Nazariy Lesiv v. Illinois Central Railroad Com

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-2496 NAZARIY LESIV, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY, doing business as CANADIAN NATIONAL RAILWAY, Defendant-Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:20-cv-00854 — Gabriel A. Fuentes, Magistrate Judge. ____________________ ARGUED JANUARY 13, 2022 — DECIDED JULY 13, 2022 ____________________ Before HAMILTON, BRENNAN, and JACKSON-AKIWUMI, Cir- cuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. This appeal presents retaliation claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Plaintiﬀ- appellant Nazariy Lesiv works for the Illinois Central Rail- road Company. His brother, Lyubomir, had also worked there but left shortly after he ﬁled a discrimination and retal- iation charge against Illinois Central. Lyubomir later ﬁled a 2 No. 21-2496 discrimination suit in state court. As a witness in that suit, plaintiﬀ Nazariy Lesiv (whom we refer to as Lesiv in this opinion) testiﬁed in a deposition in 2018. Then, almost three months after Lesiv testiﬁed, his supervisors gave him a dan- gerous work assignment and suspended him after he refused to complete it. Lesiv asserts that Illinois Central violated Title VII in two ways. The ﬁrst is a theory of direct individual retaliation: Le- siv contends his supervisors subjected him to these adverse actions because he testiﬁed in his brother’s lawsuit. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (unlawful for employer to discriminate against employee because he has “testiﬁed, assisted, or par- ticipated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter”). The second is a theory of third-party retaliation: Lesiv argues his supervisors also took these actions against him as a way to harm his brother in re- taliation for his brother’s ﬁling of a charge against the com- pany and later suing. See Thompson v. North American Stain- less, LP, 562 U.S. 170 (2011) (recognizing third-party retalia- tion claims under Title VII). The district court granted summary judgment for Illinois Central on both claims. We aﬃrm, but without endorsing all of the district court’s reasoning. A retaliation claim requires proof that the employer took a “materially adverse” action against an employee because he engaged in protected activity or because another person close to him did so. A jury could ﬁnd here that both the dangerous work assignment and the suspension amounted to materially adverse actions. But on this record, a jury could not ﬁnd retaliatory motives here. Le- siv has not presented evidence that his supervisors took these actions against him because of his or his brother’s protected No. 21-2496 3 activities. Part I presents the material facts, summarizes the proceedings in the district court, and explains the summary judgment standard that we apply here. Part II addresses Le- siv’s individual retaliation claim. Part III analyzes his third- party retaliation claim. I. Factual and Procedural Background We present the facts that follow in the light reasonably most favorable to Lesiv, giving him the beneﬁt of conﬂicts in the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in his fa- vor. Palmer v. Franz, 928 F.3d 560, 565 (7th Cir. 2019), quoting Stokes v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 599 F.3d 617, 619 (7th Cir. 2010). A. Facts for Summary Judgment Illinois Central employs Lesiv as a carman (a person who repairs railcars, among other tasks). Lesiv’s brother Lyubomir also worked for Illinois Central as a carman until sometime in 2016. Before leaving, however, Lyubomir ﬁled with federal and state agencies a charge against Illinois Central for dis- crimination based on national origin, perceived sexual orien- tation, and/or race, and for retaliation. After the state agency dismissed the charge, Lyubomir ﬁled a lawsuit in state court in July 2017. Lesiv was a witness in that lawsuit and testiﬁed in a deposition in April 2018. Critically, however, Lesiv has not submitted evidence that his supervisors who took action against him in the summer of 2018 were aware of his testi- mony. In July 2018, almost three months after his deposition, the events that gave rise to this appeal occurred. To start, on July 6th, Lesiv and supervisor Anthony Grayer got into a heated confrontation over work that was unﬁnished at the end of 4 No. 21-2496 Lesiv’s shift. By Lesiv’s account, Grayer jabbed Lesiv twice in the chest, prompting Lesiv to tell Grayer to “keep his hands oﬀ him.” Another employee intervened and separated the two of them. That night, Grayer sat down to make work as- signments for the next day, including Lesiv’s next shift. Grayer assigned Lesiv to work the “RIP track.” Grayer ex- plained later that he gave Lesiv the RIP track assignment be- cause he “had an attitude the day before.” Working on the RIP track can be dangerous. It entails heavy repairs, like wheel re- placements on railcars, which can weigh over ﬁve tons and up to a hundred tons if loaded. Most of the RIP track repairs re- quire more than one carman to complete safely, so people are assigned to work the RIP track in teams of two. That day, Grayer assigned Lesiv to work the RIP track alone. Illinois Central contends that Lesiv was never actually scheduled to work the RIP track by himself. Its version is that the partner he was supposed to work with called oﬀ work at the last minute. Lesiv testiﬁed that he was aware that another employee had called oﬀ work, but no one told him that that other employee was assigned to work with him on the RIP track. Moreover, Illinois Central agrees that the relief super- visor told Lesiv that he still had to work the RIP track without a partner. When Lesiv asked who his partner was, the super- visor responded, “I have nobody,” and that “Anthony Grayer told me that’s where you are going to work.” Illinois Central further contends that Lesiv did not give the relief supervisor the chance to give Lesiv a new partner or explain the situation. But Lesiv asserted in his deposition that the relief supervisor never clariﬁed throughout their entire interaction that he No. 21-2496 5 originally had a partner. On summary judgment, of course, we must credit Lesiv’s evidence. 