Section 2199 of the Code declares: “ No trust concerning lands, except such as results by implication, or construction of law, or which may be transferred or extinguished by operation of law, can be- created, unless by instrument in writing, signed by the party creating or declaring the same, or his agent or.attorney, lawfully authorized thereto in writing.” The trusts, not included in the statute, are implied trusts — resulting, or constructive — such as spring out of the facts of the transaction, independent and exclusive of any agreement between the parties. Whenever the trust rests on an agreement, it'must be created or declared by instrument in writing, signed by the party creating or declaring the same. Patton v. Beecher, 62 Ala. 579. No particular form or precise words are required. Any instrument in writing, signed by the party, at the time of its creation, or subsequently, manifesting the nature, subject-matter, and objects of the trust, with reasonable certainty, may suffice.
The record does not show that the alleged trust is manifested by any wilting, signed by Harrison, such as the statute requires. While the lists of assessment for taxation, signed by him, may be regarded as admissions of the right of complainant to the portion of the lands contained therein, they do not purport to be the creation or declaration of a trust, either in the whole of the laud claimed, or a portion thereof, and are insufficient to prevent the operation of the statute. We may, therefore, dismiss from further consideration the aspect of the case in which the title of complainant to relief is sought tobe founded on an express trust.
A resulting trust rests on presumed intention, and is founded on the equitable principle, that the beneficial ownership follows the consideration. The trust results to the party from whom the consideration moves, before, or at the time of the purchase, or of the making of the conveyance. It results, no fiduciary relation existing between the parties, from the original transaction, and at the time it takes place. Generally, in the absence of circumstances showing a different intention or understanding, a trust arises, whenever the purchase-money of land is paid by one person, and the title taken in the name of another, whether the purchase is made by the advancer of the purchase-money personally, or by the grantee. Though a resulting trust arises, where an agent, on a parol undertaking, purchases land for the benefit, and pays for it with the money, of his principal, and takes a deed for it in his own name ; if, nevertheless, in such case, the agent pays his own money for the land, not *357having any funds of the principal in hand, and not as a loan, a trust is not created, notwithstanding the principal may subsequently reimburse the agent the amount expended. In Smith v. Burnham, 2 Sumner R. 435, Judge Story says: “I take it to be clear, upon principle, that if one person contracts by parol with another, that he will purchase an estate for the latter, he purchases the estate, and takes the conveyance in his own name, and pays for it out of his own money, and not out of that of the other party, that will not create a trust by implication of law in favor of the other party. The law, in such case, treats it as a parol contract to purchase and hold in trust for the benefit of another; and not as a trust arising from operation of law.”—Lehman v. Lewis, 62 Ala. 129; Fowke v. Slaughter, 3 A. K. Marshall, 56.
The foundation of a resulting trust being the payment of the consideration price by the person claiming to be the beneficial owner, if the party who sets it up has made no payment, he can not show by parol evidence that the purchase was made on his account, or for his benefit. There must be in the transaction something more than the breach of a parol agreement. Actual payment of the consideration in money is not essential. Payment may be made in labor, property, securities, credit, or any thing of value. “ The mode, time, and form, in which the consideration was rendered, are immaterial, provided they were in pursuance of the contract of purchase. It is sufficient, if that which in fact formed the consideration of the deed moved from the party for whom the trust is claimed to exist, or was furnished in her behalf, or upon her credit. The trust results from the purchase and payment of the consideration by or for one pai’ty, and the-conveyance of land to another.” Blodgett v. Hildreth, 103 Mass. 484; Preston & Stetson v. McMillan, 58 Ala. 84. The other essential facts existing, a trust will be decreed in favor of one who incurs an absolute obligation to pay the consideration, before or at the time of the conveyance, and as a part of the original contract of purchase. 2 Pom. Eq. Jur. § 1037.
