The main question — one that has been ably and strenuously argued in this cause — concerns the validity of a taxation by the city of Mobile against appellant, the National Commercial Bank of Mobile, of a certain per centum upon the amount ($350,000) of its capital; appellant being a “ national banking association,” under the act of Congress “ authorizing, providing for the establishment of, and regulating such institutions.”
It is through them, called generally “National Banks,” that the “ national currency,” payment of which is guaranteed by the general government, is emitted and kept in circulation. The notes of which this currency consists, designed, engraved, stamped and numbered with the purpose of preventing them from being counterfeited, are obtained from the government by the national banks, upon their depositing in exchange for them and as security for their payment, interest bearing bonds of the United States, to an amount exceeding by tender centum that of the notes received. The amount of the bonds thus used and deposited by any bank must not be less than one-third of its capital, and is generally a much larger proportion, often the whole of it; and those bonds being securities of the United States for money borrowed, are not subject to State or municipal taxation.
The statutes relating to these banks, after enacting that “in lieu of taxes to the United States, every association shall pay to the treasurer, . . • . . .a duty of one-half of one per centum each half year upon the average amount of its notes in circulation, and a duty of one-quartei’ of one per centum each half year upon the average amount of its deposits, . and a duty of one-quarter of one per centum each half year on the average amount of its capital stock beyond the amount invested in United States bonds," — further provide, that “nothing herein shall prevent all the shares in any association from being included in the valuation of the personal property of the oioner or holder of such shares, in assessing taxes imposed by the authority of the State within which the association is located; but the legislature in any State may determine and direct the manner and place of taxing- all the shares of national banking associations located within the State, subject only to the two restrictions, that the taxation shall not be at a greater rate than is assessed upon *291other moneyed capital in the hands of individual citizens of such State, and that the shares of any national banking association owned by non-residents of any State, shall be'taxed in the city or town where the bank is located and not elsewhere* Nothing herein shall be construed to exempt the real property of associations from either State, county or municipal taxes to the same extent, according to its value, as other real property is taxed.” — Rev. Stat. U. S. §§ 5214, 5219.
Upon a careful reading of this law, it will be observed that these associations, the national banks, are themselves, in their corporate capacity, expressly declared to be subject to impositions for the public revenue, in two' cases only: first, in favor of the United States, by the duties to be paid to the treasurer, from which it seems .intended that the amount they have invested in United States bonds shall be exempt; and secondly, in favor of each State, upon their real property therein, according to its value. Their liability to this tax upon their real estate was probably conceded in deference to the opinion, hereinafter cited, of the Supreme Court, delivered by Chief Justice Marshall, concerning the sovereign rights remaining in the States over the property within their jurisdiction.
The statute does not, in words, inhibit a State from imposing a tax against the national banks within its borders, on their capital, or any thing else belonging to them; but by expressly recognizing the right of State taxation against them, upon their real estate only, and by providing for such tax against the shareholders of the banks upon the value of the shares they may respectively own, it seems to be implied that this is as far as a State may lawfully go-in subjecting these associations to such burdens, and "the only manner in which they can be imposed. Is this a correct conclusion ?
The answer to that question, it seems to me, begins in the great case of McCulloch v. Maryland, decided sixty years ago. (4 Wheaton, 316-437.) An act of that State made it highly penal for officers of any branch bank, that might be established therein without its authority, to issue notes of such bank to circulate as money, except upon stamped paper to be furnished by the State, and for which it charged a heavy tax; and McCulloch, cashier of a branch in Baltimore of the Bank of the United States, was prosecuted for issuing there the notes of this bank in violation of that law. Webster, Pinckney, and other lawyers of the greatest ability, argued the cause; and the Supreme Court of the United States, through Chief Justice Marshall, after a very able discussion, and laying down a rule with the argument on which it was founded, for determining the subjects that are *292within the reach of State taxation, declared it to be the unanimous opinion of the court, “that the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede or burden, or in any manner control the operations of the constitutional law's of Congress to carry into execution the powers of the general government;” and because this branch of the Bank of the United States was an agency or means authorized by a constitutional law, through which that government was executing those powers, the act of Maryland laying the tax was pronounced to be null and void. The Chief Justice added: “This opinion does not deprive the States of any resources which they originally possessed. It does not extend to a tax, paid by the real property of the bank in common with the other real property within the State, nor to a tax imposed on the interest which the citizens of Maryland may hold in this institution in' common with other property of the same description throughout the State.”
