This case turns on the proper construction of our statute regulating inheritances between bastard children and their mothers and other kindred, the contest here being one in effect between the mother and uterine brother of a deceased bastard, who died seized and possessed of the real estate in controversy. These sections of the Code (1886) read as follows:
Ҥ 1921. Every illegitimate child is considered as the heir of his mother, and inherits her estate in whole or in part, as the case may be, in like manner as if born in lawful wedlock.
§ 1922. The mother, or kindred of an illegitimate child on the part of the mother are in default of children of such illegitimate child, or their descendants, entitled to inherit his estate.”
The inquiry is, whether the mother, Mary Butler, under this statute, takes the property of her deceased illegitimate son, Gus Pet-eet, to the exclusion of the latter’s half brother, one Butler Whitney, of the blood of the same mother.
It is contended for appellant that the latter section (§ 1922) must be construed to mean, that, in default of children of an illegitimate child, the mother shall first inherit, and if there be no mother living at the time of descent cast, then the kindred of the illegitimate child on the part of the mother shall be entitled to take his estate, and not otherwise.
The appellee, on the contrary, contends that these sections of the Code are not complete within themselves, but are a part of an entire system of statutes on the subject of descents and distributions, and are to be construed in pari materia with them.
The judge of the City Court adopted the latter view of the statute, and we fully concur with him in this conclusion.
These sections are clearly not complete within themselves. It is declared that the mother or kindred on the part of the mother shall inherit. The word “kindred” means relations by blood, and includes collateral as well as lineal relations. It includes children of an intestate and their descendants, brothers and sisters, nieces and nephews, cousins, uncles and aunts, and other next of kin. How are these numerous kindred to inherit, and which, if any of them, are to be preferred ? And what is to be the share of each one’s inherit*389anee? Necessarily these inquiries are to be answered by reference to the statutes of descent and distributions, which form a part of the same chapter and article in the Code that embrace the sections under consideration. Except so far as declared otherwise, the rule of descent for real estate must be governed by section 1915 of the Code, 1886, and of personal property by section 1924, which precisely correspond to sections 2252 and 2261 of the Code of 1876, the law in force at the time of the death of the intestate in the year 1883. There is nothing in the statute indicating a purpose to give the mother a priority of right over other kindred, whose rights are preferred by the statute of descents. If this had been the legislative intent, it was easy of expression, as appears in the New York statute, which declares that if an illegitimate child die intestate, without descendants, the inheritance “shall descend to his mother; if she be dead it shall descend to the relatives of the intestate on the part of the mother, as if the intestate had been legitimate.” — 3 Rev. Stat. N. Y., p. 42, § 14 (1849).
This construction is a necessary result 'from the settled rule that, in construing a doubtful statute, all statutes in pari materia, or relating to the same general subject-matter, are to be taken and examined together in order to arrive at the legislative intent. “All acts which relate to the same subject,” said Lord Mansfield in Rex v. Loxdale, 1 Burr. 447, “notwithstanding some of them may be expired, or are not referred to, must be taken to be one system, and construed consistently.”
"VYe are also authorized to examine, for the same purpose, the original statute from which the present law was first codified, in the form it now appears, which is the same as that in the Code of 1852. — Code, 1852, §§ 1578-1579. The language of that Code is identical with that of all other subsequent Codes of the State down to the one now in force. The law, prior to codification in the present form, as taken from the act of 1824, read as follows:
Ҥ 4. Bastards shall be capable of inheriting,, or of transmitting inheritance on the part of their mother, in like manner as if they had been lawfully begotten of such mother; and shall also be entitled to a distributive share of the personal estate of any of their kindred, on the part of their mother, in like manner as if they had been lawfully begotten of such mother.
“§ 5. The kindred of any bastard on the part of his *390mother, shall be entitled to the distribution of the personal estate of such bastard, in like manner as if such bastard had been lawfully, begotten of his mother.” — Aikens Dig. (2d Ed.) (1836), p. 129; Clay’s Ala. Dig. (1843), p. 168-169.
