The consideration'of the conveyance executed on the 15th day of February, 1875, by the judgment debtor, Owens, to a trustee, for the use and benefit of his wife, is therein recited as the rents and profits of the statutory separate estate of the wife, which the husband had received, and converted to his own uses, in excess of expenditures for the comfort and support of the family, and which he desired to invest for the use and benefit of the wife. The conveyance was executed when the husband was insolvent, on the eve of the judgments obtained by the appellants on *174debts previously contracted. The principal question of the case is, whether the conveyance is voluntary, and fraudulent as to existing creditors, or whether the consideration is valuable, constituting the wile and trustee bona fide purchasers, taking in consequence of rights, legal or equitable.
It is the settled law of this State, that a voluntary conveyance is fraudulent and void as against existing creditors of the donor. No inquiry is made into the motives leading to its execution ; or whether, at the time, the donor had and retained other property, of greater value than would satisfy his existing debts and liabilities, absolute and contingent. All such conveyances fall within the proscriptive influence of the statute of frauds, because of their tendency to delay, hinder or defraud creditors.—2 Brick. Dig. §§ 99-118; Bibb v. Freeman, 59 Ala. 612. A voluntary conveyance rests on a good, as distinguished .from a valuable consideration. It rests on considerations of love and affection, of generosity or benevolence, or of moral, as distinguished from legal duties or obligations. The adequacy of the consideration is not matter of inquiry; that is material only as evidence of a fraudulent intent. Whether it is voluntary, and, of consequence, void at the instance of existing creditors, depends upon whether anything of value passes between the parties — whether the grantee sustains, or has sustained, detriment, or the grantor has derived benefit.—Seward v. Jackson, 8 Cowen, 406; Jackson v. Peck, 4 Wend. 301. Debts, legal liabilities, are things of value; when they originate in contract, express or implied, they are supported by valuable, meritorious considerations ; and they ought not to be, and cannot be defeated, by transfers or conveyances, not resting upon considerations of equal dignity.—Bump on Fraud. Conv. 248 (1st Ed). The English statutes of frauds of 13th and 27th Elizabeth (from which our statute is borrowed, and is the same in effect), in more than one of its sections, excepted from its operation conveyances made bona fide, without fraud or covin, upon good consideration. The construction of the term good consideration was, that it was the equivalent, the synonym, of valuable consideration, and could not be taken in its ordinary legal signification, as importing a consideration of love and affection, of generosity or benevolence, or of moral obligations, which, as between the parties, would support a conveyance.—Killough v. Steele, 1 Stew. & Port. 262.
The statute creating and defining the separate estate of a married woman, abrogates all the rights of the husband to her property, which attached at common law. The capacity of the wife to take property, notwithstanding coverture, is enlarged. All property owned by her at the time of marriage, *175and all acquired by her during coverture, is her separate estate, by the terms of the statute, and now by.express constitutional provision. While capacity to take is enlarged* and is that of a feme sole, her capacity to hold, or to dispose, is limited and circumscribed. The statute declares, all her property, during coverture, vests in the husband as trustee, and that he has the right to manage and control it, “and is not required to account with the wife*her heirs, or legal representatives, for the rents, incomes, and profits thereof; but such rents, incomes, and profits, are not subject to the payment of the debts of the husband.” — Code of 1876, § 2706. Again, it is declared, “the husband has power to receive property coming to his wife, or to which she is entitled; and his receipt therefor is a full discharge, in law and equity.” — Code of 1876, § 2710. The wife takes the property —the title to it, legal and equitable, resides in her. No title is imparted to the husband — it vests in him as trustee, with power to receive, and the right to manage and control it, freed from liability to account for the rents and profits. There is drawn by the statute a distinction between the property itself, the corpus of the estate, as it is uniformly designated in judicial decision, and its rents, income, and profits. It is the property — the corpus of the estate — the wife has full capacity to take, and to hold; while the rents, profits, and income, are taken and held by the husband. In the enactment of the statute, the legislature had in view the settled principle in Reference to the wife’s equitable separate estate, that if while living with her husband, without express dissent on her part, he was permitted to receive the income and profits of the estate, they were regarded as a gift to him, and there was no liability resting on him to account for them to the wife, or to her representatives.—Roper v. Roper, 29 Ala. 247.
