UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
LASHAWN JOHNSON,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 18-2749 (TJK)
KILOLO KIJAKAZI,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
LaShawn Johnson sued the Acting Commissioner of Social Security to challenge the So-
cial Security Administration’s denial of her application for disability insurance benefits. Johnson
now moves for a judgment reversing that denial, and the Acting Commissioner cross-moves for a
judgment affirming it. Because the Social Security Administration’s decision to deny her appli-
cation was adequately explained, the Court will deny Johnson’s motion and grant the Acting
Commissioner’s.
I. Background
In 2015, Johnson applied for disability benefits with the Social Security Administration
(“SSA”). See ECF No. 4-2 at 14; 42 U.S.C. § 423. She claimed that a combination of physical
and mental infirmities—specifically, kidney disease, obesity, chronic back pain, post-traumatic
stress disorder (“PTSD”), and depression—rendered her unable to work, and thus disabled and
eligible for benefits, under the Social Security Act (“Act”). See ECF No. 4-2 at 16–19; ECF No.
7-1 at 2–3; see also 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A), (d)(2)(A); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1505(a).
The SSA denied her application on both initial review and reconsideration. See ECF No.
4-2 at 14; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.900(a)(1)–(2), 404.905, 404.907. Johnson then requested a hearing
before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). See ECF No. 4-2 at 14; 20 C.F.R. § 404.929. The
assigned ALJ held a hearing and evaluated evidence on Johnson’s ability to work, including
Johnson’s own testimony, treatment reports, mental- and physical-examination findings, and
several medical opinions. See ECF No. 4-2 at 18–22. After that, the ALJ issued a written deci-
sion finding that Johnson was not disabled under the statute and thus was ineligible for disability
benefits. ECF No. 4-2 at 14–25. Johnson appealed that decision, and the SSA Appeals Council
denied her request for review, rendering the ALJ’s decision the SSA’s “final decision” on John-
son’s application. ECF No. 4-2 at 2–4; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.967, 404.981.
Johnson then sued the Acting Commissioner of the SSA. See ECF No. 1; 42 U.S.C.
§ 405(g); 20 C.F.R. § 422.210(c). 1 She moves for a judgment reversing the SSA’s denial of her
application, requesting either an outright reversal or, in the alternative, a remand to the agency.
See ECF No. 7; ECF No. 7-1 at 1–2. The Acting Commissioner cross-moves for a judgment af-
firming the SSA’s decision. ECF No. 8.
II. Legal Standard
The Court “has jurisdiction over a civil case challenging a final decision of the [SSA].”
See Goodman v. Colvin, 233 F. Supp. 3d 88, 104 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)). The
Court “must affirm the . . . decision where it is supported by substantial evidence and not tainted
by an error of law.” Faison v. Colvin, 187 F. Supp. 3d 190, 193 (D.D.C. 2016) (internal quota-
tion marks omitted). But the Court “has the authority to reverse or remand the . . . decision if it
is not supported by substantial evidence or is not made in accordance with applicable law or reg-
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Johnson named Nancy A. Berryhill as the defendant. See ECF No. 1 at 1; ECF No. 3 ¶ 2. Ki-
lolo Kijakazi is now the Acting Commissioner of the SSA, so she is automatically substituted as
the defendant. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d).
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ulations.” Goodman, 233 F. Supp. 3d at 104. To be made in accordance with applicable law and
regulations, the decision “must build an accurate and logical bridge” from the evidence to the
conclusion so that the Court “may assess the validity of the agency’s ultimate findings and afford
a claimant meaningful judicial review.” Henderson v. Saul, No. 17-cv-2846 (CKK), 2019 WL
5549907, at *6 (D.D.C. Oct. 28, 2019) (cleaned up); see also Williams v. Colvin, 134 F. Supp. 3d
358, 364 (D.D.C. 2015). The party challenging the decision “bears the burden of demonstrating”
that it is “not based on substantial evidence or that incorrect legal standards were applied.”
Lane-Rauth v. Barnhart, 437 F. Supp. 2d 63, 64 (D.D.C. 2006).
III. Analysis
Johnson argues that the ALJ’s decision should be remanded to the SSA because the ALJ
failed to explain adequately certain conclusions in his “residual functional capacity” (“RFC”)
assessment, a part of the overall disability determination. ECF No. 7-1 at 3–12. 2 The Court dis-
agrees.