■ The case made by the bill is, that complainant procured and authorized Harrison to purchase for him the lands in controversy ; that, acting under such authority, Harrison, about November 10th, 1878, became the purchaser of the lands, for and in behalf of complainant, under a contract by which the purchase-money, being twelve hundred dollars, was to be paid, one third in cash, and the-balance in equal payments at one and two years; that Harrison made the cash payment with money furnished him by complainant, and the complainant executed his two promissory notes for the deferred payments ; that the vendor executed a bond, conditioned to make titles, on payment *358of the notes, to such person or persons as Harrison might direct, of the nature of which bond complainant was ignorant until a few months before the filing of the bill; that complainant furnished Harrison money, which he paid to the vendor, and took up the notes; that Harrison paid no part of the pnrchasemoney, and procured from the vendor on November 8th, 1881, after the notes were paid, a deed conveying to him a life:estate in the lands, with remainder to the defendants, who paid no part of the purchase-money. The bill alleges facts, from which it is claimed a trust results, with sufficient preciseness and distinctness ; and the inquiry must be addressed to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain its allegations.
The sufficiency of the evidence must be tested by the application of well - settled rules. The burden of removing the presumption, that the conveyance speaks the truth, rests on the complainant. Appreciating the danger of having deeds or other solemn writings displaced by parol evidence, easy of fabrication, and sometimes incapable of contradiction, the courts have generally upheld the rule, that the presumption arising from the conveyance must prevail, unless overcome by evidence full, clear, and satisfactory. While the verbal declarations or admissions of the grantee are admissible against him, they should be closely scrutinized; and, unless they are plain and consistent, or corroborated by circumstances, are regarded as insufficient basis for a decree establishing a trust—Larkins v. Rhodes, 5 Por. 195; Lehman v. Lewis, supra.
The only witness who testifies that complainant’s money was used in paying for the lands, is complainant, himself. Objections were made to his competency to testify to transactions with, or statements by Harrison, who'is deceased. The statute —section 3058 of the Code — applies to all cases, and to those only, where a conflict of interest is involved between the party offered as a witness and the estate of a decedent, or between the witness and an adversary party to whom the decedent acted in a representative or fiduciary relation, and where the effect of the evidence tends to diminish the rights of the estate of the decedent, or of those claiming in succession under him, or of the other adversary party.—Insurance Co. v. Sledge, 62 Ala. 566; Dismukes v. Tolston, 67 Ala. 386. Harrison had only a life-interest in the property; his estate is not interested in the result of the suit — can neither gain nor lose thereby; the defendants do not claim in succession to him; and he was not acting, at the time of the statement or transaction, in any representative or fiduciary relation to them. The evidence does not fall within the exclusion of the statute. Whilst, therefore, in the consideration of the evidence, we shall consider the testimony of complainant, it must be weighed in view *359of the fact, that the claim was not set np until after the death of the nominal purchaser, and the resulting impossibility of contradicting it — the lips of the only person who could contradict it being sealed, beyond the power of the court to open — ■ and of the consequent more stringent necessity of corroboration by c’rcuinstances.
The first question of fact is, with whose money was the cash payment made? Complainant states, that he delivered to Harrison, about 1878, four hundred dollars, with which to make the payment; that he received the money from the sale of some land in South Alabama, and that Vaughan, his brother-in-law, was present when he delivered the money to Harrison. The testimony of Moses and Vaughan shows, that the land in South Alabama, from the proceeds of which the four hundred dollars delivered in the presence of Vaughan were derived, was not sold until March, 1881, several years after the purchase of the lands in controversy was made, and some months after all the purchase-money had been paid. Holtzclaw, the vendor, testifies that the cash payment was made by crediting the amount on an acceptance of his held and owned by Harrison. It is evident that these witnesses are mistaken, or the complainant is mistaken as to the time he delivered the money to Harrison. It may be, that the four hundred dollars delivered to Harrison in March, 1881, was intended to refund the first payment; which had been made by him. The record does not disclose or indicate any other purpose or reason, unless it be the amount paid by Harrison on the notes for the deferred payments. But there is no pretense, and the bill negatives the inference, that the payment was made by Harrison as a loan. No subsequent conduct, dealing, agreement or payment, disconnected from the original transaction, will raise a resulting trust.