As was said in Weems v. Bryan, 21 Ala. 308, the statutory provision is “but a slight extension of the rights of the husband, as they had been long established in courts of equity.” The husband now takes the rents, income and profits, not by the consent, or on any presumption of a gift from the wife, but by operation of law, and as an incident of the estate the statute creates. Managing and controlling the property as husband, and as trustee, and largely an involuntary trustee, and for the purposes of management and control, the property vesting in him in subordination to the title of the wife ; if the statute had not freed him from liability to account for the rents and profits — had not taken from the wife the power by her dissent to intercept his right to them — the door would have been open to vexa tious, distressing litigation, disturb*176ing the harmony and peace of the relation, resulting often in its practical severance, if not its actual dissolution.
While it is the policy of the statute to preserre the property of the wife as her separate estate — to «abrogate the rights of the husband, which would at common law have attached to it, subjecting it to liability for his debts, as an incident of his ownership — it is not its policy to disturb the closeness, confidence, and harmony of the relation of husband and wife. As to the property, the husband stands in the dual relation of trustee and of husband; and it is in this relation he takes the rents, incomes and profits of the statutory separate estate. These form, in his hands, a trust fund, charged with the comfortable support and maintenance of the family, in keeping with their degree and condition in life. This is the only trust with which they are impressed, and it is a trust not expressly declared by the statute, but deduced by the construction judicial decisions have given it from an early period.—Boaz v. Boaz, 36 Ala. 334; Hays v. Cockrell, 41 Ala. 75; Bennett v. Bennett, 34 Ala. 56. That trust, according to the recitals of this conveyance, had been discharged, fully discharged, long before its execution. It was a surplus only of the rents, income, and profits, impressed with no trust, the husband had employed for his own uses and purposes, having discharged his whole duty in the dual relation of husband and trustee, he proposes to invest in the purchase of his own property for the benefit of the wife.
It seems manifest the statute confers on the husband, during the continuance of the relation of husband and trustee, the entire interest in the rents, income and profits of the statutory estate, and that the wife cannot claim them. Pickens v. Oliver, 29 Ala. 532; Andrews v. Huckabee, 30 Ala. 143; Patterson v. Flanagan, 37 Ala. 513; Dent v. Slough, 40 Ala. 518. Upon this theory of the statute, in Whitman v. Abernathy, 33 Ala. 154, it was held, that though she could recover slaves the husband had wrongfully sold, she was not entitled to recover hire for them while the husband was trustee. The words of the statute are plain, and their meaning cannot be mistaken; for the rents, incomes, and profits, he “ is not required to acdount with the wife, her heirs, or legal representatives.” If he assumes to account for them, with the wife, or with her heirs or legal representatives, he assumes a duty and liability to which he cannot be compelled — from which he is expressly relieved. The duty and liability is assumed of his own mere choice — it is voluntarily assumed. If, accounting for them, he should make a promise to pay them to the wife, or to a trustee for her use, the promise *177would be gratuitous, without' legal consideration, and performance of it incapable of being enforced. — Chitty on Contracts, 50. The promise would be founded merely on his own considerations of duty, of beneficence, or of justice, and not on a legal liability or duty. Performance of all such promises is left to the moral sense and obligation from which they may spring ; the law is satisfied with compelling performance of promises resting on a valuable consideration.
The conveyance,' having for its sole consideration an accounting to tbe wife for the rents, income, and profits of her statutory estate, the husband had received, and from liability to account for which he was freed by the statute creating the estate, is purely voluntary. Nothing of value passed to the husband — he was not thereby freed or discharged from any liability; no compensation was made for any breach of trust he had committed; nor would the wife have suffered any detriment if the conveyance had not been made, or if the husband had not accounted in any way for the incomes, rents, and profits he had used. The husband was, in fact, accounting for the use and appropriation of his own property, and not for a conversion or maladministration of the property of the wife. In fact, it was a gift of his property to the wife, when he was insolvent, and pressed by creditors whose claims to the property, in law, equity, and good conscience, were of superior obligation to any claims founded merely in benevolence, or upon a sense of duty to the wife, because the title to the corpus of the estate, from which the income, rents and profits issued, resided in her.
