People v. White

2022 IL App (1st) 200713-U

No. 1-20-0713

Order filed July 12, 2022.

Second Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 12 CR 9459
)
SAMUEL WHITE, ) The Honorable
) Thaddeus L. Wilson,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Howse and Cobbs concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition is affirmed where he failed to
make a substantial showing that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to call a witness or that his postconviction counsel provided unreasonable
assistance by failing to supplement his petition.

¶2 Defendant Samuel White appeals from the circuit court’s order granting the State’s motion

to dismiss his pro se petition for relief filed under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725

ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2016)). On appeal, he contends the circuit court erred in dismissing
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his petition, where he made a substantial showing his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance

by failing to call a witness who would have testified that she owned the firearm defendant was

charged with possessing. In the alternative, defendant argues postconviction counsel provided

unreasonable assistance by failing to supplement his petition with a copy of the complaint the same

witness filed against the Chicago Police Department (CPD). We affirm.

¶3 Following a 2012 bench trial, defendant was found guilty of armed habitual criminal

(AHC), armed violence, unlawful use of a weapon by a felon, and possession of a controlled

substance. He was sentenced to concurrent terms of 18 years’ imprisonment each for one count of

AHC and two counts of armed violence. On direct appeal, we vacated his AHC conviction and

one armed violence conviction, and remanded for resentencing. People v. White, 2015 IL App (1st)

131111. On remand, defendant was sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 18 years for armed

violence and 6 years for possession of a controlled substance. On appeal, this court reduced the 6-

year sentence to 3 years but otherwise affirmed. People v. White, 2018 IL App (1st) 170242-U. As

a recitation of the trial evidence is necessary to provide context for defendant’s postconviction

claim, we reiterate much of the statement of facts from our decision in defendant’s direct appeal

(White, 2015 IL App (1st) 131111, ¶¶ 4-14).

¶4 At trial, Officer Brian McDevitt testified that at about 10 p.m. on March 21, 2012, he was

working with Officer May and Officer Carey in an unmarked car. At about 10:30 p.m., the officers

responded to a call of shots fired at 6535 South California Avenue. No one was in the courtyard at

that address but defendant and another man were in the next courtyard over at 6527 South

California. No other individuals were in the area. The courtyard adjoined a three-story apartment

building and was enclosed with a gate.

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¶5 McDevitt entered the courtyard and approached the two men with his gun drawn. He saw

defendant reach into his waistband, remove a “small silver handgun with light shining from the

metal,” and walk toward the building's door. Despite seeing a handgun, Officer McDevitt did not

immediately inform his partners that defendant was armed. After defendant opened the door to the

building and threw the handgun inside, he walked a “few” steps away from the entrance. Officer

Carey secured defendant and the other individual together, while Officer McDevitt opened the

door to the building.

¶6 Inside the building, a second door with a lock separated the hallway from the apartments,

although it was possible that the door was not locked. Officer McDevitt retrieved a loaded silver

.22–caliber handgun from the hallway floor. No other items were in the area and the handgun

looked like the item that defendant removed from his waistband. After securing the weapon,

Officer McDevitt performed a custodial search of defendant, which revealed 1 clear plastic bag

holding 12 smaller bags of suspect cannabis and another bag holding 6 multicolored pills

containing suspect Ecstasy. The parties later stipulated that the substances found on defendant's

person contained cannabis, 5–Methoxy–N, N-diisopropyltryptamine, and N–Benzylpiperazine.

¶7 Officer McDevitt further testified that, after Mirandizing defendant, defendant told him the

gun belonged to him but he had not known he had it “on him.” Moreover, defendant said he had

heard gunshots but that examining his handgun would confirm that it had not been fired. The

individual with defendant was permitted to leave when a search revealed no contraband. Officer

McDevitt did not run a check on either man's name and did not know whether the other officers

did.

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¶8 The State then submitted a certified copy of defendant's 1997 conviction for committing

first-degree murder and a certified copy of his 2010 conviction for “Class 4 aggravated domestic

battery,” which this court determined was actually for a Class 4 felony of “Domestic BTRY/Bodily

Harm PRI.”

¶9 Barbara Taylor testified on defendant's behalf that on the night in question, she was with

her sister, Fairy Stennis, and her friend, Diane Walton, who were also in court that day. The three

women were talking and listening to music with the windows down in Stennis' car, which was

parked in front of Walton's apartment building at 6527 South California. Defendant was sitting in

a chair in the courtyard and Taylor could hear him searching through music on his phone. Taylor

knew defendant through Walton, with whom he had an amorous relationship. Although another

man was standing by defendant, Taylor had never seen him before. Taylor never heard gunshots

fired.