1 Lesiv refused to comply because he thought the assign- ment was unsafe. He asked the relief supervisor to call Grayer so that he could give Lesiv a diﬀerent assignment. With Grayer unavailable, Lesiv eventually spoke with Mechanical Manager Dan Duggan and told him about the situation. Dug- gan suggested Lesiv work the speedy track instead. (The speedy track involves light repairs that one carman can safely do alone.) Lesiv agreed, but that never happened. Instead, during the call, Lesiv told Duggan about his in- teraction with Grayer the day before. Lesiv then gave the tel- ephone to the relief supervisor and left to retrieve his equip- ment. But before he could actually start work on the speedy track, the relief supervisor told him that Duggan wanted him to write a statement about his confrontation with Grayer. Le- siv complied with the request. Duggan then spoke with Lesiv again and explained that he was being removed from service for being insubordinate. The supposed insubordination was Lesiv’s behavior toward the relief supervisor when he refused to work the RIP track by himself and his manner in speaking with Duggan on the telephone. (Lesiv acknowledges that his voice may have been “loud” during his initial conversation with Duggan.) At that time, Lesiv understood the suspension to be without pay and 1 Lesiv’s account is also consistent with his statement to human re- sources on July 8, 2018. In that email, he explained that when he asked the relief supervisor who his partner was for the RIP track assignment, the supervisor responded: “[L]ook this is not my call, Anthony Grayer or- dered it, you will be working alone.” 6 No. 21-2496 for an indeﬁnite time. Lesiv returned to work on July 12th af- ter missing two days of work and received backpay to com- pensate him for his lost wages. The parties do not indicate whether the two days of missed pay actually came out of one of Lesiv’s paychecks before he received the backpay. In the district court, however, Illinois Central argued only that the suspension did not amount to a materially adverse action be- cause Lesiv received backpay, without oﬀering evidence of how quickly Lesiv received backpay. We will not speculate in favor of the party who moved for summary judgment. It is enough for the purposes of summary judgment that Illinois Central agrees the suspension was for an indeﬁnite period of time, as it conﬁrmed at oral argument, and that Lesiv later re- ceived backpay, which means the suspension was not paid from the outset. 2 Lesiv was not the only employee who refused a work as- signment during these two days. On July 6th, the same day Lesiv had his altercation with Grayer, Paul Barwan was as- signed to work the “A yard” with a partner. (The A yard in- volves both heavy and light repairs.) He objected immedi- ately: “F*** you. I am not doing that job.” The relief supervisor informed Duggan of this interaction a few days later. Unlike in Lesiv’s case, Duggan did not suspend Barwan. 2 As part of the collective bargaining agreement between Illinois Cen- tral and its employees’ union, Lesiv faced an investigation into these inci- dents and his actions to determine whether he committed any rules viola- tions. The investigative panel concluded that Lesiv should not face any discipline. No. 21-2496 7 B. Procedural History After these events took place, Lesiv sued Illinois Central for retaliation under Title VII and the Illinois Human Rights Act. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a); 775 ILCS 5/101 et seq. He al- leged that Illinois Central retaliated against him for testifying in his brother’s lawsuit by giving him a dangerous work as- signment and suspending him. Lesiv also advanced a theory of third-party retaliation. He asserted that Illinois Central also acted against him to punish his brother for ﬁling a discrimi- nation charge and the later lawsuit against the company, and that Lesiv had standing to bring such a claim under Thompson v. North American Stainless, LP, 562 U.S. 170 (2011) (recogniz- ing such third-party retaliation claims). Illinois Central moved for summary judgment. The mag- istrate judge, presiding by consent under 28 U.S.C § 636(c), granted the motion. The judge found that a reasonable jury could not conclude that Lesiv was subject to a materially ad- verse action. The judge also found that even if a jury could consider an action materially adverse, it could not ﬁnd a causal connection between Lesiv’s protected activity and any of the actions taken against him by his supervisors. The judge also rejected Lesiv’s third-party retaliation claim. Lesiv has appealed on both theories of retaliation. C. Standard of Review We review de novo the grant of summary judgment to Il- linois Central, and as stated, draw from the evidence all rea- sonable inferences in favor of Lesiv. Palmer, 928 F.3d at 565. “Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Poullard v. McDonald, 829 F.3d 8 No. 21-2496 844, 852 (7th Cir. 2016), citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). To survive summary judgment, Lesiv “must be able to show that a rea- sonable jury could return a verdict in [his] favor.” Benuzzi v. Board of Education of City of Chicago, 647 F.3d 652, 662 (7th Cir. 2011). If Lesiv is not able to “‘establish the existence of an ele- ment essential to [his] case, and on which [he] will bear the burden of proof at trial,’ summary judgment must be granted.” Id. (internal citation omitted), quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). We address Lesiv’s individ- ual retaliation claim and then his third-party claim. II. Individual Retaliation Claim Title VII prohibits an employer from retaliating against an employee “because he has made a charge, testiﬁed, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing.” Igasaki v. Illinois Dep’t of Financial and Professional Regulation, 988 F.3d 948, 959 (7th Cir. 2021), quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). To defeat summary judgment, Lesiv must oﬀer evidence from which a reasonable jury could ﬁnd: “(1) he en- gaged in an activity protected by the statute; (2) he suﬀered an adverse employment action; and (3) there is a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse action.” Lewis v. Wilkie, 909 F.3d 858, 866 (7th Cir. 2018). The evidence presented “must be considered as a whole, rather than asking whether any particular