. 477, 488, 489. See also Ex parte Van Sandau, 1 Phillips 604, 606, 607; People v. Bennett, 4 Paige 282; In re Blair, 4 Wis. 521; Sherwood v. Sherwood, 32 Conn. 1.
Assuming, however, that the language used can be held to be an averment of a conviction or judgment of guilty of the offense there stated, such offense so recited is, so far as the petitioner is concerned; a constructive and not a direct contempt. The recital is that “Walter G-. Smith was guilty of a contempt of this court by publishing and printing” a certain statement and cartoon, “which said * * * statement and * * * cartoon was circulated and published in the court room in the court house in Honolulu during the trial * * *” This is not a statement that the matter was circulated and published in the court room or caused to. be so. circulated and published by Smith; it is not a recital of a conviction of Smith for contempt by “publishing and printing” and by “circulating and publishing in the court room.” In my opinion, as stated above; the printing and publication generally away from the court room may have been by Smith and the circulation, and, publication in the court room may have been by others for whose acts Smith would not be criminally responsible.
It may be remarked in this connection that it is not- to- be presumed that the court or the clerk issuing the mittimus intended or attempted to make therein an untrue or incorrect- recital as to what the conviction or judgment was; and if it had been intended or attempted to state, in the mittimus that the petitioner had been convicted or adjudged guilty of circulating and publishing in the court room, such statement would have been untrue and incorrect. After the introduction of the evidence, Circuit Judge Humphreys (the three judges of the Cir*264cuit Court sat together during the proceedings, but in what capacity or whether legally or otherwise I need not say) delivered the opinion of the judges or of the court and in concluding said: “It is the unanimous opinion of the judges of this court that the defendant should be held guilty as charged in the complaint herein.” Following him Judge Gear, presiding at the term, said: “The judges have unanimously decided that this matter published has constituted a contempt of court as charged in the complaint or affidavit and I therefore find and adjudge you guilty of contempt of court as alleged and set out in the affidavit <yn file and ask you now if you have any reason to offer why sentence should not be passed upon you. * * * And I will state now that the court has considered with both the other judges and come to the conclusion as to a proper sentence to be pronounced, having taken that into consideration in extenuation of the offense, and it is therefore the judgment of this court that you be and you are hereby adjudged guilty of contempt of court cis set forth in the affidavit, and you are sentenced to imprisonment in Oahu Jail for the period of thirty days without hard labor.” Clearly the adjudication of guilt was of the offense charged in the affidavit and that, as already stated, was a constructive contempt only and not a circulation or publication in the court room.
Going still further, and assuming tiiat the paragraph of the mittimus in question is a recital of a conviction of Smith of a ■contempt by printing and publishing and by circulating and publishing in the court room, and assuming that such finding of the court below cannot be disturbed on habeas corpus even though there be no evidence to support it, I am of the opinion that the sentence and mittimus are invalid because the court had no jurisdiction to impose the one or issue the other in the absence of a conviction or judgment of guilty of that offense (this, of course, in view of my conclusion, to be hereafter stated, that the Circuit Courts of this Territory have no authority to punish for constructive contempts.) The authorities above cited sufficiently cover this point. The principle is the same where *265the conviction is of an offense which the court has. no. jurisdiction to punish and the sentence and mittimus are for another and different offense, as where there is no conviction or judgment at all.
Has the Circuit Court of the Eirst Circuit power to punish for constructive contempts? Under this head several questions have been presented and argued.
In August, 1888, the -legislature of the. monarchy passed an act (Chap. 42, Laws of 1888), the second section of which reads as follows: “Constructive contempts shall not hereafter be punishable as such.” This language, taken by itself, is plain, — so plain as to leave no room for construction. It is contended, however, that read in connection with the two other sections of the statute', and in view of the causes that led to its enactment it must be construed to refer to such only of constructive con-tempts as are mentioned in section 1. The latter section reads: “The publication of proceedings before any court or judge shall not b'e deemed to be contempt, nor shall such publication be punishable as contempt”; and section 3: “The terms of this act shall apply to the publication of all proceedings in all courts, or before all judges, hitherto had, now pending or which may. hereafter be. brought.” In my opinion, sections 1 and 3 do not contain sufficient to. justify the limitation sought to be placed upon the plain language of section 2. If the words “constructive contempts” used in section 2 were intended to refer solely to the “publication of proceedings” mentioned in section 1, then section 2 is pure repetition and wholly superfluous. Section 1 of itself provides that such publication shall not be deemed to be contempt and further that such publication shall not be punishable as contempt. Under the circumstances, the presumption, if any, is that the legislature did not repeat unnecessarily and that it intended to include in section 2 something not already included in section 1. The presumption is further that the legislature in using the word “constructive” knew the distinction between constructive and direct contempts. The purpose of section 3 evidently was to provide that tlm proceedings permitted by the act, *266to wit, by section 1, to be published, included all proceedings, in whatever court and at whatever times had.