In Brevard v. Jones, 50 Ala. 241, it was held, that the husband, though insolvent, could convey property to the wife, in satisfaction of the rents, income and profits of her statutory estate, he had received and appropriated to his own uses, and the conveyance would prevail over the demands of existing creditors. We are satisfied the decision is not founded in correct principle, is without any sound precedent to support it, and we feel constrained to overrule it. It proceeds upon/the false hypothesis, that the rents, income, and profits belong to the wife, equally with the corpus of the estate, while, as we have said, the statute carefully distinguishes between them — the wife having the title only to the corpus, and the husband the ownership of the rents, &c., during the continuance of the relation of trustee and husband. It proceeds upon another false hypothesis, rather intimated than directly asserted, that by the transaction the husband is simply making restitution of that which he has taken from the wife. Eestitution, in itself, implies the restoration of that which has been unjustly taken; or compensation, the *178making good of a loss winch has been suffered. The husband has taken nothing from the wife — she has suffered no loss bj his use and appropriation of the rents. income, and profits, the family haying, as in this ease, been supported. The decision, however, recognizes that accounting for the rents and.profits rests in the mere choice of the husband— that on his part it is a mere act of grace, not of legal duty. This being true, the accounting is voluntaryand promises* to pay, or conveyances or transfers for the purpose of payment, are also voluntary, having only a good, and not a valuable consideration to support them ; and as to existing creditors of the husband, they are void.
I can conceive of nothing more dangerous and destructive to the rights of creditors, more tempting to fraud, and more corrupting, than would be recognition of the right of the husband, after he had used and appropriated, as he had the legal right to use and appropriate, the rents and profits of the wife’s statutory estate, voluntarily to account for them, and in satisfaction of the voluntary liability to convey to her property which ought to be applied in satisfaction of debts, contracted, it may be, on the faith of bis ownership of it. The liability would be but seldom, if ever assumed, unless he was in doubtful or failing circumstances ; and then it would be almost invariably assumed, disappointing and defeating the claims of creditors. If be will, the husband may assume the liability, and may account; the transaction, as between him and the wife, would stand upon the same footing with all other voluntary transactions — good and valid so far as executed ; and as to creditors of the husband, it must share the fate of other voluntary transactions — it is void and of no effect.
There are numerous cases to be found in tbe books, in wbicb liabilities, not of legal or of equitable obligation, have been assumed, and made the consideration of transfers or conveyances interposed against the claims of creditors. They have been uniformly denounced as contravening the statute of frauds. In Planck v. Schermerhorn, 3 Barb. Ch. 644, an, assignment made by a husband, appropriating a part of bis* property to satisfy a claim alleged to be due bis wife, which was incapable of enforcement in law or in equity, was, declared voluntary, and void as to creditors. Conveyances by a parent, of lands given by parol to a child, have been pronounced fraudulent as to creditors whose debts existed when the conveyance was made, though not when the gift-was made.—Davis v. McKinney, 5 Ala. 719; Hubbard v. Allen, 59 Ala. 283; Bibb v. Freeman, Ib. 612. A child living with, *179and rendering services to a parent, after be becomes of age, without contract creating the relation of master and servant, by no subsequent promise can the parent create a debt which will form the consideration of a conveyance or transfer of property having validity against the creditors of the parent. Huck v. Stewart, 8 Penn. St. 213; Updike v. Titus (2 Beasley), 13 N. J. Eq. 151. The rights and claims of creditors can be defeated, only by things resting upon like consideration with that which enters into and supports them — by things which are matters of right, not of favor or choice upon the part of the failing debtor. True, a debt barred by the statute of limitations, or by a discharge in bankruptcy, may, at the choice of the debtor, be revived by a subsequent promise, and become the consideration of a conveyance, which, if in all other respects bona fide, will prevail over the claims of other creditors; but, in these cases, a valuable consideration enters into the debt, and neither the statute of limitations, nor bankruptcy, extinguished it. Remedies for its recovery are barred, but these are revived by the new promise, and the debt stands supported by its original consideration. But, in this case, and the cases to which we have referred, there never was a legal debt or duty — there was no consideration of value ; and that consideration must be an element of every transaction, having validity as against creditors. The rents and profits remaining in the hands of- the husband, or accruing to him, are exempt from liability for the payment of his debts. If he should make an investment of them for the wife, it may be his creditors could not complain — that they would have no rights which could be said to have been violated. If the investment was-in his own property, the rents and profits would take the. place of the property, cease to be such, and become subject to the payment of debts, as was the property in which they are invested. But, when he has appropriated, as he has the right, the rents and profits, they cease to be such —they are his property — no liability rests on him to account for them : and for them he cannot substitute his property, upon which his creditors have just claims.. He is not investing property exempt from liability for debts, but he is converting property liable for the payment of debts into property not liable, upon a mere gratuitous consideration. This the law cannot tolerate, when the rights of just creditors are to be defeated. The deed to Corbitt as trustee, and the deed from him to Mrs. Owens, with the transfer of the debt of Gouric,. were purely voluntary, and, as to the appellants, fraudulent and-void.
