It is settled in this court, by a line of adjudication, too long to be now open to examination, that a married woman, having a separate estate secured to her by contract, can bind that separate estate for the payment of her promises and engagements, unless the instrument creating the estate contain some clause restrictive of her right of alienation, or of anticipation. The following decisions are to this effect: McCroan v. Pope, 17 Ala. 612 ; Bradford v. Greenway, ib. 797 ; Collins v. Rudolph, 19 Ala. 616; Collins v. Lavenberg, ib. 682; Crocker v. Clements, 23 Ala. 296 ; Ozley v. Ikelheimer, 26 Ala. 332; Wells v. Bransford, 28 Ala. 200; Baker v. Gregory, 28 Ala. 544 ; Caldwell v. Sawyer, 30 Ala. 283 ; Gunn v. Samuel, 33 Ala. 201; Walker v. Smith, 28 Ala. 569 ; Cowles v. Morgan, 34 Ala. 535. See, also, Blood v. Humphrey, 17 Barb. 660 ; Yale v. Denver, 21 Barb. 286 ; Cook v. Brook, ib. 546 ; Dickinson v. Abraham, ib. 551; Bell v. Kelly, 13 B. Mon. 381; Fears v. Brooks, 12 Ga. 195 ; Butler v. Robinston, 11 Texas, 142 ; Armstrong v. Stovall, 26 Miss. 275.
In the case of Hooper v. Smith, (23 Ala. 639,) it was decided by this court, that a married woman, having an estate secured to her under the act “securing to married women their separate estates, and for other purposes,” approved March 1st, 1848, (Pamph. Acts, 79,) can assign and transfer that estate to another, without the concurrence or co-operation of her husband, or can charge it for the payment of her debts and contracts entered into during coverture. Property held by the wife under the act of 3848, is certainly her separate estate; and that statute confers no interest on the husband, nor does it contain any clause restrictive of the power of alienation or anticipation. A *522wife has power to charge an estate containing these properties, if it be secured to her by contract; and we can perceive no good reason for laying down a different rule for the government of estates to which the law has affixed the same properties. — See Southard v. Plummer, 36 Maine, 64; Southard v. Piper, ib. 84; Armstrong v. Stovall, 26 Miss. 275 ; Cummings appeal, 11 Penn. State R. 272 ; Goodyear v. Rumbaugh, 13 ib. 480; Patterson v. Robinson, 15 ib. 81; Manderback v. Mock, 29 ib. 43 ; Purdon’s Digest, 570. See, also, Key v. Vaughan, 15 Ala. 500.
The case of Blevins v. Buck, (26 Ala. 292,) is not distinguishable in principle from the case of Hooper v. Smith, (supra,) and is strongly confirmatory of its correctness.— See act “to protect the rights of married women,” in Pamphlet Acts 1845-6, p. 23.
Estates held under the act “To alter and amend an act securing to married women their separate estates and for other purposes,” approved February 13, 1850, (Pamphlet Acts, 63,) and under the Code, (<y§> 1982 and 1983,) stand on a different footing. Estates thus secured vest in the husband as trustee, who has the right to manage and control the same, and is not required to account with the wife, her heirs, or legal representatives, for the rents, income, or profits thereof. — Act of 1850, § 3 ; Code, § 1983. The act of 1850 (§ 5) provides, that property thus held “maybe sold and conveyed by the joint deed of husband and wife ; such deed to be executed, proved, and recorded, in accordance with the requirements of the laws now in force regulating conveyances of real estate.” The Code provides, that the property of the wife, or any part thereof, may be sold by the husband and wife, and conveyed by them jointly, by instrument of writing attested by two witnesses. — Code, § 1984. The change in the mode of conveyance effected by the Code, does not materially modify or impair the property-rights of either husband or wife, as secured by the act of 1850; and, consequently, sales or conveyances of property held under the act of 1850, made after the Code became operative, should conform to the rule prescribed by *523the Code. — § 1997; Whitman v. Abernathy, 3-3 Ala. 154.