To qualify for disability benefits, Johnson had to establish that she is “disabled” under the
Act. See, e.g., Butler v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 992, 997 (D.C. Cir. 2004). As pertinent here, “disa-
bility” means the “inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medi-
cally determinable physical or mental impairment” that meets certain criteria. 42 U.S.C.
§ 416(i)(1); see also id. § 423(d)(1)(A). SSA regulations prescribe a five-step sequential evalua-
tion for determining whether a claimant is disabled. See Goodman, 233 F. Supp. 3d at 94 (citing
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520). In this case, the ALJ proceeded through all five steps to conclude that
2
Johnson also asserts that the decision was not supported by substantial evidence. See ECF No.
7 at 1; ECF No. 7-1 at 1. But she develops no argument to this effect and has thus forfeited it.
See, e.g., Cox v. Nielsen, No. 16-cv-1966 (TNM), 2019 WL 1359806, at *14 (D.D.C. Mar. 26,
2019). And even if she had not, the Court would have little trouble concluding otherwise.
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Johnson was not disabled. ECF No. 4-2 at 14–25. Johnson objects to the RFC assessment that
the ALJ had to undertake before proceeding to steps four and five. See ECF No. 7-1 at 3–12; 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4), (e).
In essence, an RFC assessment is a “function-by-function assessment” of a claimant’s
physical and mental work-related capabilities used to determine “what an individual can still do
despite his or her limitations.” SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *2–3, *5–6 (July 2, 1996). The
RFC assessment “must include a narrative discussion describing how the evidence supports each
conclusion” about the claimant’s capabilities, “citing specific medical facts . . . and nonmedical
evidence.” See id. at *7; Mitchell v. Berryhill, 241 F. Supp. 3d 161, 168 (D.D.C. 2017). To pro-
vide the requisite “logical bridge,” this “narrative discussion” need not be a “perfectly drafted
opinion,” but it must enable the Court to “understand the ALJ’s route to his conclusion” to per-
mit meaningful review. See Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 67–68 (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Mitchell, 241 F. Supp. 3d at 168; Williams, 134 F. Supp. 3d at 365. On the
one hand, a narrative discussion “simply listing the [claimant’s] entire medical history and then
conclusively stating” the RFC assessment is typically insufficient. See Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp.
2d at 67–68; see also Williams, 134 F. Supp. 3d at 363–65. On the other hand, the narrative dis-
cussion generally is adequate if the ALJ does not “merely list the evidence” but also discusses
what the evidence shows about the claimant’s RFC and explains “which evidence he found cred-
ible and why.” See Pinkney v. Astrue, 675 F. Supp. 2d 9, 18 (D.D.C. 2009); see also Goodman,
233 F. Supp. 3d at 111–12; Hartline v. Astrue, 605 F. Supp. 2d 194, 205–06 (D.D.C. 2009).
Here, after thoroughly considering evidence of Johnson’s physical and mental capabili-
ties, the ALJ concluded that Johnson was “restricted to a light exertional level of work” as de-
scribed in SSA regulations, with her physical impairments limiting her to “occasionally climbing
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ramps and stairs, climbing ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, stooping, kneeling, crawling, and crouch-
ing”; her mental impairments restricting her to performing “simple, routine tasks not at a produc-
tion pace,” “occasionally adjusting to changes in workplace settings,” and “occasionally interact-
ing with coworkers, supervisors, and the public”; and her combined impairments limiting her to
“being off-task by 10%.” ECF No. 4-1 at 18–23. Johnson argues that the ALJ “erroneously as-
sessed” her RFC by providing an inadequate “narrative discussion” in three particular ways:
(1) he “provided no explanation” for his finding that Johnson would be “off-task by 10%”—that
is, that she could remain on task for 90% or more of the workday; (2) he “failed to provide any
explanation of the evidence upon which he relied to determine that a limitation to ‘simple, rou-
tine tasks not at a production pace’” adequately accounted for her mental impairments; and
(3) he “failed to provide any explanation of what he meant by the term ‘not at a production
pace.’” ECF No. 7-1 at 3, 10–11.
First, the Court can “understand the ALJ’s route to his conclusion” about Johnson’s abil-
ity to remain on task for 90% or more of the workday. See Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 68.
