In support of the action oí the circuit court, three distinct propositions have been assorted and argued before us: 1st, that the court has not the power, in any case, to issue a mandamus to the governor of the State; 2d, that a mandamus does not lie in this case, even if the company is entitled to the money claimed, because the right to the issuance of a warrant is not a specific legal right, for which there is no adequate legal remedy; and, 3d, that the failure of the company to comply with the requisitions of the act of February 24th, 1860, (Acts ’59-60, p. 110,) justified the governor in refusing to draw his warrant.
1. To the first proposition we cannot assent. Chief-Justice Marshall declared, and we concur in the remark, that “it is not by the office of the person to whom the writ is directed, hut the nature of the thing to be done, that the propriety or impropriety of issuing a mandamus is to be determined.” — Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch, 170. By the constitution of this State, the powers of government are divided and distributed among three departments ; the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. The, governor, as the head of the second of these departments, is clothed with “ the supreme executive power of the State';” and in the discharge of those political functions attached to bis office, which depend on the exercise of his own judgment or' discretion, his determinations are conclusive. Any attempt on the part of the judiciary to control or direct him in the performance of executive duties, about which he has a discretion, and may exercise his own judgment, would be a manifest usurpation of power. But there is nothing in the nature of his office, which can prevent the legislature from assigning to the *381governor the performance of some mere ministerial acts, in regard to which he is not clothed with any diseyetionary power, his whole duty being that of simple obedience to the command of the legislature; and 'when this is done, the governor is to be viewed as merely the ministerial agent of the law ; and if he fails or refuses to perform the act required of him, he is amenable to the law; and any person whose rights are dependent on the performance of such act, may have redress by resorting to the appropriate legal remedy.
In Marbury v. Madison, (1 Cranch, 137, 165,) Chief-Justice Marshal], after declaring that the acts of the head of one of the executive departments, in matters resting in executive discretion, can never be examinable by the courts, uses this language: “But,‘when the legislature proceeds'to impose on that officer other duties; when he is directed peremptorily to perform certain acts; when the rights of individuals are dependent on the performance of those acts ; he is so far the officer of the law, is anronable to the law for his conduct, and cannot at his discretion sport away the vested rights of others.” — See, also, pp. 170—1.
The doctrine that a mandamus.will lie against one of the executive-officers of the',government, to enforce the performance of a mere ministerial act, was distinctly affirmed in Kendall v. The United States, 12 Peters, 524, 595, 610, 626, 641. In that case, Mr. Butler, the attorney-general, admitted in his argument, that, “as the ordinary character of an officer’s fnnctions would not always determine the true nature of a particular duty imposed by law, if an executive officer, the head of a department, even theprbsident himself, were required by law to perform an act morel}^ ministerial, and necessary to the completion or enjoyment of the rights of individuals, he shouhl be regarded, quoad hoc, not as an executive, but as a merely ministerial officer; and therefore liable to be directed and compelled to the performance of the, act by mandamus, if congress saw fit to confer the jurisdiction.” — 12 Peters, 595.
The same principle applies to judicial officers, who, *382though not answerable for errors of judgment, however plain the mistake, are responsible for any injury which results from their failure to perform a ministerial duty cast upon them by law. In Ferguson v. Earl of Kinnard, (9 Clark & Finn. 279, 290,) Lord Brougham, after stating the first branch of this proposition, added: “But, where the law neither confers judicial power, nor any discretion at all, but requires certain things to be done, everybody, whatever bo its name, and whatever other functions of a judicial or discretionary nature it may have, is bound to obey; and, -with the exception of the legislature and its branches, everybody is liable for the consequences of disobedience. ” Lord Campbell said in the same case (p. 812): “ "Where there is a ministerial act to be done by persons who, on other occasions, act judicially, the refusal to do the ministerial act is equally actionable as if no judicial functions were, on any occasion, entrusted to them. There seems no reason why the refusal to do a ministerial act, by a person who has certain-judicial functions, should not subject him to an action, in the same manner as ho is liable to an action for an act beyond his jurisdiction.” — See, also, opinions of Lord Lyndhurst and Lord Cottenham, pp. 280, 306.
All this is hut the result of the' just and wholesome principle, that no public functionary, whatever his official rank, is above the law, or will be permitted to violate its express command with impunity. "While, therefore, it is true that, in regard to many of the duties which belong to his office, the governor has, from the very nature of the authority, a discretion which the courts cannot control ; yet, in reference to mere ministerial duties imposed upon him by statute, which might have been devolved on another officer if the legislature had seen fit, and on the performance of which some specific private right depends, he may be made amenable to the compulsory process of the proper court by mandamus.. — Authorities supra; State of Ohio v. Chase, 5 Ohio St. R. 528; Citizens v. Wright, 6 Ohio St. R. 318; Pacific R. R. Co. v. Governor, 23 Missouri, 353.