The principles of this opinion have been ever since adhered to by the Supreme Court — and have been several times applied in other celebrated cases. In Osborn v. The U. S. Bank, (9 Wheaton, 738,) it was upon an elabórate re-argument of the subject, explained why the capacity to issue its own notes as a currency, and do the business of a bank of discount, deposit and circulation, faculties which might be exercised by individuals or corporations wholly unconnected with public affairs, — was considered essential to the vitality and usefulness of the bank of the United States-as a government fiscal agent, and why it, therefore, was not taxable in respect of the advantage it derived from the employment of those faculties. In Weston v. The City of Charleston, (2 Peters, 449,) a municipal tax upon stock certificates for money obtained by loan, issued by the United States to individuals, and in their hands, was held to be unconstitutional, because it impeded the government in the exercise of its power to borrow money. In 1862, the same principle was reaffirmed and applied in The Bank of Commerce v. The City of New York, (2 Black, 620,) in respect to a tax of that city upon the capital of the State banks situated therein; the capital of each being largely invested, in some instances almost entirely, in United States bonds. Again, in the “Bank-tax case,” (2 Wallace, 200,) it was decided that a tax of the State of New York on the banks there, “ on a valuation equal to the amount of their capital stock paid in, or secured to be paid in,” was a tax on their property, and that so far as it consisted of stocks of the federal government, the law laying the tax was void. And in Farmer’s National Bank v. Dearing, (91 U. S. 29,) the Supreme Court say: *293“The national banks organized, under the act are instruments designed to be used to aid the government in the administration of an important branch of the public service. They are means appropriate to that end. Of the degree of the necessity which existed for creating them, Congress is the sole judge. Being such means, brought into existence for this purpose, and intended to be so employed, the States can exercise no control over them, nor in any wise affect their operation, except in so far as Congress may see proper to permit. . . . Against the national will, ‘the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede or burthen, or in any manner control the operation of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government.’ ”
Whatever evil, therefore, in the overthrow of State policies, especially in regard to usury, may be apprehended as possible from the unrestrained exercise of such power by the federal government, it appears to be very positively settled by the Supreme Court that a State has no independent authority of its own over the national banks within its borders, as they are now endowed, they being created and employed by Congress as instruments and agencies in the administration of public affairs; and that inasmuch as by taxing them directly, their efficiency and usefulness might be impaired, the several States have no power to lay any burden of this kind upon them, except so far as Congress has made them liable to such jurisdiction, or property belonging to them was previously subject thereto.
What that body has enacted, in this regard, is, that “all the shares in any association” may be “included in the valuation of the personal property of the owner. or holder of such shares in asssesing taxes imposed by the authority of the State within which the association is located,” and that .“the legislature in any State may determine and direct the manner and place of taxing all the shares” subject to two restrictions not affecting this argument. And the act further makes it the duty of the president and cashier of every banking association to “ cause to be kept, at all times, a full and correct list of the names and residences of all the shareholders in the association, and of the number of shares held by each, in the office where the business is transacted,” and subject to the inspection of “ the officers authorized to assess taxes under State authority — during business hours.”
But the city of Mobile made the assessment now in question, not against any of the shareholders, but against the bank itself, upon all “ complainant’s shares in gross, composing its capital stock(see paragraph two of answer;) or as the exhibits to the bill show, upon its “ capital, $350,000,” *294And it is urged that inasmuch as the capital is composed of the shares, and the shareholders constitute the corporation, a tax upon the capital, or all the shares of the capital in gross, against the corporation itself, is in legal effect the same as a tax against the shareholders severally upon their respective shares.. And it seems, indeed, as if there should be practically little difference between the two. Yet Congress, by providing that all the shares of the capital may be included in the valuation of the personal property of their owners or holders for State taxation, and by requiring to this end written or printed lists to be kept for inspection by the tax offieers of the names, places of residence and number of shares of these shareholders, appears carefully to have avoided subjecting the banks themselves to State taxation of their capital.