The ALJ began his RFC assessment by considering Johnson’s own statements about the nature
and extent of her physical and mental impairments. ECF No. 4-2 at 19. He then discussed the
medical and non-medical evidence in the record, which he found undermined Johnson’s “state-
ments concerning the intensity, persistence[,] and limiting effects” of her physical and mental
symptoms. Id. As for Johnson’s mental impairments, the ALJ first discussed medical evidence
that supported her claimed limitations before reciting medical and non-medical evidence under-
cutting her claims. See id. at 20–23. The ALJ ultimately concluded that Johnson had “signifi-
cantly greater . . . mental functional capacity than alleged,” “consistently” exhibiting ordinary
mental functioning and requiring only “conservative treatment” to ameliorate her symptoms. See
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id. at 21–22. As for Johnson’s physical impairments, the ALJ discussed medical and non-
medical evidence generally showing that, despite her ailments, Johnson had “a normal gait, nor-
mal muscle strength, full range of motion in her upper and lower extremities, intact sensation,
and independent functional mobility”—in other words, that Johnson had “significantly greater
physical . . . capacity than alleged.” Id. at 20–21. He also noted that he gave “great weight” to
certain medical opinions—ones consistent with this evidence—asserting that Johnson could “lift
and/or carry and push and/or pull up to 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently,” could
“sit up to six hours in an eight-hour workday,” and could “stand and/or walk for up to six hours
in an eight-hour workday.” Id. at 21. And he discussed other medical opinions and explained
why he gave them less weight. Id. at 21–22. The ALJ’s detailed analysis “included sufficient
information to satisfy the narrative discussion requirement” for the 10% off-task conclusion.
See, e.g., Goodman, 233 F. Supp. 3d at 111–12.
Second, the Court can “understand the ALJ’s route to his conclusion” about Johnson’s
ability to do simple, routine tasks not at a production pace despite her mental impairments. See
Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 68. Again, the ALJ explained in detail the relevant evidence,
and after analyzing this evidence he concluded that, despite her PTSD and depression, she con-
sistently manifested ordinary cognitive functioning and had “significantly greater . . . mental
functional capacity than alleged.” ECF No. 4-2 at 19–22. Far from providing merely “a laundry
list and a conclusion,” see Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 67–68, the ALJ meaningfully dis-
cussed what the evidence showed about Johnson’s mental capacities, showing why he came to
this conclusion, see, e.g., Hartline, 605 F. Supp. 2d at 205–06; accord Sizemore v. Berryhill, 878
F.3d 72, 79–81 (4th Cir. 2017).
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Third, that the ALJ used the phrase “not at a production pace” without explicitly articu-
lating what he meant by it does not frustrate meaningful judicial review of his decision. See
Lane-Rauth, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 67–68. While courts in other jurisdictions have objected to ALJs
using undefined phrases like this one, e.g., Thomas v. Berryhill, 916 F.3d 307, 312 (4th Cir.
2019), courts in this district have rejected the argument that “the vagueness of the phrase alone
requires remand” and have discerned its meaning from context, e.g., Johnson v. Saul, No. 19-cv-
3829 (RCL), 2021 WL 411202, at *6 n.5 (D.D.C. Feb. 5, 2021) (addressing the phrase “non-
production rate pace of work”). Here, the Court can readily discern what the ALJ meant by “not
at a production pace.” The ALJ explained that Johnson could do “simple, routine tasks” with the
caveat that she could not do these tasks “at a production pace.” ECF No. 4-2 at 23. That is, the
ALJ was explaining in general terms the type of work Johnson could do. First, the ALJ de-
scribed the difficulty of the tasks Johnson could perform, either simple or complex. Second, he
described the pace at which Johnson could do the work: either a consistent, assembly-line-type
rate or an inconsistent, task-dependent rate—in other words, a “production pace” versus “not at a
production pace.” See Johnson, 2021 WL 411202, at *6 n.5. Thus, the ALJ’s use of “not at a
production pace” does not require remand. See, e.g., id.
IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, the Court will deny Johnson’s motion and grant the Acting Commis-
sioner’s. A separate order will issue.
/s/ Timothy J. Kelly
TIMOTHY J. KELLY
United States District Judge
Date: July 6, 2022
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