¶ 10 Suddenly, a car pulled up behind the three women and two police officers exited. The

officers ordered defendant and his companion not to move. Taylor then heard over the police radio

that gunshots had been reported in the alley of 6535 or 6537 California. When the three women

exited their car, Stennis and Walton walked into the courtyard while Taylor remained by the

sidewalk. Taylor did not see defendant throw a gun into the hallway. Nor did she see police recover

a firearm. The police cuffed defendant's hands behind his back and emptied his pockets, which

contained his wallet, his cell phone, and keys. After more officers entered the courtyard, the police

apparently entered the building. Walton did not tell officers she lived in the building or that

defendant lived with her. Walton argued with one officer who was preventing her from entering

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the building. The police then exited the building and announced that they were taking defendant

with them.

¶ 11 Stennis testified that the three women sat in Stennis’s car talking while defendant, Walton’s

boyfriend, sat outside. Defendant was playing a game on his iPod but she could not hear any music

coming from it because he was too far away. Another man who was near defendant appeared to

be singing or rapping. The three women never heard gunshots.

¶ 12 After about an hour, a police car stopped behind Stennis’s car. An officer, apparently

Officer McDevitt, proceeded into the courtyard and ordered defendant, who was sitting in a chair,

not to move. Officer McDevitt's gun was not drawn and Stennis never saw defendant approach the

door to the apartment building. Stennis and Walton walked into the courtyard while Taylor

remained by the sidewalk. Defendant was then handcuffed to the other man and searched. Stennis

never saw any pills on defendant's person. Meanwhile, Stennis heard over the police radio that

gunshots had been fired in an alley and the police were looking for a man with a white T-shirt and

dreadlocks. Police officers then entered the building. Over Walton's objection, they went inside

her apartment. Walton and Stennis followed the officers inside, where the officers threw pillows

off Walton's couch. The officers returned outside empty handed, however. Both defendant and the

other man were taken to the police station.

¶ 13 Defendant testified that on the night in question, he was visiting Walton. He described her

as a “[f]riend, more like a girlfriend but more a friend.” He spent time with Walton at her

apartment, but then she and her friends went to the store. When they returned, he and Walton

acknowledged each other but did not say hello to one another. Defendant did not want to interrupt

their “women's talk.” During the 45 minutes that the women sat in the car, defendant played a

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game on an iPod. Another man, whose name defendant did not know, stood nearby and rapped.

Defendant also talked to the man. He did not hear shots fired.

¶ 14 When the police arrived, they told defendant not to move and he complied. He never threw

a gun into the hallway and Officer McDevitt found no contraband while searching him. His pockets

did contain, however, a key ring including Walton's apartment key, cell phone, lighter, and wallet.

Defendant heard over the radio that police were looking for a black man with dreadlocks and a

white T-shirt, and that the man was standing on the back porch of a building with a gun. After

defendant was arrested, he learned that he was being charged with possessing a firearm and that

controlled substances were allegedly found. The police did not tell him where they found the

firearm. Walton visited him in jail and kept contact with him through the mail but defendant had

not spoken to Stennis or Taylor since his arrest.

¶ 15 Officer Elliot Flagg testified in rebuttal that on the night in question, he responded to a call

of shots fired in the 6500 block of South California. There had been multiple calls, some of which

were directed toward South California. Officer Flagg found no one in the alley but subsequently

observed Officer May, Officer McDevitt, their partner, defendant and another man in the courtyard

at 6527 South California. Defendant was already handcuffed at this time. At no time did Officer

Flagg see women near the courtyard. Additionally, he never heard a radio transmission describing

a man with a white T-shirt and dreadlocks who was alleged to be standing in any particular

location. Officer Flagg did not see the police recover anything from the building and did not see a

handgun.

¶ 16 Defendant argued in closing that the police officers’ account was not credible because he,

as an “ex-con,” would not possess “guns and drugs,” and would not have thrown a gun into the

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apartment building’s hallways “in plain view of the police.” Rather, defendant asserted he was

“probably walking to go into that hallway,” when the police arrested him, found his keys, and

entered Walton’s apartment, where they found the “guns and drugs.” Defendant argued that the

officers then arrested him and said “this was where the guns and drugs were,” knowing they could

not say it was in Walton’s apartment since the apartment did not belong to him.