piece of evidence proves the case by itself …. Evidence is evidence. Relevant ev- idence must be considered and irrelevant evidence disre- garded.” Ortiz v. Werner Enterprises, Inc., 834 F.3d 760, 765 (7th Cir. 2016). Ultimately, the inquiry comes down to one ques- tion: “Does the record contain suﬃcient evidence to permit a reasonable fact ﬁnder to conclude that retaliatory motive caused” the materially adverse action? Lord v. High Voltage No. 21-2496 9 Software, Inc., 839 F.3d 556, 563 (7th Cir. 2016). Lesiv engaged in statutorily protected activity by testifying in his brother’s discrimination lawsuit. Our analysis focuses on the require- ments for a materially adverse action and causation. We ad- dress each in turn. 3 A. Materially Adverse Action For a retaliation claim, a materially adverse action is de- ﬁned as an action “that a reasonable employee would ﬁnd to be materially adverse such that the employee would be dis- suaded from engaging in the protected activity.” Poullard, 829 F.3d at 856. That standard is easier to satisfy than the compa- rable standard for Title VII discrimination claims, which is “limited to discriminatory actions that aﬀect the terms and conditions of employment.” Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 64 (2006). Still, even for a re- taliation claim, the actions must rise above “trivial harms,” such as “petty slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work and that all employees experience,” which do not qualify as materially adverse. Id. at 68. Context is often key in distinguishing between material actions and petty 3 In Ortiz, we directed district courts to stop focusing on the difference between direct and indirect evidence of employment discrimination and to consider the evidence as a whole instead. 834 F.3d at 763–65. We have since clarified that a plaintiff can still invoke the McDonnell Douglas frame- work to evaluate circumstantial evidence. See Lewis, 909 F.3d at 867 (“We did not reject or alter the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework in Ortiz; we simply clarified that there are not separate classifications of evidence to be evaluated under different standards, and we eliminated unhelpful surplus tests.”); see also, e.g., McDaniel v. Progress Rail Locomo- tive, Inc., 940 F.3d 360, 370 (7th Cir. 2019) (plaintiff invoked the burden- shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas to bring a retaliation claim). Le- siv has not invoked McDonnell Douglas here. 10 No. 21-2496 slights. See id. at 69 (“[T]he signiﬁcance of any given act of retaliation will often depend upon the particular circum- stances.”). As we focus on this element of Lesiv’s claim, we must as- sume the employer acted with a retaliatory motive. Illinois Central is arguing that even if Lesiv could prove that it acted because Lesiv testiﬁed in his brother’s lawsuit, assigning Le- siv to work the RIP track alone and suspending him without pay after he refused would not be actionable. The question is whether a reasonable jury could ﬁnd that either of those ac- tions would dissuade a reasonable employee from engaging in protected activity in the future. The answer is yes for each action. 1. The Dangerous Assignment Grayer assigned Lesiv to work the RIP track as punish- ment. While the parties dispute whether Lesiv had a partner when Grayer made the assignment, the parties agree that the relief supervisor ordered Lesiv to work the RIP track alone. And as Lesiv testiﬁed, the relief supervisor never clariﬁed that he had a partner originally as they tried to contact Grayer, spoke with Duggan, or after he completed his statement about his confrontation with Grayer. As noted above, carmen do not work the RIP track by themselves, and doing so could be dan- gerous. Putting these facts together and giving Lesiv the ben- eﬁt of conﬂicting evidence on summary judgment, the relief supervisor directed Lesiv to work an unusual and inherently dangerous assignment that Grayer himself described as puni- tive. Such an unusual and dangerous work assignment can qualify as a materially adverse action. We have held that a No. 21-2496 11 jury could ﬁnd that retaliating against an employee by assign- ing her unusually dangerous duty would deter a reasonable employee from engaging in protected activity. In Lewis v. City of Chicago, 496 F.3d 645 (7th Cir. 2007), a police oﬃcer sued for retaliation. She oﬀered evidence that after she complained of discrimination, she was singled out for inherently more dan- gerous work assignments. We reversed summary judgment for the employer, ﬁnding that the dangerous assignments could amount to materially adverse actions. Id. at 655. Simi- larly here, by providing evidence that he was singled out for an unusually dangerous work assignment, Lesiv met his bur- den for defeating summary judgment on this issue. Accord, Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 170 (2d Cir. 2010) (reversing sum- mary judgment for employer; change in work schedule that resulted in more dangerous work assignment could qualify as materially adverse employment action). 4 Illinois Central’s attempt to distinguish Lewis is not per- suasive. It points out that the Lewis plaintiﬀ actually worked the dangerous assignments while Lesiv never ended up com- pleting his. The argument overlooks why Lesiv did not end up working the RIP track by himself: he refused and was later suspended for that refusal. Granted, Duggan ultimately sug- gested that Lesiv work the light track, but that was not until 4 At the later trial in Lewis, the jury found for the employer on the retaliation claim, and we affirmed. We determined that a reasonable jury could conclude that the actions Lewis complained of were not inherently more dangerous than her prior assignments and were “merely part of her job.” Lewis v. City of Chicago Police Dep’t, 590 F.3d 427, 445 (7th Cir. 2009). The fact that the jury later decided against Lewis has no bearing on whether a reasonable jury also could have found in her favor. A disputed fact is one that a jury could—but is not required to—find for the non-mov- ing party, as Lewis illustrates. 