Property held by the wile, either under the act of 1850, or under the Code, can not be said to be the separate estate of the wife in its broadest sense. The following are the arguments in support of this proposition :
First: The law points out the mode for the sale and conveyance of such estate; and although there is nothing in either statute which is positively restrictive of other modes of conveyance, still the civil disabilities under which the wife labored at common law, and the utter inutility of the clause if we give it any other construction, induce us to regard this as an enabling clause, which, to effect a conveyance of title, must be conformed to. — Whitman v. Abernathy, supra ; Greenwood v. Coleman, 34 Ala. 150 ; Ikelheimer v. Chapman, 32 Ala. 676 ; Peck v. Ward, 18 Penn. State R. 506 ; Mahon v. Gormly, 24 ib. 82 ; Ritter v. Ritter, 31 ib. 396 ; Heugh v. Jones, 32 ib. 432 ; Petit v. Fretz, 33 ib. 118. — See, also, Frost v. Doyle, 7 Sm. & M. 74; Berry v. Bland, ib. 83 ; Waul v. Kirkman, 25 Miss. 619 ; Franklin v. Beatty, 27 Miss. 347; Andrews v. Jones, 32 Miss. 274; Metcalf v. Cook, 2 R. I. 355 ; Miller v. Williamson, 5 Md. 235 ; Tarr v. Williams, 4 Md. Ch. Dec. 68 ; Williams v.Donaldson, ib. 414; Bailey v. Pearson, 9 Foster, 77 ; Cartright v. Hollis, 5 Texas, 153.
Secondly: The act of 1S50, and the Code, give to the husband the right to manage and control the property of the wife, without liability to account with the wife, her heirs, or legal representatives, for the rents, income, or profits thereof. We have repeatedly held — too often for the subject now to be open to controversy — that, under this clause, the husband becomes the owner of the rents, income, and profits of the wife’s estate. — Weems v. Bryan, 21 Ala. 302 ; S. C., 25 Ala. 195 ; Andrews v. Huckabee, 30 Ala. 152 ; Pickens v. Oliver, 29 Ala. 528; Whitman v. Abernathy, 33 Ala. 160; Rogers v. Boyd, 33 Ala. 181; Smyth v. Oliver, 31 Ala. 39 ; Cowles v. Morgan, 34 Ala. 535 ; Boaz v. Boaz, 36 Ala. 334 ; Alexander v. Saulsbury, 37 Ala. 375 ; Patterson v. Flanagan, 37 Ala. 513 ; Bennett v. Bennett, 34 Ala. 53.
*524In the case of Boaz v. Boaz, (supra,) we said, “The legislature, iu making the exemption from liability for the husband’s debts, certainly did not look alone to his benefit. * * * The husband, therefore, holds the property as trustee, and is entitled to the income, merely because he is not required to account for it as trustee.” We further said, the income is given to the husband, in order that he may, out of it, support the wife and children, &c. In that case, the husband had permanently abandoned the wife; and he was removed from the trust, because he had placed himself in a condition in which he could not properly administer the income and profits for the maintenance of the family. — See, also, Patterson v. Flanagan, supra.
In the case of Boaz v. Boaz, we did not overturn our former decisions, in which we had held that the husband was the owner of the rents, income, and profits. We simply charged his conscience with the execution of a duty, and ruled that, for placing himself in a condition in which he could not faithfully discharge it, he should be removed from the trust. This is, perhaps, the only coercive power which the courts could exert upon him in such a case.
The plain sequence of what we have said is, that, as to the estate of a married woman, held under the Code, or under the act of 1850, she does not possess an unlimited power of disposition, nor does she have the sole and exclusive use and benefit. The husband, so long as he remains her trustee, has a valuable vested interest, which must, and does, operate a restraint upon her power of alienation, or of present enjoyment by anticipation. — 2 Bright on H. & W. 241; Lee v. Muggeridge, 1 Ves. & B. 118 ; Ware v. Sharp, 1 Swan, 489 ; Baker v. Bradley, 35 Eng. Law & Eq. 449 ; Morgan v. Elam, 4 Yerger, 375.