¶ 17 The trial court found defendant guilty on all counts. The court stated police officers

responded to a call of shots fired, saw defendant reach in his waist and throw a “shiny object” into

a hallway, and arrested him. The firearm and ammunition were recovered and inventoried, and

“illegal narcotics” were recovered from defendant’s person.

¶ 18 The court imposed three concurrent sentences of 18 years’ imprisonment each for one

count of AHC and two counts of armed violence, and merged the remaining counts.

¶ 19 On direct appeal, we vacated defendant’s AHC conviction and one armed violence

conviction, and remanded for resentencing, finding in part that (1) his prior domestic battery

conviction did not constitute a “forcible felony” necessary to sustain his AHC conviction, and (2)

the armed violence statute does not authorize multiple armed violence convictions for multiple,

simultaneous underlying felonies. White, 2015 IL App (1st) 131111. We otherwise affirmed. Id.

¶ 20 On remand, defendant was sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 18 years for armed

violence and 6 years for possession of a controlled substance. In 2018, this court reduced his 6-

year sentence to 3 years and affirmed as modified. People v. White, 2018 IL App (1st) 170242-U.

¶ 21 In May 2014, defendant filed a petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section 2-1401

of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2014)), which the circuit court

dismissed. Defendant initiated two appeals from the dismissal (appeal numbers 1-14-3799 and 1-

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15-0451). We consolidated the appeals and affirmed. People v. White, 2017 IL App (1st)

143799-U.

¶ 22 On November 8, 2016, defendant filed the instant pro se postconviction petition under the

Act, alleging, inter alia, that police officers entered Walton’s apartment without a search warrant,

recovered evidence, and “charge[d] it to” him. Walton filed a complaint against the CPD “for

coming into her apartment.” She also told defendant’s trial counsel that an officer recovered

evidence from her apartment and “put it on” defendant. However, counsel failed to call her despite

being aware of her “exonerat[ing]” testimony.

¶ 23 Defendant attached to his petition the affidavit of Walton, who averred that police officers

arrested defendant while he sat in the courtyard. 1 Walton exited Stennis’s vehicle, approached the

officers, and asked why they were “messing with” defendant. She then entered her residence to

call the officers’ supervisor. As she did so, the officers “forced [their] way into [her] house” and

“ranshacked [sic]” the house without a warrant. They recovered a firearm inside and “placed it on”

defendant. Walton “called and filed” a complaint against the officers. However, she was “forced

and threaten[ed]” by the officers to “drop the complaint or be placed under arrest for any crime

they wanted to place on [her],” and so she could not “pursue” her complaint. Defendant had never

pulled anything from his waistband. The handgun was hers; she kept it at home for protection.

Defendant’s trial counsel told her he would call her as a witness to testify but never did, even

though she had attended all of defendant’s court dates, including trial.

1
We note that, in the record on appeal, the very bottom of the first page of Walton’s affidavit is cut
out and not visible. “[I]t is defendant’s burden as the appellant to provide a sufficiently complete record on
appeal so that this court can be fully informed about the issues.” People v. Carrion, 2020 IL App (1st)
171001, ¶ 34.

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¶ 24 Defendant’s postconviction petition was docketed for second-stage proceedings, and

defendant was appointed counsel.

¶ 25 On July 10, 2018, defendant’s attorney filed a certificate pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017), alleging that he “consulted with the petitioner, Samuel White, by

phone, mail, electronics [sic] means or in person to ascertain his contentions of deprivations of

constitutional rights.” Counsel alleged he “obtained and examined the record of proceedings at the

trial and sentencing in this case.” He further certified, “I have not prepared a Supplemental Petition

for Post-Conviction Relief as the petitioner’s previously-filed pro se petition for post-conviction

relief adequately sets forth the petitioner’s claims of deprivation of his constitutional rights.”

¶ 26 On March 26, 2019, the State filed a motion to dismiss the petition, arguing in part that

trial counsel’s decision not to call Walton as a witness was a reasonable decision where the record

“roundly impeaches” her statements. The State also argued it was not clear that Walton had filed

a complaint against the CPD, as a complaint would need to be written, signed, and filed with the

police department. Walton, however, claimed she had only filed a complaint by phone and could

not pursue the complaint once officers threatened her.