In enacting this statute the legislature doubtless had in mind certain cases then recently decided by the Supreme Court but-it is a mistake to suppose that those decisions were simply to the effect that the publication of proceedings was a constructive contempt and punishable as such. Such indeed was the ruling in Smith v. Aholo, supra, decided in April, 1887; but in Ackerman v. Congdon, supra, decided in January, 1887, the publication held to be a constructive contempt was, not of proceedings,, but of newspaper comments or expressions which were deemed to be such as tended to influence the result of a pending suit. The same is true of the publication, held to be contempt, in King v. Lee Fook, 7 Haw. 249, (decided at the February Term,, 1888, just before the legislature convened). It was not of proceedings but of matter tending to prejudice the right of the defendant to a fair and impartial trial.' So far as history is concerned, then, there is good reason for believing that the legislature meant what it said, i. e., to prohibit thereafter the punishment as such of constructive contempts (which means any or all constructive contempts) and not merely of some constructive con-tempts.
In the case entitled In re Bush, 8 Haw. 221, the court construed the statute differently, holding that by “constructive” contempts the legislature meant those only which were not enumerated in section 257 of the Penal Laws. "With respect, it seems to me that there is no sufficient ground for so construing the statute;. It is contended that this court must now follow that decision because of the rule that where a.statute, which has re-’ ceived a judicial construction, is re-enacted in the same or substantially the same terms, that is to be deemed a legislative adoption of such construction. The re-enactment here referred to is that contained in the Organic Act. The question is one as to the intention of Congress in passing the Organic Act, and this intention is to be ascertained from a reading of the Act as a whole. Section 6 provides, “that the laws of Hawaii not incon*267sistent with, the Constitution or laws of the United States or the provisions of this Act shall continue in force, subject to repeal/ etc. “Continue in force means, “be of the same force/ not more and not less, after as before the time: stated. Section 81 provides that “until the legislature shall otherwise provide, the laws of Hawaii heretofore in force concerning the several courts and their jurisdiction and procedure shall continue in force except as herein otherwise provided. Before the Organic Act went into effect the Supreme Court had jurisdiction and authority to overrule any of its former decisions, with possibly some exceptions, real or apparent but not here- material, and the act of 1888 was open to construction by the court and subject to having any former construction modified if to the court it should seem right and just to do so. In my opinion, Congress intended by the Organic Act to continue the same powers in this court in this respect which it theretofore had and the rule of construction contended for does not apply in this case. In so far, then, as the court in the Bush case held to the contrary on the subject of the construction of the Act of 1888, it should be overruled.
It is also contended that section 257 of the Penal Laws, which defines certain acts to be contempts, sets forth in the enumeration certain constructive contempts, that therefore if section M of the Act of 1888 is construed to include constructive con-tempts other than the publication of proceedings, that act would by implication repeal section 257 in part, and that repeals by implication are not favored. It is time that repeals by implication are not favored, but nevertheless there may be such repeals and they are to be given effect where the language and intent are clear.
The argument that the restriction contained in the Act of 1888 does not apply to the Circuit Court of the Eirst Circuit because said court was not then in existence, is not sound. The provision clearly is sufficiently broad to apply to courts thereafter created as well as to courts then in existence. “The mere fact that the statute existed before that court was created does *268not exclude it. The legislature made use of general language for the purpose, as it would seem, of applying the act not only to existing courts but to any that might thereafter be created.”— Middlebrook v. State, 43 Conn. 267.