12 No. 21-2496 after Lesiv refused to work the RIP track alone and demanded to speak to someone other than the relief supervisor about the situation. Illinois Central proposes a rule under which, if an employee refuses a dangerous retaliatory assignment, the em- ployer could avoid liability as a matter of law even if the em- ployer then punished the employee for refusing the danger- ous retaliatory assignment. We reject that proposed rule. The Supreme Court has cau- tioned against categorical rules for retaliation claims. See Thompson, 562 U.S. at 175 (“Given the broad statutory text and the variety of workplace contexts in which retaliation may oc- cur, Title VII’s antiretaliation provision is simply not reduci- ble to a comprehensive set of clear rules.”); Burlington North- ern, 548 U.S. at 69 (“[A] legal standard that speaks in general terms rather than speciﬁc prohibited acts is preferable, for an act that would be immaterial in some situations is material in others.” (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)). Courts need to focus on whether, under the particular circum- stances, a reasonable jury could ﬁnd that the employer’s ac- tions would dissuade reasonable employees from asserting rights under Title VII. Having to choose between insubordi- nation and an unreasonably dangerous assignment could produce such dissuasion. At the very least, the question should be left for a jury to decide. 5 5 To be sure, we have held that unfulfilled threats do not typically constitute materially adverse actions. See, e.g., Poullard, 829 F.3d at 856–57 (threats of unspecified disciplinary action did not constitute adverse ac- tions); see also Lewis, 909 F.3d at 870 (collecting cases). Those cases are readily distinguishable from the facts here. First, in this case, it was the employee—not the employer—who stopped the adverse action from ma- terializing. Viewing the facts most favorable to Lesiv, we assume that Grayer did not intend merely to threaten this assignment but instead No. 21-2496 13 2. The Suspension After Lesiv refused to work the RIP track, he was sus- pended indeﬁnitely without pay for insubordination. It is well-established that unpaid suspensions can constitute ma- terially adverse actions for retaliation claims. See, e.g., Bur- lington Northern, 548 U.S. at 72–73 (jury made a reasonable conclusion that an unpaid, indeﬁnite suspension lasting thirty-seven days was materially adverse); Whittaker v. North- ern Illinois University, 424 F.3d 640, 647 (7th Cir. 2005) (“[A] suspension without pay … would constitute an adverse em- ployment action.”). 6 Illinois Central’s attempts to dismiss the suspension as im- material are not persuasive. For one, it asserts Lesiv’s suspen- sion was not materially adverse because he was suspended for only two days. But to reiterate, all unpaid suspensions— regardless of the length—could constitute adverse employ- ment actions. Benuzzi, 647 F.3d at 665 (“[S]uspensions without pay … undoubtedly satisfy the materially adverse meant for Lesiv to work as ordered. Second, and critically, after Lesiv re- fused the assignment, he was suspended, thus effectively trading one ad- verse action for another. Finally, even if we thought this situation resem- bled an “unfulfilled threat,” Poullard cautioned that threats can sometimes qualify as materially adverse actions. See 829 F.3d at 856–57 & n.3. An un- usually dangerous assignment that forces an employee to choose between insubordination and the danger could qualify as one of those exceptions. At least, we are not persuaded to hold as a matter of law that it could not. 6 Unpaid suspensions also qualify as adverse actions in Title VII dis- crimination claims. E.g., Ellis v. CCA of Tennessee LLC, 650 F.3d 640, 650 (7th Cir. 2011) (three-day suspension could qualify as adverse employ- ment action for discrimination claim); Russell v. Board of Trustees of the Uni- versity of Illinois at Chicago, 243 F.3d 336, 341 (7th Cir. 2001) (same for five- day suspension). 14 No. 21-2496 standard.”). Two days is not too short to qualify as a matter of law. See Nagle v. Village of Calumet Park, 554 F.3d 1106, 1113, 1121 (7th Cir. 2009) (three-day unpaid suspension could sup- port retaliation claim); Lloyd v. Swifty Transportation, Inc., 552 F.3d 594, 602 (7th Cir. 2009) (same); see also Appleton v. City of Gary, Indiana, 781 F. App’x 501, 504 (7th Cir. 2019) (“Apple- ton’s one-day suspension and her reduction in hours could constitute adverse employment actions.”). Illinois Central’s argument also misses the key fact that courts evaluate suspensions for this purpose when they are imposed on the employees, not after later internal or union reviews are completed. Cf. Nagle, 554 F.3d at 1121 (rejecting argument that suspension was not materially adverse because it was later found to be improper: “[a]fter all, no one knew whether the suspension would be reversed or upheld” when ﬁrst imposed and served). Here, Duggan told Lesiv “he was being removed from service.” Lesiv reasonably understood at the time that his suspension was without pay and for an in- deﬁnite period. A jury could easily ﬁnd that such a suspen- sion would dissuade a reasonable employee from engaging in protected activity even if it ultimately did not last very long. Second, Illinois Central argues the suspension was not ma- terially adverse because, after Lesiv was reinstated, he was quickly paid for the time he missed. But an employer cannot make an unpaid suspension “paid” after the fact to avoid lia- bility under Title VII as a matter of law. Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 73 (“[A]n indeﬁnite suspension without pay could well act as a deterrent, even if the suspended employee even- tually received backpay.”); Nagle, 554 F.3d at 1121 (explaining that “reimbursement of lost pay” after an unpaid suspension “is not suﬃcient to defeat [a plaintiﬀ’s] Title VII retaliation No. 21-2496 15 claim”); cf. Phelan v. Cook County, 463 F.3d 773, 780 (7th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e decline to endorse a rule that would allow em- ployers to escape liability by merely reinstating the aggrieved employee months after termination, whenever it becomes clear that the employee intends to pursue her claims in court.”), abrogated on other grounds by Ortiz, 834 F.3d 764– 65. Again, we will not speculate that Lesiv’s paycheck was not aﬀected, especially since Illinois Central has not made the case itself. In fact, Illinois Central argued in the district court that a delay in pay does not constitute an adverse employ- ment action. That argument presupposed that his pay was in- deed delayed. As explained, an employer cannot avoid sum- mary judgment by paying the employee retroactively for the suspension. And as for the precise timing of the backpay, as to which our record is silent, a party opposing a motion for summary judgment needs to respond only to arguments the moving party actually made, not others that the moving party might have made but did not. See, e.g., Costello v. Grundon, 651 F.3d 614, 635 (7th Cir. 2011) (“The nonmovant is not re- quired to present evidence on an issue not raised by the mo- vant.”); Sublett v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 463 F.3d 731, 736 (7th Cir. 2006) (“As a general matter, if the moving party does not raise an issue in support of its motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party is not required to present evidence on that point, and the district court should not rely on that ground in its decision.”); Pourghoraishi v. Flying J, Inc., 449 F.3d 751, 765 (7th Cir. 2006) (“The party opposing summary judgment has no obligation to address grounds not raised in a motion for summary judgment.”). If Illinois Central thought the timing of the backpay was material to its motion for sum- mary judgment, it had a responsibility to oﬀer speciﬁc 16 No. 21-2496 evidence about the timing and how it might have aﬀected Le- siv’s paycheck. 7 To summarize, for purposes of summary judgment, Le- siv’s solo RIP track assignment and suspension satisfy the ma- terially adverse action requirement. Whether a reasonable employee would ﬁnd these actions to be materially adverse in this context such that the employee would be dissuaded from engaging in the protected activity is at least a question for the trier of fact. B. Causation We turn now to the causation element of the individual retaliation claim. Here, we eliminate the assumption that Illi- nois Central acted with a retaliatory motive and consider whether Lesiv has presented enough evidence to survive summary judgment on this issue. He has not. To meet his bur- den on causation, Lesiv needed to oﬀer evidence that a retal- iatory motive was a “but-for cause of the challenged employ- ment action.” Gracia v. SigmaTron International, Inc., 842 F.3d 1010, 1019 (7th Cir. 2016), quoting University of Texas South- western Medical Center v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 352 (2013). “This requires proof that the unlawful retaliation would not have 7 Illinois Central relies on Nichols v. Southern Illinois University-Ed- wardsville, 510 F.3d 772 (7th Cir. 2007), to argue that Lesiv’s suspension was not materially adverse. That case is easily distinguishable. In Nichols, after a violent encounter with a civilian, the employer placed the plaintiff police officer on paid administrative leave pending a fitness-for-duty ex- amination. We held that the action was not materially adverse as a matter of law. Id. at 786–87. Such paid administrative leaves for police investiga- tions are routine after many types of incidents. They are not comparable to a disciplinary suspension of uncertain duration without pay. No. 21-2496 17 occurred in the absence of the alleged wrongful action or ac- tions of the employer.” Nassar, 570 U.S. at 360. Lesiv has not met his burden on causation for one simple reason: none of the relevant supervisors knew that Lesiv had engaged in protected activity by testifying in his brother’s lawsuit. Knowledge of the protected activity is necessary to show causation for a retaliation claim. E.g., Eaton v. J.H. Findorﬀ & Son, Inc., 1 F.4th 508, 512–13 (7th Cir. 2021) (aﬃrm- ing summary judgment for employer; for a retaliation claim to reach the jury, “the plaintiﬀ must ﬁrst produce evidence that the defendant had actual knowledge of the protected ac- tivity,” and it is “not suﬃcient that a decision-maker could have or even should have known about the employee’s com- plaint”). A supervisor simply cannot retaliate against an em- ployee for engaging in protected activity if the supervisor was not aware of the protected activity in the ﬁrst place. Accord, Tomanovich v. City of Indianapolis, 457 F.3d 656, 668–69 (7th Cir. 2006). Lesiv correctly conceded at oral argument and in the dis- trict court that the record does not indicate that Grayer or Duggan knew that Lesiv had testiﬁed in a deposition as part of his brother’s lawsuit three months before the materially ad- verse actions took place. That concession resolves the issue. E.g., Hamer v. Neighborhood Housing Services of Chicago, 897 F.3d 835, 841 (7th Cir. 2018) (aﬃrming summary judgment for employer because plaintiﬀ did “not establish[] a genuine dis- pute about the decisionmakers’ knowledge”); Nagle, 554 F.3d at 1121–22 (aﬃrming grant of summary judgment for em- ployer; plaintiﬀ failed to oﬀer evidence decision-maker had knowledge of his protected activity, which “doom[ed] his claim”). Lesiv cannot meet his burden on causation to survive 18 No. 21-2496 summary judgment because he cannot oﬀer evidence of knowledge on the part of his supervisors. So while we disa- gree with the district court on the issue of a materially adverse action, in the end the district court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of Illinois Central on this claim. III. Third-Party Retaliation We now address Lesiv’s third-party retaliation claim. On this issue, he asserts that Illinois Central retaliated against his brother Lyubomir by subjecting Lesiv to materially adverse actions, and that he can sue for that retaliation under Thomp- son, 562 U.S. 170. As an initial matter, the district court de- clined to address Lesiv’s third-party claim because Lesiv was “not a third party” and had an individual retaliation claim re- lated to his own protected activity. Thus, in the court’s view, Lesiv could not advance a third-party claim here. The court did not cite any support for treating individual and third-party claims as mutually exclusive. Neither does Il- linois Central in repeating this position on appeal. We ﬁnd no support for this position and decline to adopt it. We instead view the two claims as distinct but not mutually exclusive the- ories of retaliation. Cf. Fogleman v. Mercy Hospital, Inc., 283 