¶ 27 In July 2019, defendant filed a pro se “motion for Krankel hearing,” alleging his

postconviction counsel never formed a “client and lawyer bond/Relationship,” never met him in

person, and failed to supplement his petition. Subsequently, defendant’s postconviction counsel

retired and the court appointed new counsel to represent him during postconviction proceedings.

¶ 28 On November 5, 2019, defendant filed a pro se “motion to supplement” his petition with

exhibits that he had asked his postconviction counsel to add to his petition. Those exhibits

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included, inter alia, portions of prior police reports, an indictment, and a response to a Freedom

of Information Act request.

¶ 29 On December 17, 2019, prior to the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss defendant’s

petition, defendant told the court he was moving to “[r]emove” his postconviction counsel because

she would not amend his petition to include “exhibits.” Defendant’s new counsel told the court

that defendant’s initial postconviction counsel, who had investigated the case and filed the Rule

651(c) certificate, had indicated to her there was no need to supplement the petition. Counsel

stated, “I have examined the court file, and I have spoke[n] with [defendant] on at least a couple

of occasions,” and defendant’s initial postconviction counsel “was correct in his assessment.”

Defendant withdrew his motion to withdraw his attorney. However, at a subsequent hearing, he

told the court he wanted to proceed pro se. After being admonished, he elected to represent himself

during the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss.

¶ 30 At the hearing, the State added that defendant failed to attach any supporting documents

supporting his claim that Walton had filed a complaint with the CPD, and even had it been filed,

it would not have “established anything” at trial.

¶ 31 Defendant argued there was a “second suspect” at the scene, but the police did not take his

name and he was “let go.” He claimed that McDevitt completed two separate case reports: one that

said he never recovered a weapon and one that said he recovered “evidence” belonging to a person

named Valadez. Defendant claimed evidence inventory sheets showed that the inventory numbers

of the evidence he was charged with possessing matched the inventory numbers of evidence

belonging to Valadez. The court asked if Walton’s address was his house, and defendant

responded, “I stayed there. My state ID and mail.”

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¶ 32 On February 25, 2020, the circuit court granted the State’s motion to dismiss. In its written

order, the court found, in relevant part, that Walton’s affidavit was “mostly cumulative” of other

testimony presented at trial and was “refuted” by testimony that no women were at the scene. It

also noted Stennis’s testimony that police emerged empty handed from Walton’s apartment. The

court also stated that counsel’s decisions regarding the evidence to present at trial were matters of

trial strategy, which were generally immune from ineffective assistance claims.

¶ 33 On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his postconviction

petition, where he made a substantial showing that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance

by failing to call Walton to testify.

¶ 34 The Act provides a three-stage method for persons under criminal sentence to “assert that

their convictions were the result of a substantial denial of their rights under the United States

Constitution or the Illinois Constitution or both.” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 9-10 (2009).

Defendant’s petition was dismissed at the second stage of proceedings, in which counsel is

appointed to represent the defendant if necessary, and the State is permitted to file responsive

pleadings. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 245-46 (2001). At the second stage of

postconviction proceedings, “the circuit court must determine whether the petition and any

accompanying documentation make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.” Id. at 246.

“[A]ll well-pleaded facts that are not positively rebutted by the trial record are to be taken as true.”

People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 473 (2006). The second stage of postconviction review tests

the legal sufficiency of the petition. People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 35.

¶ 35 “The inquiry into whether a post-conviction petition contains sufficient allegations of

constitutional deprivations does not require the circuit court to engage in any fact-finding or

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credibility determinations,” as such determinations are made during the evidentiary third stage of

postconviction proceedings. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 385 (1998). “An evidentiary

hearing is only required when the allegations of the petition, supported by the trial record and

accompanying affidavits, make a substantial showing of a violation of a constitutional right.”

People v. Flowers, 2015 IL App (1st) 113259, ¶ 31. We review de novo the circuit court’s second-

stage dismissal of a postconviction petition. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 473.

¶ 36 Under the sixth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VI), a

criminal defendant is guaranteed the right to effective assistance of counsel. People v. Cole, 2017

IL 120997, ¶ 22. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance under Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668 (1984), a defendant must demonstrate both “that counsel’s performance fell below

an objective standard of reasonableness and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.”