As the case stands upon the petition, and the admission *383by the governor of •■the facts stated in it, everything has been done by the company which is required by the act “to aid the Tennessee and Coosa Railroad,” approved February 17, ’54, (Acts ’53-4, p. 280;) and if we look to that act alone, nothing remains'to be done, so far as the governor, is concerned, but what is purely ministerial— namely, the reception of the bond and mortgage, and the issuance of a warrant. In performing these ministerial duties, the governor does not proceed according to his own judgment or discretion, but iu obedience to the peremptory command of the legislature, and as a mere agent of the State, appointed and required by statute to do a particular thing. As the mandamus is moved for to enforce the performance of a ministerial act expressly enjoined by statute, the fact that the officer against whom it is sought is governor of the State, is not, of itself, an answer to the application.
2. But the petitioner is not entitled to the writ, unless it appears that there is no other adequate legal remedy for the "wrong complained of. And this brings us to the second proposition insisted on, in support of the ruling of the circuit court — namely, that, looking alone to the act of 1854, and conceding that the petitioner has complied with all of its provisions, and is entitled to the money claimed, the right to have a warrant issued by the governor is not a-specific legal right, for which the writ of mandamus affords the only adequate legal remedy.
The right which the petitioner asserts is, in two aspects, a specific legal right. The act of February 17th, 1854, above referred to, gives to the petitioner, on its performance of the prescribed conditions, the right to the use of a sum of money, on certain terms set forth in the act. This is as much a legal right, as the right to the use of any other property. Again, the act of 1854 imposes as a duty on the governor the issuance of his warrant on the custodian, of a specified fund, for the payment of a certain sum of money to the petitioner, on its complying with the requisitions of the statute. The governor being bound by law to perform a duty for the benefit of the company, tbe latter has a clear legal right to have it performed.
*384To deprive a party of his remedy by mandamus, on the-ground that he has a remedy by action, the rémedy by action must be adequate -to the specific object in view— “framed to effect directly the desired end.” It must afford complete satisfaction, “equivalent, tq specific relief” In matter of Trustees of Williamsburg, 1 Barb. Sup. Ct. R. 34—5 ; Harwood v. Marshall, 9 Maryland, 83, 98; Kendall v. United States, 12 Peters, 614; Etheridge v. Hall, 7 Porter, 54; Ex parte Pickett, 24 Ala. 94; 3 Halst. 206 ; 2 Dougl. 525 ; Carroll v. Board of Police, 28 Missouri R. 38, 52.
Without stopping to inquire whether the company could maintain an action for damages against the officer or the State, we find no difficulty in deciding, that any such action would be inadequate to the object in view, and fall far short of affording a complete satisfaction to the petititioner. The great end to be attained by the railroad company is the building'of the road; and this was the-object which the State had in view in making the loan or advance provided for by the act of 1854. The purpose-of the legislature was, to enable the company, by the aid afforded by the act, to complete the work at an earlier period than was required by the charter. One of the-conditions of the act of 1854 is, that before any warrant can be issued in favor of the company, it shall give bond, with security satisfactory to the governor, for the completion of the road within ten years from the passage of the act. The petition shows that, before receiving the first payment, the company did give this bond; and that upon the faith of the act of 1854 it has let the entire road to contract. In order to carry oh- the work, it relies upon obtaining, promptly, as it becomes entitled to them, the sums of money secured to it by that act. The failure to receive the sums loaned or ádvanced by that act, at the times and in the manner provided, will leave the company without means to meet the obligations which it has incurred to contractors, and wiliput.it out of its power to comply with its undertaking to complete the road within ten years from the passage of the act. It is obvious, therefore, from the very nature of, the case, that an *385action for damages would be a remedy wholly inadequate to the object in view. Under the rules of law controlling the measure of damages, such an action would not afford complete redress for the injury which the company would sustain, if it should fail to receive promptly, as they fall due, the sums necessary to enable it to proceed without interruption with the construction of the road. — See Kendall v. United States, 12 Peters, 614-15; Carroll v. Board of Police, 28 Missouri R. 38, 52.
It is, perhaps, proper to add, that we do not intend by anything we have said to intimate that the company would have the right to appropriate any part of the money received from the State in a manner inconsistent with the second section of the act of February 17, 1854.
3. We now come to consider the third proposition urged in opposition to the motion for a mandamus — that is, that although the company has done everything which it was required to do by the act of 1854, in order to entitle it to the warrant; yet that the governor properly refused to issue it, because the company has not complied 'with the requisitions of the act of February 24th, 1860, (Acts ’59-60, p. 110.)