F.3d 561 (3d Cir. 2002) (addressing diﬀerent theories of indi- vidual and third-party retaliation under Americans with Dis- abilities Act, among others, as distinct theories of retaliation); see also George v. Republic Airways Inc., No. 1:20-cv-01702-SEB- DLP, 2021 WL 1022428, at *3–6 (S.D. Ind. Mar. 17, 2021) (con- sidering plaintiﬀ’s individual and third-party claims under Title VII as diﬀerent theories of retaliation). There is no legal barrier to Lesiv bringing both individual and third-party re- taliation claims. No. 21-2496 19 We next consider whether Lesiv falls within Title VII’s zone of interests to bring a third-party retaliation claim re- lated to Lyubomir’s protected activities. In its brief, Illinois Central makes an additional threshold argument that Lesiv does not meet those standards because he has not shown that Illinois Central harmed a third party to retaliate against Lesiv. But that argument inverts the standard for these types of claims. A. The Thompson Standard We draw our understanding of third-party retaliation claims from Thompson, 562 U.S. 170. In that case, plaintiﬀ Thompson and his ﬁancée both worked at the defendant com- pany. His ﬁancée ﬁled a charge of sex discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Three weeks later, the company ﬁred not her but Thompson. He then sued the company, alleging that it ﬁred him to retaliate against his ﬁancée. To determine whether Thompson could bring a third- party retaliation claim despite not having engaged in pro- tected activity himself, the Court ﬁrst asked whether the ﬁan- cée could have sued for that retaliation. That question re- quired determining whether the employer’s ﬁring of Thomp- son constituted unlawful retaliation. The Court concluded with little diﬃculty that if Thompson’s version of the facts was true, then the ﬁring violated Title VII. The Court thought it was “obvious” that, under the Burlington Northern standard, “a reasonable worker might be dissuaded from engaging in protected activity if she knew that her [ﬁancé] would be ﬁred.” 562 U.S. at 174. Thus, the ﬁancée could have sued for the company’s action against Thompson as an unlawful act of retaliation against her. 20 No. 21-2496 The Court then turned to the “more diﬃcult question” whether Thompson himself could also sue for that retaliation even though, again, he did not engage in any protected activ- ity. 562 U.S. at 175. The Court said yes. Thompson qualiﬁed as a “person aggrieved” under Title VII. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(f)(1). He fell within the Act’s “zone of interests,” so he had a claim for retaliation. 562 U.S. at 175–78. As the Court explained, “the purpose of Title VII is to protect employees from their employers’ unlawful actions,” and the statute ena- bles “suit by any plaintiﬀ with an interest ‘arguably [sought] to be protected by the statute.’” Id. at 178 (alteration in origi- nal), quoting National Credit Union Admin. v. First National Bank & Trust Co., 522 U.S. 479, 495 (1998). Thompson was an employee, thereby falling under Title VII’s general scope. Equally important, Thompson was “not an accidental victim of the retaliation;” rather, “injuring him was the employer’s intended means of harming [his ﬁancée].” Id. Accordingly, the Court held that Thompson fell within the Act’s zone of inter- ests and was therefore “a person aggrieved with standing to sue” under the statute. Id. B. The “Zone of Interests” Test The next question is whether Lesiv falls within Title VII’s zone of interests. Lesiv does if Lyubomir, Lesiv’s brother, could have sued for the alleged retaliation here. If so, we ask whether Lesiv could also sue because harming Lesiv, an em- ployee, was the employer’s intended means of retaliating against Lyubomir. Since we conclude that Lesiv has no evi- dence to support this second element, we decline to address whether Lyubomir could have brought a retaliation suit him- self. No. 21-2496 21 C. Causation On this record, a reasonable jury could not conclude that Illinois Central acted to retaliate against Lyubomir by harm- ing Lesiv. 8 Like other circuits, we read this inquiry as a cau- sation requirement. See, e.g., Threat v. City of Cleveland, 6 F.4th 672, 680–81 (6th Cir. 2021); Tolar v. Bradley Arant Boult Com- mings, LLP, 997 F.3d 1280, 1293–94 (11th Cir. 2021). We thus draw on our case law regarding causation for individual claims under Title VII. Here, Lesiv must oﬀer evidence that his brother’s charge or lawsuit was “a but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by the employer.” Carlson v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 758 F.3d 819, 828 n.1 (7th Cir. 2014), quoting Nassar, 570 U.S. at 362. “The requirement of but-for causation in retaliation claims 8 This issue, like many related to “statutory standing,” is a merits question. See, e.g., Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 140 (2014) (explaining that to fall under Lanham Act’s zone of interests, “a plaintiff must plead (and ultimately prove) an injury to a commercial interest in sales or business reputation proximately caused by the defendant’s misrepresentations”); Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 97 & n.2 (1998) (in zone-of-interests tests, “the merits inquiry and the statutory standing inquiry often ‘overlap,’” and in some cases, “it would be exceedingly artificial to draw a distinction between the two” (internal citation omitted)). If a reasonable jury could conclude that Illinois Central took action against Lesiv to harm his brother, Lesiv would fall within Title VII’s zone of interests and would therefore have a valid claim for that retaliation. Since a reasonable jury could not come to that conclusion, Lesiv’s claim fails on the merits, not for lack of jurisdiction. See Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 128 n.4 (clarifying that “statutory standing” is “misleading, since the absence of a valid (as opposed to argu- able) cause of action does not implicate subject-matter jurisdiction, i.e., the court’s statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate the case” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). 