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 19. During second-stage

postconviction proceedings, the defendant must make “(1) a substantial showing that counsel’s

performance was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and (2) a

substantial showing that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People v. White, 2021 IL App (1st)

170903, ¶ 35 (citing Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36). Because a defendant must satisfy both

prongs of the Strickland test, failure to establish either one is fatal to the claim. People v.

Clendenin, 238 Ill. 2d 302, 317-18 (2010).

¶ 37 To establish the deficient performance prong, a defendant must show that counsel’s

performance “was so inadequate that counsel was not functioning as the counsel guaranteed by the

sixth amendment and, also, must overcome the strong presumption that any challenged action or

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inaction may have been the product of sound trial strategy.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

People v. Dupree, 2018 IL 122307, ¶ 44. This is a “high bar to clear,” as matters of trial strategy

are generally immune from ineffective assistance claims. Id.

¶ 38 “[T]he decision whether to call a certain witness for the defense is a matter of trial strategy,

left to the discretion of counsel after consultation with the defendant,” and “such decisions will

not ordinarily support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Peterson, 2017 IL

120331, ¶ 80. Even a mistake in trial strategy will not alone render representation constitutionally

defective unless counsel’s trial strategy “is so unsound that he entirely fails to conduct meaningful

adversarial testing of the State’s case.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Defense counsel

need not call a particular witness if he reasonably believes that “under the circumstances the

individual’s testimony is unreliable or would likely have been harmful to the defendant.” People

v. Flores, 128 Ill. 2d 66, 106 (1989).

¶ 39 As an initial matter, the State argues that defendant forfeited this issue, as he did not raise

it on direct appeal despite knowing of Walton’s proffered testimony. However, as defendant’s trial

counsel did not call Walton to testify, her proposed testimony was not included in the original

appellate record and defendant’s claim could not have been considered on direct appeal. See

People v. Elder, 73 Ill. App. 3d 192, 196 (1979) (on direct appeal from a criminal conviction, our

review is limited to what appears in the record). Accordingly, because defendant could not have

raised this issue on direct appeal, we relax the doctrine of forfeiture and proceed to the merits.

People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 22.

¶ 40 We find defendant failed to make a substantial showing that trial counsel provided

ineffective assistance, as he has not shown counsel’s decision not to call Walton was “so unsound

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that he entirely fails to conduct meaningful adversarial testing of the State’s case.” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 80.

¶ 41 At trial, Officer McDevitt testified that he responded to a call that shots had been fired and

saw defendant and another man in an apartment complex’s courtyard. There were no other people

present in the area. As the officers approached the two men, defendant threw a shiny handgun into

an apartment building. Officer McDevitt then recovered a silver handgun, which looked like the

item he saw defendant throw, from the hallway floor of that building. He next searched defendant

and recovered bags containing controlled substances. Defendant told McDevitt that the firearm

was his, but he did not know the firearm was on his person. Officer Flagg testified there were no

women at the scene of defendant’s arrest.

¶ 42 Defendant’s trial counsel called multiple witnesses to testify on defendant’s behalf. Taylor

testified that Walton lived in the apartment building and was in an amorous relationship with

defendant. Taylor stated defendant never threw a handgun into the building and the officers would

not allow Walton to enter the building. Stennis, on the other hand, testified that she and Walton

followed officers into Walton’s apartment in the building, where the officers threw pillows off

Walton’s couch but ultimately did not leave the apartment with anything. Defendant provided a

third version of the events, testifying that the officers approached him, searched him, and arrested

him despite finding “nothing illegal.” He offered no testimony that any officers entered Walton’s

building or apartment and testified he did not know the police found a firearm until at the police

station, and the police did not tell him where they found the firearm. Defendant testified Walton

was “more like a girlfriend,” visited him in jail, and stayed in touch with him via mail. In closing

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argument, defense counsel asserted that the police officers had actually found the contraband in

Walton’s apartment and stated they had recovered it from defendant.

¶ 43 Defendant now asserts that trial counsel should have presented testimony from Walton. He

claims Walton would have testified that after he was arrested, she entered her apartment to call the

officers’ supervisor, but the officers “forced” themselves inside her apartment, recovered a firearm,

and “placed it on” defendant.