The declaration of Harrison, that he was buying the land for complainant, qualified by his further declaration, that he was making the purchase in complainant’s name on account of some judgments against himself, and that he expected to give it to complainant; and his declaration to Olisby, made under the circumstances, and for the purpose of raising money to pay the notes of complainant, are too unsatisfactory and inconsistent to be made the basis of a decree; especially when the facts, on which a resulting trust can be founded, are disproved by the other evidence. Neither a verbal declaration of the nominal purchaser, that he is buying for another, without proof that the purchase-money was paid by such other, nor an inchoate, incomplete, and unexecuted intention to give, will raise a resulting trust.
It may be conceded, there are declarations and admissions of *360Harrison, inconsistent with the theory that the lands were purchased on his own account, and for his own benefit, and which tend to show that he was purchasing them for complainant, by agreement, as his agent. On the other hand, we have the written admission of complainant, that he had no claim to certain land, which was included in the purchase, and Harrison’s statement to complainant, that he would turn the land over to him as soon as he got the balance of the purchase-money out of it. The circumstances, declarations, and admissions may tend to pi’ove that the lands were purchased by an agreement of some kind ; but the true character of the transaction remains in uncertainty and confusion. It is not sufficient that the evidence generates doubt and uncertainty. The declaration of a trust, as claimed by the bill, involves a disregard of most salutary principles, and abrogates rules indispensable to the certainty and conservation of solemn and deliberate writings. The evidence is insufficient to authorize a decree of a trust in favor of complainant, to the extent of the entire lands.
The remaining inquiry is, can a trust be decreed in favor of complainant in a part of the lands? It is clear beyond question, that complainant executed his notes for the deferred payments, and thereby incurred, at the time of the purchase, and as a part of the original transaction, an absolute obligation to pay — in other words, that so much of the consideration moved from him. The money was sent from Mobile, and the services, for which Harrison was indebted, were rendered prior to the purchase of the lands. They constituted a debt due by Harrison, and were not furnished for the purpose of paying the notes, though there may have been a subsequent parol agreement, that the indebtedness should be so discharged. The notes, as the vendor testifies, were paid by Harrison, partly in money, and partly in orders drawn by the cestuis que trust, for whose benefit he sold the land. If a trust pro tanto was created in favor of complainant, at the time of the purchase, by incurring the absolute obligation to pay, the subsequent payment of the notes by Harrison, who had incurred no obligation to pay them, can not operate to remove or defeat such trust. Such payment only constituted him a creditor, with the right to reimbursement.
It has been said generally: “There can be no resulting trust of an estate to a particular extent of its value, leaving the residue of its value in the grantee;” that the beneficial ownership in the entire estate must exist — an unmixed trust of the ownership and title, and not a charge for the re-payment of an advance or other demand, nor an equity to a sum of money to be raised out o.f the lands. It was also said by Chancellor Kent, *361that a trust results pro tanto, where part of the purchase-money is paid by a third person, contemporaneously with cthe purchase; which statement of the rule has been in words adopted in many cases. A comparison of the authorities shows that these general statements may be harmonized, by being understood as subject to the qualification, that when a partial payment, being a definite aliguot part of the consideration, is made, a trust m a corresponding aliquot part of the land will result. But, unless the payment be of an aliquot part of the consideration — if the amount be indefinite or uncertain — no trust results by implication of law: “ a general contribution of a sum of money towards the entire purchase is not sufficient.” 1 Smith’s Lead. Cases (4th Am. Ed.), 339; Botsford v. Burr, 2 Johns. Ch. 406; White v. Carpenter, 2 Paige, 217; McGowan v. McGowan, 14 Gray, 119. This rule must be understood as referring to simple resulting trusts, as distinguished from investments of trust .funds by trustees, or other persons acting in a representative or fiduciary capacity. If, therefore, the notes of complainant were for an aliquot part of the whole consideration, a trust results pro tanto, and will be decreed, on a proper case, complainant having reimbursed, or on his reimbursing Harrison, the amount expended by him in paying the notes. As to this, the evidence is somewhat uncertain. It is unnecessary, however, to consider, whether the evidence bi’ings the case within the operation of this rule, as such relief can not be granted on the bill as it now stands.
Reversed and remanded.