The question, whether the faiure of the company to comply with the requisitions of the last named act justified the governor in his refusal to draw his warrant in its favor, depends upon the character and legal effect of the act of February 17th, 1854, when considered in connection with the facts stated in the petition, and admitted by the governor. If that act, after its provisions had been accepted and acted on by the company, constituted a contract between the State and the company, the legislature had no right by any subsequent act, without the consent of the company, to change its terms, or impair its obligations.
Although not delegated in express terms by the constitution, the power of the legislature to bind the State by contract is not open to question. It is one of the incidental powers necessary to the proper discharge of the functions of government, and is included in the genoral grant of the legislative power of the State,” which the *386constitution makes to the general assembly. Nor is the legislature limited as to the manner in which it may contract, whether directly by statute, or through agents appointed for the purpose, in the ordinary form of contracts' between individuals. Whatever its form, the contract of a State is, like any other contract, binding upon the parties ; nor can the people, or their representatives, by any subsequent act of theirs, alter or annul it. When the contract is made, the constitution of the United States acts upon it, and puts it beyond the power of any succeeding legislature to impair its obligation. — 2 Story on Const. §1391; 16 Howard, 369, 416; 11 Peters, 549.
That the act of 1854 is, in the strictest sense of the term, a contract between the State and the railroad company, seems too clear to be disputed. The charter of the company (Acts 1843-4, p. 170) imposed no obligation on it to complete all or airy part of the road within any given time. But, by the act of 1854, the legislature proposed to the company, that if it would grade one-fifth of the road within two years from the date of that act, and give bond to complete the entire road in ten years, it should receive on certain specified terms $50,000 of the three per cent, fund, and that on the completion of each succeeding fifth part of the road, and the giving of a like bond, it should receive the same amount. The company accepted this proposition of the legislature, and, in pursuance of it, graded the first fifth part of the road within the time stipulated; has since then graded other portions of the road, and, having given bond and security as required for the completion of the entire road in ten years, has received from the State two payments, of $50,000 each, out of the fund designated by the act. Here are all the elements of a valid and binding contract — the concurrence of intention between two parties competent to contract, one of whom promises something to the other, in consideration of something agreed to be done by the latter. On the part of the State, the obligation is, “do ut faciason the part of the company, it is “fado ut des.”
Undoubtedly, the legislature considered that the com*387pletion of this road within the time specified in the act of 1854 -would greatly advance the interests of the State, and that the public benefit thus conferred would be a full equivalent for the use of the money by the company. But it is not necessary to the validity of the contract that the consideration for the promise of the legislature should be one of benefit to the State. It is sufficient if it import damage, or loss, or forbearance of benefit, or any act .done or to bo done on the part of the company.
The company, then, by accepting the proposition of the legislature,'and complying with its terms in the manner shown in the petition, acquired a vested right to the fulfillment of the contract by the State, of which no subsequent legislation could deprive it.'
It cannot b,e seriously contended, that the act of February 2b, I860,,does not “impair the obligations” of the prior contract between the State and the company. “It is perfectly clear, that any law which enlarges, abridges, or in any manner changes the intention of the parties resulting from the stipulations in the contract, necessarily impairs it. The manner or degree in which this change is effected, can in no respect influence the conclusion ; for, whether the law affect the validity, the construction, or the evidence of the contract, it impairs its obligation, though it may not do so to the same extent in all supposed cases. Any7 deviation from its terms, by postponing or accelerating the period of performance which it prescribes, imposing conditions not expressed in the contract, or dispensing with the performance of those which are a part of the contract, however minute or apparently immaterial in their effect upon it, impairs its obligation.” — Story, on Const. §1385, and cases cited.
The 5^h section of the act of February 24, I860, declares the construction which slqall be put upon the act of 1854, and provides, that the company shall not be entitled to receive any part of the money previously promised, until it shall file in the office of the comptroller a declaration or agreement, made by the directors, and ratified by the stockholders in convention, that the construction thus placed upon the act of 1854 is the proper *388construction, and that no advantage shall be takeu of any different construction of which it may be susceptible. The same section also provides, that .in taking the bond required of the company, proper provisions and conditions shall be inserted for the payment of the principal and interest of the loan in cash, in accordance with the construction placed by 'that section on the act of 1854. The requirement of the declaration or agreement” of the company, is the imposition of an entirely new condition: and the provision'in reference to the bond eon-.templates a change in its form at least, if not in its legal effect. This 5th section of the act of February 24, 1860, is, therefore, unconstitutional and void, because it impairs the obligation of a valid contract between the State and the company, by imposing new conditions, and declaring that unless they are complied with the contract shall be abrogated.