¶ 44 The record establishes counsel’s decision not to call Walton to testify was a matter of trial

strategy. Defendant’s testimony that Walton was “more like a girlfriend,” visited him in jail, and

kept in touch via mail, taken with Taylor’s testimony that defendant and Walton were in an

amorous relationship, establishes that Walton was in a close relationship with defendant at the time

of the incident and thereafter. It is reasonable trial strategy for counsel to forgo presenting a witness

close to the defendant due to the obvious bias in favor of defendant, where the testimony will be

accorded little weight. See People v. Lacy, 407 Ill. App. 3d 442, 466 (2011) (counsel was not

ineffective for failing to call the defendant’s relative as a witness, as her relation to the defendant

could have caused the trier of fact to afford her testimony less weight).

¶ 45 Further, Walton’s affidavit shows her testimony only would have presented the trial court

with a version of events inconsistent with the accounts provided by the other defense witnesses.

Namely, her proposed testimony that she went into her apartment and was followed by police who

pushed their way in contradicts Taylor’s testimony that police would not let Walton into the

apartment building and Stennis’s testimony that she and Walton followed police into the

apartment. Her proposed testimony that defendant was framed with a firearm found in her

apartment would have contradicted the other defense witnesses’ testimony that nothing was

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recovered from the apartment or building.2 Ultimately, Walton’s testimony that she was present

when police recovered her firearm in her apartment undermined the credibility of the other defense

witnesses. As such, trial counsel’s decision not to call Walton was clearly a matter of sound trial

strategy, as the testimony would have only raised more doubts as to the accounts of defendant’s

witnesses that no contraband was recovered from defendant or the apartment building.

¶ 46 Defendant argues that, in dismissing his petition, the court improperly based its findings

on credibility determinations when it noted that Walton’s testimony was “mostly cumulative” of

his other witnesses and was “refuted” by the State’s testimony that no women were present during

his arrest. However, the record does not reflect that the circuit court made any credibility

determinations in reaching its conclusion. Rather, the court only observed that Walton’s testimony

would not have added much to the evidence at trial such that counsel was not ineffective for failing

to call her as a witness. Even had the circuit court made any credibility findings, our review is de

novo, and so we show no deference to the postconviction court’s judgment or reasoning. See

People v. Johnson, 2021 IL 125738, ¶ 28. We may affirm the second-stage dismissal of a

postconviction petition for any reason apparent from the record regardless of the lower court’s

rationale. People v. Hopkins, 2020 IL App (3d) 170253, ¶ 15; see People v. Saleh, 2020 IL App

(1st) 172979, ¶ 62 (affirming the second-stage dismissal of a petition where trial counsel’s decision

not to call a witness was not objectively unreasonable).

¶ 47 In sum, trial counsel’s decision not to call Walton to testify was not “so unsound that he

entirely fails to conduct meaningful adversarial testing of the State’s case” and thus does not

2
Given Walton’s statement that she was “forced and threaten[ed]” by officers to “drop the
complaint or be placed under arrest for any crime they wanted to place on [her],” we interpret her statement
that police recovered her handgun from her apartment and “placed it on” defendant to mean they framed
him with it.

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amount to deficient performance. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Peterson, 2017 IL

120331, ¶ 80; see also People v. Ashford, 121 Ill. 2d 55, 74-75 (1988) (trial counsel’s decision to

call a particular witness is a matter of trial strategy where the individual’s testimony would likely

have harmed the defendant). Because defendant has failed to satisfy one of the two prongs of the

Strickland test, his ineffective assistance claim must fail. Clendenin, 238 Ill. 2d at 317-18.

Accordingly, we find the circuit court properly dismissed his petition. Dupree, 2018 IL

122307, ¶ 40 (a petition may be properly dismissed at the second stage where the defendant raises

an ineffective assistance claim based on trial counsel’s failure to call a witness to testify).

¶ 48 Defendant argues, alternatively, that his postconviction counsel provided unreasonable

assistance by failing to supplement his petition with Walton’s alleged complaint against the

officers.

¶ 49 There is no constitutional right to assistance of counsel during postconviction proceedings.

People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 30. “ ‘[T]he right to assistance of counsel in postconviction

proceedings is a matter of legislative grace, and a defendant is guaranteed only the level of

assistance provided by the [Act].’ ” People v. Cotto, 2016 IL 119006, ¶ 29 (quoting People v.

Hardin, 217 Ill. 2d 289, 299 (2005)). Our supreme court has therefore concluded that the Act only

guarantees a petitioner the “reasonable” assistance of counsel. (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

Hardin, 217 Ill. 2d at 299.