Was the Act of 1888 unconstitutional? The constitution in force at the time of its enactment was that of 1887, Article 64 of which was as follows: “The Judicial Power of the Kingdom shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the legislature may from time to time, establish.” Article 66 reads: “The Judicial Power shall be divided among the Supreme Court and the several inferior courts of the Kingdom, in such manner as the legislature may, from' time to time, prescribe, and the terms of office in the inferior courts of the Kingdom shall be such as may be defined by the law creating them.” The Circuit Court of the First Circuit was created by the legislature under that provision of the constitution. It was, under the Monarchy and the Republic, a legislative as distinguished from a constitutional court, and it was competent for the legislature which created it to define or limit its powers in the matter of contempts. “The power to punish for con-tempts is inherent in all courts; its existence is essential to the preservation of order in judicial proceedings, and toi the enforcement of the judgments, orders, and writs of the courts, and consequently to the due administration of justice. The moment the courts of the United States were called into existence and invested with jurisdiction over any subject, they became possessed of this power. But the power has been limited and defined by the act of Congress of March 2d, 1831. The act, in terms, applies to all courts; whether it can be held to limit the authority of the Supreme Court, which derives its existence and powers from the Constitution, may perhaps be a matter of doubt. But that it applies to the Circuit and District Courts there can be no question. These courts were created by act of Congress. Their powers and duties depend upon the act calling them into existence, or subsequent acts extending or limiting their jurisdiction. The act of 1831 is, therefore, to them the law specifying *269the cases in which summary punishment for contempts may be inflicted. It limits the power of these courts in this respect to three classes of cases: 1st, where there has been misbehavior of a person in the presence of the courts, or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice; 2d, where there has been misbehavior of any officer of the courts in his official transactions; and 3d, where there has been disobedience or resistance by any officer, party, juror, witness, or other person, to any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command of the courts. As thus seen the power of these courts in the punishments of contempts can only be exercised to insure order and decorum in their presence, to secure faithfulness on the part of their officers in their official transactions, and to enforce obedience to their lawful orders, judgments, and processes.” — Ex parte Robinson, 19 Wall. 505, 510, 511. See also Ex parte Buskirk, 72 Fed. 19; Ex parte Poulson, Fed. Cs. No. 11,350; State v. Kaiser, 20 Or. 57. Whether or not the Act of 1888 applied at the time of its enactment or applies now to the Supreme Court, is another question. Even if it did not so apply, still it was constitutional as to the inferior courts. See Robertson v. Pratt, 13 Haw. 590.
The Act of 1888, being valid at the time of its enactment and in force at the date of the Organic Act, was continued in force by section 6 of the latter act.
It is contended that the Organic Act is the Constitution of this Territory, that, since in section 81 it is provided “that the judicial power of the Territory shall be vested in one supreme court, circuit courts, and in such inferior courts as the legislature may from time to time establish,” the Circuit Court of the Eirst Circuit is a constitutional court, and that therefore its power to punish for contempt can not be limited. If, however, we are to regard the Organic Act as our constitution and as the instrument by which the Circuit Court was created, then it is also true that the limitation of authority was by the same instrument and by the same power which created the Circuit Court. Surely the power, whether it be the people directly or Congress, which 'grants a constitution and thereby creates a *270court, may also define or limit the powers of that court. It may even legislate it out of existence.
hfy conclusion is that section 2 of the Act of 1888, in its application to the Circuit Court of the Eirst Circuit is constitutional, valid and in force. Nor is the restriction thereby placed upon that court a novel one. The citations already made disclose some instances' of similar limitations elsewhere; for other instances, see Laws of Pa., Duplicate, 1835, 1836, p. 793; Throop’s Ann. Code of Civ. Pro. (N. Y.), §8, p; 6; Galland v. Galland, 44 Cal. 475, 478. “The force of public opinion in this country, in favor of the freedom of tire press, has restrained the free exercise of the power to punish this class of contempts” (constructive), “and -in many jurisdictions statutes have been enacted depriving the. courts of the power to' punish them.”— Eapalje, Contempts, §56.
In my opinion, the sentence and commitment, if for a constructive contempt, are illegal and invalid for lack of jurisdiction on the part of the court to punish for such contempts, and, if for a direct contempt, are illegal and invalid for lack of jurisdiction on the part of the court to impose such sentence or order such commitment, no judgment of guilty of such offense having been rendered. The petitioner should be discharged.