It is said, however, that although this actis unconstitutional and void, so far as it seeks to change the terms of the original contract evidenced by the act of 1854, still it is effectual as a revocation of the authority conferred upon the governor by the last named act. The proposition is, that under the act of 1854, the governor is simply the agent of the State to issue a warrant in favor of the company; that the State had the right to revoke his agency, and that it has done so by the act of I860.’ If the State can avoid the effect of a contract by withdrawing the authority of its agent to execute it, it is not easy to escape the conclusion, that the State would not be 'bound by any contract; for it rarely (if ever) executes á contract except through an agent, and if inclined to repudiate its obligations, .it could do so, not directly, by changing or annulling the contract, but indirectly; by revoking the authority of its agent to execute it.
But the act of 1860 does not expressly revoke the authority conferred upon the governor by the act of 1854. It simply provides, that the company shall not be entitled to l’eceive the money until certain conditions are complied with. These conditions, we have already seen, the legislature had not the constitutional power to impose; and it *389is difficult to perceive upon what principle an implied revocation of a valid agency can result from an unauthorized attempt on the part of the principal to íequire of the other party to the contract the performance of new conditions. No doubt the legislature supposed that it had authority to make these requisitions of the corporation, and intended to revoke the agency of the governor, only in the event that the requisitions were valid. And it would bo unjust to the legislature to infer that, by requiring of the company the performance of new conditions which it had not the right to impose, it intended to revoke the authority of its agent, and thus to destroy the means of, executing the contract. It is upon a principle analogous to this, that an unconstitutional statute is not allowed to operate a repeal by implication of a prior statute with which it is in conflict; and even a repealing' clause in an unconstitutional statute, declaring that “all laws contravening the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby repealed,” does not affect the previous laws. — Tims v. State, 26 Ala. 165. The act of 1854 created the agency; and certainly the revocation of that agency, which is, pro tanto, a repeal of the statute, cannot result by implication from a subsequent unconstitutional act. Having thus ascertained that the legislature has not revoked the authority conferred upon the, governor by the act of 1854, it is not necessary for us to consider whether his agency is not in fact so far apart of the contract that the legislature would have no power to revoke it, even by a statute framed expressly for that purpose.
[4.] It has been suggested, that the act of 1854 is void for uncertainty; and that for that reason, if no other, this application,should be refused. It is not to be denied that, in some of its parts, the statute is singularly obscure and difficult of construction. It clearly provides, however, that on the performance by the company o.f certain conditions precedent, it shall be entitled to receive at different times specific sums of money put of the three per cent. fund. Thus far all is clear; and the only doubts which can arise, as to the meaning of the statute, are as *390to the obligations which the reception of the money and the execution of, the required bond impose upon the company. This part of the act is separable from those to which we have referred as free from, obscurity; and hence, it does not follow, that these-last would fail, even if it were imposssble to assign a meaning to the former., This, however, is not the case. The statute first provides, that $250,000 of the three per cent, fund “be loaned or advanced ” to the company, which is required to give bond for the payment, in the manner provided by the,act, of the sums it may receive. This language very clea’ly indi-, cates, that the grant is by way of loan — not gift — and that the company is to be bound for its payment. What follows shows that the legislature .contemplated the probability of future legislation as to the mode of payment, so as to authorize the payment in some other mode than cash; and the intention was, that if there should be no such legislation, and the repayment should be made in cash, then it should be made within ten years, with interest.at five per cent, per annum after four years. In other words, the intention was, that in the absence of future legislation as to the mode of payment, the company was to be bound to repay the sums received within ten years from the receipt of the same, without interest for four years,-and with interest at five cent, per annum after four years. And this, we think, is the legal effect of the bond which the company is required to execute.
We have not adverted to the act “to loan and appropriate the three per c<?nt. fund and its interest,” approved February 18th, 1860, (Acts ’59-60, p. 54,) for the reason that it was, so far as the petitioner is concerned, a mere reaffirmance of the act of 1864, and can, therefore, exert no influence on the decision of the question now before us.
It is proper to remark, that the governor has shown no disposition to deny the jurisdiction-of the courts over the question as to what is his legal duty in reference to the warrant claimed by the company. On the contrary, he expressly concedes it to be a legal question, determinable by the courts, and has done all that he could do, to facili*391tate the proceedings with a view to its early decision. The legislature having declared by the act of February 24, 1860, that the company should not receive any further payments out of the three per cent, fund, until it had complied with certain requisitions set forth in the act, the governor very properly felt it to be his duty to conform his action to this declaration of the legislative will, until it should be judicially determined that the legislature had not the power to impose such conditions on the company.
[5.] The judgment of the circuit court must be reversed, and' under the rule established in Edmonds v. Edmonds, (1 Ala. 401,) Townsend v. Harwell, (18 Ala. 301,) and Rawls v. Doe, d. Kennedy, (23 Ala. 240, 255,) the cause must be remanded.