The reasons for this, probably were — first, a desire to prevent any such interference with these instrumentalities for administration, as the old Bank of the United States encountered; and, secondly, views of the subject similar to those on which the decision in Van Allen v. The Assessors (3 Wal. 573) is founded. It is there held, that the capital of a national bank belongs to it only in its corporate capacity, not to the stockholders, and that as it consists largely, and often wholly, in United States bonds, by taxing the capital as such, these bonds would necessarily be taxed; which can not in any case be permitted. But the shares, it was further held, of the several shareholders, which the law declares may be included in the valuation of their personal property in the assessment of taxes imposed by or under State authority — although their value may be largely influenced by the new use which the 'banks were thereby authorized to make of the bonds — did not consist of the bonds Said Mr. Justice Nelson, for a majority of the court: “The tax on the shares is not a tax on the capital of the bank. The corporation is the legal owner of all the property of the bank, real and personal, and within the powers conferred upon it by the charter and for the purposes for which it was created, can deal with the corporate property as absolutely as a private individual can deal with his own.” “The interest of the shareholder entitles him to participate in the net profits earned by the bank in the employment of its capital,” &c. “ This is a distinct, independent interest or property, held by the shareholder like any other property that may belong to him. Now, it is this interest which the act of Congress lias left subject to State taxation under the limitations prescribed.”
And as a reason why this taxation should not be regarded *295as a tax upon the bonds in which the capital of the bank was invested, and why no deduction should be made on account of them, the learned judge referred to the privileges and powers conferred by the act — “founded upon a new use and application of these government bonds — especially the privilege of issuing notes to circulate in the community as money, to the amount of ninety per centum of the bonds deposited with the treasurer; thereby nearly doubling their amount for all the operations and business purposes of the banks.” Wherefore, it was held that the tax was properly authorized upon the shares, in respect of these new privileges, and the advantage they conferred upon the shareholder in the increased value he derived therefrom. It might also have been added, that the capital of a bank is generally a fixed sum which does not change; while the shares thereof, in the hands of the shareholders, vary in value according to the condition of its affairs; and the rule now generally enforced by constitutional and legislative enactments, is, that all taxes shall be in proportion to the value of the subject on account of which they are assessed. In People v. The Commissioners, (4 Wallace, 244,) the views presented in the above leading case, were reaffirmed; also in Bradley v. People, Ib. 459, and in other cases since.
According, therefore, to the terms of the act of Congress and the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, the taxes brought into discussion in this cause were not assessed in conformity with or by authority of law.
The defects, however, and errors were rather in the mode of proceeding than in the matter of right. There is no doubt that the shares of the stock in national banks may be lawfully included in the valuation of the personal 'property of the owners thereof, in assessing taxes imposed by authority of the State, and are as such liable according to their value, to the county and municipal, as well as to State taxes, in the counties, cities and towns in which the banks are respectively located, provided such taxes shall not be heavier than those imposed upon other moneyed capital. Moreover, the president and cashier of every such bank are required to have made out and kept, at all times, in its office for the transaction of business, a list of its shareholders, their places of residence, and of the number of their shares respectively; and it may be made the duty of every such bank to pay for its stockholders the tax legally assessed against their respective shares, whether the stockholders reside in the State of Alabama or not. Contestations upon these points have been made time and again, sometimes by the banks and sometimes by the shareholders, to avoid this liability. But it is estab*296lished by repeated adjudications, and ought to be considered definitively settled. See upon the subject, Van Allen v. The Assessor, supra; People v. Commissioners, supra; National Bank v. Commonwealth, 9 Wall. 353, (an interesting case); Tappan v. Merchants’ National Bank, 19 Wall. 491; People v. Commissioners of Assessment, 94 U. S. 415 ; Waite v. Dowley, 94 U. S. 527; Adams v. Nashville, 95 U. S. 19; McIver v. Robinson, 53 Ala. 456.
It is insisted, however, on behalf of the city of Mobile, that even if the taxes in controversy are illegal, or illegally assessed, complainant’s remedy is not in a court of equity by injunction. This is certainly in accordance with our decisions heretofore. The allegations of insolvency against a municipal corporation, which rarely has much property of its own subject to execution, have not the same force as they would have against an individual or private trading corporation. Bodies politic of this public character, established for the local government of communities, raise their revenues, as a State does, by taxation of the people and property within their jurisdiction. Obstructions to the exercise of this right and refusal to pay taxes, are often the chief cause of municipal embarrassments. The averments of the insolvency of the city can not be regarded as affording a sufficient reason why a Court of Chancery should take jurisdiction of a case of this nature, for which there were ample remedies at law, including especially proceedings by certiorari.
Let the decree of the Chancellor, therefore, be affirmed.