The defendant, if the facts stated in the bill of exceptions were true, was liable to the plaintiff in error, for “ money had and received,” upon an implied as-sumpsit, without any express promise whatever. If he, knowing that the makers of the note were utterly insolvent at the time, procured this note to be made by them, for the purpose of having the same discounted by the Bank as a good note, and for the same purpose procured it to be recommended by the member from the county, who was in the habit of recommending notes to the Bank for discount, and the note was discounted by the Bank under the influence of this fraud and deception, thus practiced upon it by defendant, and defendant received the money as the fruit of this fraud, he would be liable to an action for money had and received, at any moment when the fraud was discovered. .
The action for money had and received is said to be a liberal and equitable action, and lies wherever, by the principles of natural justice and equity, the defendant .ought to refund to the plaintiff his money, and there is no rule of policy or strict law to prevent him from so doing. 10 S. & R. 219, Irvine v. Harlon; Hitchcock v. Lukens & Son, 8 Por. 337; Stephens v. Badcock, 3 B. & A. 354.
When one person discounts for another, a forged navy bill, who passed it without knowing it to be forged, the money paid may be recovered back in this action. Jones v. Ryde, 1 Serg. & Low. 167; see, also, 5 Conn. 71, Eagle Bank v. Smith; 6 John. 110, Wilson v. Foree; Pope & Hickman v. Nance & Co. 1 Stewart, 354.
In Mason v. Waite, 17 Mass. 354, bank notes were entrusted to the care of a person who lost them at play. The action was for money had and received, and plaintiff recovered. The court say, in that case, there is no necessity of any privity of contract, to authorize this action. It is true, there need not be any agreement between the parties, to enable *435tbe plaintiff to maintain tbis action, as many of tbe foregoing cases show, but then there must be a privity between tbe parties in tbe transaction out of wbicb tbe action springs. It may arise from a tort, but a party may generally waive tbe tart, and sue as upon a contract; an implied assumpsit. Young v. Marshall, 8 Bingham, 53; 1 Stephens’ Nisi Prius, 346.
Tbe doctrine as to tbe necessity of privity between tbe parties when tbis action is used, is well discussed in a late case in Georgia, Whitehead v. Peck, 1 Kelly, 140, in wbicb tbe court held, that where a surety bad paid usurious interest to tbe creditor, and tbe principal bad repaid it to bis surety, that the principal could not sustain an action for money bad and received against tbe creditor, for tbe usurious interest so paid to him.
In tbe case at bar, tbe defendant offered a note on persons wholly insolvent, and whom be knew to be so, to tbe Bank, for discount, wbicb note be bad procured to be made for tbis purpose, and wbicb, to further bis dishonest purpose, be procured Reeves to recommend as good, and obtained tbe money upon it. Under such a state of facts, tbe ownership of tbe money was not changed. It remained tbe property of tbe Bank during all tbe time, and an action for money bad and received would well lie at any time. An action bn tbe case would lie, or tbe Bank might waive tbe tort, and sue as upon an implied assumpsit for money bad and received.
Tbe charges of tbe court proceed upon tbe idea, that tbe Bank could not recover, unless the' defendant bad made an express promise to tbe plaintiff. Tbis was not necessary, as has been shown.
Tbe judgment below is reversed, and tbe cause remanded.