¶ 50 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017) ensures “that all indigents are

provided proper representation when presenting claims of constitutional deprivation under the

[Act].” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d 37, 47 (2007). Rule 651(c)

provides that a defendant’s postconviction counsel may file a certificate to support a showing that,

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as required by the rule, the attorney (1) “has consulted with petitioner by phone, mail, electronic

means or in person to ascertain his or her contentions of deprivation of constitutional rights”; (2)

“has examined the record of the proceedings at the trial”; and (3) “has made any amendments to

the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate presentation of petitioner’s

contentions.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017). A 651(c) certificate creates a rebuttal

presumption that postconviction counsel provided reasonable assistance. People v. Custer, 2019

IL 123339, ¶ 32. The defendant bears the burden of overcoming that presumption by

“demonstrating his attorney’s failure to substantially comply with the duties mandated by Rule

651(c).” People v. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19.

¶ 51 “ ‘Commensurate with the lower reasonable assistance standard mandated in

postconviction proceedings,’ Rule 651(c) ‘sharply limits the requisite duties of postconviction

counsel.’ ” People v. Woods, 2020 IL App (1st) 162751, ¶ 98 (quoting Custer, 2019 IL

123339, ¶ 32). Postconviction counsel is obligated under Rule 651(c) to attempt to obtain

affidavits from witnesses identified in the postconviction petition “for the purpose of shaping the

allegations in the post-conviction petition into appropriate legal form.” People v. Johnson, 154 Ill.

2d 227, 247 (1993). However, counsel is “under no obligation to actively search for sources outside

the record that might support general claims raised in a post-conviction petition,” and is not

obligated “to engage in a generalized fishing expedition in search of support for claims raised in a

petition.” Id. at 247-48. We review de novo whether postconviction counsel complied with Rule

651(c), which is also the standard to review the second-stage dismissal of a postconviction petition.

People v. Jones, 2011 IL App (1st) 092529, ¶ 19.

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¶ 52 Here, defendant’s first postconviction counsel filed a Rule 651(c) certificate stating that he

had consulted with defendant, reviewed defendant’s case, and concluded the petition adequately

set forth defendant’s claims. Thus, there was a rebuttable presumption that defendant’s first

postconviction counsel complied with Rule 651(c) and provided reasonable assistance in

determining no supplements to defendant’s petition were necessary. See Custer, 2019 IL 123339,

¶ 32; see also Woods, 2020 IL App (1st) 162751, ¶ 101 (counsel’s statement to the court that he

had “ ‘looked through,’ ” the record, exhibits, and transcript left “no doubt that counsel complied

with Rule 651(c)’s requirement”).

¶ 53 After the State filed its motion to dismiss, defendant then had the benefit of a second

postconviction counsel when his first counsel retired. The presumption created by first

postconviction counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate carried over to his second counsel. People v.

Smith, 2022 IL 126940, ¶¶ 29-32. Further, second counsel informed the court she “examined the

record of proceedings at the trial and sentencing in this case,” and agreed with initial counsel that

defendant’s petition adequately stated his claims. We also note that defendant then chose to

represent himself at the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss his petition and also filed a pro

se motion to supplement his petition with several exhibits. See People v. Simpson, 204 Ill. 2d 536,

562 (2001) (“The right of self-representation does not carry with it a corresponding right to legal

assistance; one choosing to represent himself must be prepared to do just that).

¶ 54 In this court, defendant asserts that his postconviction counsels provided unreasonable

assistance by failing to supplement his petition with Walton’s alleged complaint against the CPD.

¶ 55 However, Walton’s own affidavit suggests the complaint may have never been filed. As

mentioned, Walton did not aver that she filed a written complaint against the CPD such that

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counsel could have supplemented defendant’s petition with an actual document. Rather, she

averred that she “called and filed” a complaint against the officers, but could not pursue it after

officers threatened her. Moreover, when defendant attempted to supplement his petition with

additional exhibits in response to the motion to dismiss, Walton’s alleged complaint was not

among those exhibits. Even further, neither defendant’s petition nor Walton’s affidavit explains

exactly what the complaint stated or what it would establish. Although defendant’s petition alleges

that Walton filed the complaint against the CPD “for coming into her apartment,” even Walton

does not state this in her affidavit. Thus, it is not clear that Walton’s alleged complaint would have

supported any claim in defendant’s petition. Accordingly, defendant has failed to show

postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance by not supplementing his petition with

Walton’s complaint against the CPD. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19.

¶ 56 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 57 Affirmed.

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