We hold, that a married woman, having an estate secured to her under the act of 1850, or under the Code, so long as her husband continues her trustee, cannot convey or charge her estate, unless she conform to the requirements of the statute. — Act of 1850, § 5 ; Code, § 1984. — See James v. Fisk, 9 Sm. & M. 144.
*525Mrs. Ravesies was married to her co-defendant on the 2d of March, 1848, and owned her property at the time of her marriage. The debt, which is sought to be fastened on her property, was contracted .after the Code went into operation. Under these circumstances, the question may be asked, is her extent of ownership over the income and profits of her property to be determined by the act of 1848, or by the Code ? Section 1997 of the Code declares, that “the provisions of this article take effect, andaré operative on the estates of all married women, who have been married, or who have received property by descent, gift, Or otherwise, since the first of March, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.” We have several times quoted this provision of the Code, in considering questions arising under the statutes we are construing; but never has this question been considered by us, in any case which required its decision, except, perhaps, the case of Weems v. Bryan, 21 Ala. 302 ; and in that case, the principle was rather taken for granted, than considered. — See, also, Rogers v. Boyd, 33 Ala. 181. We do not propose now to announce any opinion on this question, as its decision is not necessary to the result we attain on a question hereinafter noticed. See Coosa River Steamboat Co. v. Barclay, 30 Ala. 126 ; Houston v. Bogle, 10 Ired. 504; 1 Kent Com., marg. p. 455 ; People v. Supervisors, 4 Barb. 75 ; Holmes v. Holmes, ib. 300 ; Norman v. Heist, 5 Watts & S. 172 ; Wright v. Marsh, 2 (Iowa,) G. Green, 113 ; Drake v. Glover, 30 Ala. 382 ; Boyd v. Harrison, 36 Ala. 533 ; Height v. Read, 18 Barb. 165 ; Peck v. Walton, 26 Vermont, 86 ; Blanchard v. Cumberland, 18 Maine, 112.
Had the legislature the power to change the form of conveyance? In the case of Drake v. Glover, (30 Ala. 389,) we said, “It is unquestionably the law, that whatever title Mrs. Drake may have acquired in Louisiana, while she and her husband were domiciled in that State, would be unimpaired by the change of the matrimonial domicile, and the removal of the property to this State. But the mode of conveying the property, after its removal and the change of *526domicile to this State, must be governed by the latos of this State, and not by the laws of Louisiana.” It follows from the language we have italicized, that the “mode of conveyance” is not one of the rights secured by the contract, which legislation cannot impair or change.
In Vermont, the legislature enacted, that in order to convey “the rents, issues, or profits of, or any interest the husband may have in the real estate of the wife, * * * # the deed shall be executed by the wife jointly with the husband, and acknowledged by her,” &c. The question arose in the case of Peck v. Walton, (26 Ver. 86,) whether this statute could operate on lands previously held by the wife, the marriage having been solemnized before the statute was passed. The court decided, that the statute did so operate, holding the following language : “But we do not regard this statute as having deprived the husband of any rights, which were not clearly subject to the control of the legislature. The husband is not, in any sense, deprived of the estate which he might have in any of his wife’s property, or of the right to any estate in her prospective acquisitions. The statute only provides a special mode of conveying this particular estate ; and of this no man can complain. The legislature may, at all times, prescribe the mode of conveying property, and especially real property.” — See, also, Oriental Bank v. Freeze, 18 Maine, 112 ; Potier v. Prejian, 7 La. 301 ; Foster v. Essex Bank, 16 Mass. 270.
Without deciding, therefore, whether or not Mrs. Ravesies, under the operation of the act of 1850, and of the Code, has ceased to be the absolute owner of her estate and its income and profits, still the Code so far modifies the form of conveyance, as that, since it went into operation, she cannot charge it by any contract wanting the formalities therein prescribed.
The decree of the chancellor is affirmed.