22 No. 21-2496 does not mean that the protected activity must have been the only cause of the adverse action. Rather, it means that the ad- verse action would not have happened without the activity.” Id. This showing can be made with circumstantial evidence. See Abrego v. Wilkie, 907 F.3d 1004, 1015 (7th Cir. 2018). Re- gardless of the types of evidence Lesiv puts forward, we fol- low the Ortiz directive to analyze all the evidence and ask whether the evidence would permit a reasonable jury to ﬁnd that Lyubomir’s charge or lawsuit caused Lesiv to suﬀer the adverse employment actions. See 834 F.3d at 765. 9 As discussed above, Lesiv oﬀered evidence of two materi- ally adverse actions: the dangerous work assignment and the suspension. To meet his burden on causation and survive summary judgment, he must oﬀer evidence of a retaliatory motive on the part of Grayer, who imposed the work assign- ment, and/or Duggan, who imposed the suspension. Lesiv re- lies on two pieces of circumstantial evidence to support those inferences of causation: the diﬀerent treatment he received compared to a similarly situated employee and the timing of the incidents. We address each in turn, beginning with Dug- gan and the suspension. 9Unlike the evidence on Lesiv’s individual retaliation claim based on his own protected activity, there is evidence that some of the relevant su- pervisors knew of the brother’s protected activity. Duggan, for instance, was named as a witness in the brother’s lawsuit and was in the process of scheduling his deposition around the time of Lesiv’s dangerous assign- ment and suspension. Lesiv also argues that Grayer was aware of the law- suit because his name was in his brother’s complaint and he was a poten- tial witness. As we explain in the text, however, Lesiv’s evidence cannot meet the causation standard even if everyone involved was aware of his brother’s protected activity. No. 21-2496 23 1. Evidence of Duggan’s Motive Turning to the comparator ﬁrst, recall that another em- ployee, Barwan, refused to work the “A yard” the day before Lesiv refused to work the RIP track. (Both of those assign- ments entail heavy repairs on railcars.) Barwan, however, was not suspended for his insubordination. Lesiv contends this disparity in treatment supports a reasonable inference of a re- taliatory motive on the part of Duggan. We disagree. Evidence that a “similarly situated employee[]” whose close contact did not engage in protected conduct was “treated diﬀerently may furnish circumstantial evidence of retaliation or other unlawful motive.” Donley v. Stryker Sales Corp., 906 F.3d 635, 639 (7th Cir. 2018). Whether a comparator is similarly situated is often a question for the jury. Johnson v. Advocate Health and Hospitals Corp., 892 F.3d 887, 895 (7th Cir. 2018). We ask whether the two employees are situated simi- larly enough for a reasonable comparison. Id., citing Coleman v. Donahoe, 667 F.3d 835, 846–47 (7th Cir. 2012). In a case chal- lenging disciplinary action, the plaintiﬀ and comparator ordi- narily must have “dealt with the same supervisor, [been] sub- ject to the same standards, and ha[ve] engaged in similar con- duct without such diﬀerentiating or mitigating circumstances as would distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treat- ment of them.” Donley, 906 F.3d at 639 (alterations in original). The congruence need not be perfect. Id. Some similarities between Lesiv and Barwan are easy to see. The two engaged in similar conduct: Both refused a work assignment and both dealt with the same supervisor: Duggan. And the supervisor, as the decision-maker, treated the two diﬀerently: Duggan suspended Lesiv but not Barwan. Lesiv thus asserts that the divergent treatment between the two 24 No. 21-2496 would support a reasonable inference of a retaliatory motive on the part of Duggan. 10 To justify the diﬀerent treatment of Lesiv and Barwan, Il- linois Central argues ﬁrst that the two engaged in diﬀerent conduct. One of its arguments is persuasive while the other is not. To start, Illinois Central eﬀectively contends that “this was Barwan being Barwan,” whereas Lesiv’s reaction was out of the ordinary for him and hostile, so that the relief supervi- sor and presumably Duggan correctly viewed their behaviors diﬀerently. That argument might be oﬀered at trial, but “it is not a winner on summary judgment.” Coleman, 667 F.3d at 851. Courts are not in the business of distinguishing compar- ators in discipline cases by deciding on summary judgment whether one person was joking around and the other was not. “[A]t the summary judgment stage, the employer cannot de- feat a plaintiﬀ’s prima facie case of discrimination on the the- ory that it applied its ‘no tolerance’ policy on threats to some workers while dismissing dangerous acts of others as mere ‘horseplay.’” Id. We reiterate: “Such fact issues are the prov- ince of the jury.” Id. 10At oral argument, Illinois Central disputed whether Lesiv and Bar- wan had the same decision-maker. It argued that the relief supervisor in- teracted with Barwan in the moment, whereas Duggan communicated with Lesiv, so the two were subject to different supervisors. The distinc- tion is not persuasive, at least as a matter of law on summary judgment. Both employees told the relief supervisor they were refusing to work their assignments. Duggan was made aware of Lesiv’s refusal immediately and learned of Barwan’s later. Duggan decided to suspend Lesiv but not Bar- wan. The different treatment occurred when Duggan learned of Barwan’s actions and did not impose a similar penalty. For purposes of summary judgment, we treat Lesiv and Barwan as subject to the same decision- maker. No. 21-2496 25 Illinois Central’s second argument is a winner, however, and defeats the comparator here. It is true that Barwan and Lesiv both refused a work assignment, but Lesiv’s actions went further. The stated reasons for Lesiv’s suspension were because of his attitude toward the relief supervisor in refusing the RIP track assignment and his tone with Duggan during their phone conversation. Barwan was not insubordinate to- ward Duggan. Even viewing the facts most reasonably favor- able to Lesiv, the altercation is a diﬀerentiating circumstance that distinguishes Barwan and Lesiv and Duggan’s treatment of them. Donley, 906 F.3d at 639. Thus, Lesiv’s comparator ev- idence could not support a ﬁnding that Duggan acted with a retaliatory motive. If we had any