The reformation of the conveyance of November 25th, 1869, was properly decreed. The mistake was shown by full and *180satisfactory evidence. As against bona fide purchasers for a¿ valuable consideration, without notice,, a court of equity will not intervene for the reformation of written instruments, because, in addition to- the legal title, they have an equity equal to that of the party complaining of the mistake. Ruty as against judgment creditors, who have no equity, and are without a legal title,-having.no more than-a mere legal lien,, the court will intervene for the correction of mistakes.—Stone v. Hale, 17 Ala. 557; Larkins v. Biddle, 21 Ala. 252.
The decree on the-original bill must be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity to this* opinion ; and the decree on the cross-bill must be affirmed.
STONE, J.In Lee v. Tannenbaum, 62 Ala. 501, we cited' most of our decisions bearing on the question of the respective rights of husband and wife in the statutory separate estate-of the latter. We also, in the same ease, stated briefly the nature and extent of their respective rights, and we have no wish to repeat them. The majority of the court, differing-with the Chief-Justice, adhere to what is there said, as the-true interpretation of the statute. In Boaz v. Boaz, 36 Ala. 334, and in Patterson v. Flanagan, 87 Ala. 513, Weems v. Bryan, 21 Ala. 302, was very much shaken. In Hayes v. Cockrell, 41 Ala. 75, the authority of Weems v. Bryan was entirely overturned, and it was declared the husband had no property whatever in the rents, income and profits of the wife’s statutory separate estate. Two clear principles of law vindicate the correctness of that ruling. First, he receives them as trustee, and may be removed from the trust, if he fails to apply them to the support and maintenance of the family. This is utterly incompatible with the idea that they are his property. Chancery does not intermeddle with a sane man’s disposition of that which is his own. Second, the rents-, income and profits áre not liable for the husband’s debts-. Human ingenuity can not devise a plan by which property can be vested in one sui juris,.&nd yet-that property not liable to his debts.—Rugely v. Robinson, 19 Ala. 404. The doctrine declared in Hayes v. Cockrell has ever since been adhered to in this eourt, and we are not inclined to depart from it, or to re-establish Weems v. Bryan.
We do not think, however, that our different view work's any change in the result of this ease. While it was the moral duty of the husband to expend the rents, income and profits of his wife’s estate for the comfort and support of the husband, he was not liable to the wife or her representatives therefor. This clause was inserted, not to vest the owner*181ship in him, but to render impossible tbe ungainly sight of a wife suing her husband in the courts of the country, except for grave reasons. It was a step in promotion of domestic harmony, and exhibits a purpose to preserve that most sacred of human relations, as of far more importance to the public welfare, than the preservation of the profits of property. But, the husband’s duty to expend the income and profits for the comfort and support of the family, amounted only 'to an imperfect obligation, and would not have supported a promise by him to pay. It is not a consideration deemed valuable in the law, which will uphold a conveyance by an insolvent debtor, against the claims of his creditors.
If he had declined to assert his marital rights, and had permitted his wife to receive the income and profits, no one could have complained of it. It was property his creditors had no claim on.—Fellows v. Lewis, 64 Ala. 343. Neither could they complain, if she, so receiving and holding the income and profits, afterwards invested the same in property in her own name. That is not ¡this casa