doubts on that score, they are assuaged by the other undisputed evidence in the record, which weighs decisively against Lesiv here. Take, for instance, the timing of the suspension. Duggan suspended Lesiv two and a half years after Lyubomir ﬁled a charge of discrimination and retaliation and nearly a year after Lyubomir ﬁled his lawsuit in state court. While suspicious timing can support an inference of a retaliatory motive, such a long gap between the protected ac- tivity and adverse action “can weaken and eventually break an inference of causation.” Baines v. Walgreen Co., 863 F.3d 656, 665 (7th Cir. 2017); see also Lalvani v. Cook County, 269 F.3d 785, 790 (7th Cir. 2001) (“As the time separating the protected conduct and the adverse employment action grows, the causal inference weakens and eventually time becomes the plaintiﬀ’s enemy.”). A two-and-a-half-year gap and near one- year gap between the respective protected activities and ma- terially adverse actions strongly suggest that the timing was not suspicious and cast serious doubts on whether a jury could ﬁnd a retaliatory motive here. See id. (one-and-a-half- 26 No. 21-2496 year gap was “well beyond the time that would allow a rea- sonable jury to conclude that [the materially adverse action] was causally related to [the protected activity]”). Lesiv points out correctly that a plaintiﬀ can sometimes establish causation despite a substantial delay between the protected activity and the adverse action. See Baines, 863 F.3d at 665 (“[A] long gap will [not] undermine a causal connection that is otherwise supported by suﬃcient circumstantial evi- dence.”). In such cases, we typically see evidence of pro- longed antagonism against the plaintiﬀ, evidence that, de- spite a long gap, the alleged retaliation was the ﬁrst oppor- tunity for retaliation, or something similar. See Carlson, 758 F.3d at 829 (reversing dismissal; despite long gap between ad- verse actions and protected activity, evidence of constant an- tagonism supported inference of retaliatory motive); Malin v. Hospira, Inc., 762 F.3d 552, 559–60 (7th Cir. 2014) (reversing summary judgment; long gap was not fatal to retaliation claim when evidence indicated defendant “had a long memory,” repeatedly retaliated against plaintiﬀ by denying her promotions, and then eﬀectively demoted her when ﬁrst given the opportunity). Lesiv has not produced comparable evidence to support a jury verdict here. 11 11 Lesiv points to affidavits from co-workers saying that management monitored him more closely and targeted him after the brother filed his lawsuit. Plaintiffs are, of course, entitled to submit affidavits that contain information based on witnesses’ personal knowledge and experiences. See Hill v. Tangherlini, 724 F.3d 965, 967–68 (7th Cir. 2013). These affidavits, however, are conclusory and do not offer evidence to support their con- clusions, and some are not related to Lesiv’s or his brother’s protected ac- tivities: “I believe Illinois Central placed a target upon the entire Lesiv family due to the disciplinary issues related to Lyubomir,” and “I believe Illinois Central placed a ‘bullseye’ on [Lesiv’s] … back as retaliation for No. 21-2496 27 Nonetheless, Lesiv asserts that the timing is suspicious and supports an inference of retaliation because Lyubomir’s state lawsuit was still pending. In addition, Duggan had been contacted about scheduling a deposition in that lawsuit roughly two weeks before the adverse action against Lesiv. Lesiv contends that Lyubomir’s lawsuit might have been on Duggan’s mind when he suspended Lesiv, supporting an in- ference of retaliatory motive. In the absence of other evidence supporting the inference, this is too speculative. See, e.g., Iga- saki, 988 F.3d at 960 (aﬃrming summary judgment on retalia- tion claim and rejecting arguments based on layers of “imper- missible speculation”). Even viewing the evidence in the light reasonably most favorable to Lesiv, the adverse actions here came immediately after heated confrontations between Lesiv and his supervisors, providing a ready explanation that had nothing to do with his brother’s lawsuit. At bottom, there simply is no evidence that Duggan was responding to his brother’s protected activity by suspending Lesiv. The record does not contain suﬃcient evidence to per- mit a reasonable fact ﬁnder to conclude that a retaliatory mo- tive caused the materially adverse action here, even on sum- mary judgment. Lesiv’s refusal to work the RIP track alone.” They do not include factual details of Duggan’s motivations or actions toward Lesiv leading up to the suspension to support those beliefs and that would lend support to an in- ference of retaliation. These affidavits thus do not present a genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment. Accord, Visser v. Packer Engineering Associates, Inc., 924 F.2d 655, 659 (7th Cir. 1991) (en banc) (“Dis- crimination law would be unmanageable if disgruntled employees—the friends of the plaintiff and often people in the same legal position as the plaintiff—could defeat summary judgment by affidavits speculating about the defendant’s motives.”). 28 No. 21-2496 2. Evidence of Grayer’s Motive Finally, we turn to Grayer and the solo RIP track assign- ment. Lesiv’s evidence would not support a reasonable infer- ence that a desire to retaliate against Lyubomir drove Grayer to assign Lesiv to work the RIP track alone. All a jury would have to support a ﬁnding of causation is the two-and-a-half- year gap between Lyubomir’s charge of discrimination and Lesiv’s solo RIP track assignment, and the nearly one-year gap between the lawsuit and the assignment. That evidence is not enough to pose a genuine dispute of fact and defeat sum- mary judgment on causation. Accord, Igasaki, 988 F.3d at 959 (without more, evidence of two-month gap between pro- tected activities and adverse action did not defeat summary judgment on retaliation claim). To sum up, Lesiv has not met his burden on causation to support the reasonable inference that he faced materially ad- verse actions because of his or his brother’s activities pro- tected by Title VII. Illinois Central was entitled to summary judgment on both claims. AFFIRMED.

Nazariy Lesiv v. Illinois Central Railroad Com

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