This old statute differs in phraseology, but not materially in signification from the one now embraced in the Code of 1886, brought forward, as we have said, from the Code ->f 1852.. It was intended to remedy the cruel and rigorous policy of the common law in reference to bastards, by which was visited on these unfortunates a stigma which more properly belonged to their parents, and at the same time to deal with the erring mother in a more liberal spirit of justice as well as of Christian charity. By that law a bastard was nnllius filias as to the whole question of inheritance. He had no mother or father, no brothers, sisters or other kindred — no inheritable blood, and hence no capacity to inherit or transmit inheritance, save to the heirs of his own body. The supposed origin of this rule has been asserted to be the discouragement of a promiscuous and illicit intercourse between the sexes. It is at least debatable whether precisely the opposite policy, coniferring equal rights of inheritance upon legitimate and illegitimate off-spring, would not better preserve the high moral duty of chastity between the sexes. This was to a certain extent the tendency of the civil and Jewish law, as well as of many other ancient codes, now every where admitted to be more humane and enlightened than the rule of the common law on this subject. The general spirit of modern legislation has accordingly been to sweep away to a great extent this unjust and illiberal policy of the English law, -and to not only permit bastards to inherit from their mothers, but also in many instances to provide for their legitimation by the subsequent marriage of their parents, or by written declaration made for that purpose, and duly recorded, and to authorize them to transmit inheritance to kindred of their mother’s blood both collateral and lineal. The laws of Scotland, France, Holland and Germany all provide that the intermarriage of the parents after the birth of a child shall render such child legitimate — a rule of the canon law, the adoption of which the ecclesiatics urged in vain upon the English Parliament in the reign of Henry the Third. This has long been the law of Alabama, legitimation following from the intermarriage qf the reputed parents, and recognition by the father. — Aiken’s Dig. p. 129, | 3; Code 1886, 2364-2369.
*391Tliis construction as to the heritable rights of bastards and their collateral kindred was placed upon the Virginia statute enacted in 1785 and carried into the Code of 1819 of that State. Our old statute, as appearing in Aiken’s and Olay’s digests, seems to be copied from the Virginia Code. That law was construed by tlio Virginia court of appeals in Garland v. Harrison, 8 Leigh. 308, decided in 1837, an exhaustive and learned opinion being delivered by three of the ñve judges. They all agreed that the purpose of the statute was to confer on bastards not only the capacity to inherit from their mothers just as they would do were they legitimate children, but also the power to transmit inheritance to his maternal kindred, both collateral and lineal, as if they had been born in lawful wedlock. The object of the statute, said Judge Parker, was to make bastards “ quasi legitimate on the maternal side; to give the bastard a mother and maternal kindred, and to make them heritable from each other in the order prescribed by the law of descents, as if the bastards had been lawfully begotten of such mother. It places this line, in respect to inheritance, precisely in the situation it would be in, if one born in lawful wedlock should die leaving no paternal kindred.” Judge Broclcenborough said: “'A bastard may inherit on the part of his mother, in like manner as if he were the legitimate son of his mother. He may, therefore, inherit from his mother, or from his maternal grand-parents, in the direct line, or from his maternal uncle and aunt, or great uncles and great aunts, in the collateral, and a half portion from his legitimate or bastard half brother, in the same manner that a legitimate son could inherit from his legitimate half brother.” Judge Tucker construed the statute, in like manner, to render bastards “capable of inheriting from all his kind,red on the part of his mother, whoever they might be.” The whole court vigorously repudiated the soundness of the decision of the United States Supreme Ooxirt in the case of Stevenson's Heirs v. Sullivant, 5 Wheaton 207, decided in the year 1820, and relied on for authority in this case by appellant’s counsel, in which that court had come to a different conclusion in construing the Virginia statute, holding that it prescribed transmission of inheritance lineally but not collaterally on the part of the mother of a bastard — in other words that it conferred on a bastard capacity to inherit by descent immediately or through their mother in the ascending line, and to transmit the same to their line of descendants, in like manner, *392as if they were legitimate, but did not authorize brothers, sisters, or other collateral kindred even on the mother’s side to inherit from them.
The question came before the Virginia court again in Hepburn v. Dundas, 13 Grat. 219, decided in 1856, and still again four years later in Bennett v. Toler, 15 Grat. 588, and the case of Garland v. Harrison, 8 Leigh, 368, was, after renewed discussion, adhered to and re-affirmed.
The Yermont statute provided that “bastards shall be capable of inheriting and transmitting inheritance on the part of the mother, as if lawfully begotten of such mother” — the precise language of section four of the Alabama law as cited above from Aiken’s and Clay’s Digests. It was held in the Town of Burlington v. Fosby, 6 Vt. 83, decided in 1834, that under the statutes of descents and distributions one illegitimate child could inherit from another illegitimate child of the same mother — which is the precise question arising in this case.
The Ohio statute is in identical language, and the Supreme Court of that State in Lewis v. Eutsler, 4 Ohio St. 354, decided in 1854, repudiated the construction placed on the Yirginia statute by the United States Supreme Court in Stevenson's Heirs v. Sullivant, 5 Wheat. 207, supra, and followed the Yermont decision, where a like statute, as we have seen, was construed. They without scruple overruled the case of Little v. Lake, 8 Ohio, 289, decided in 1838, in which Stevenson v. Sullivant had been followed.
It is observable that in none of these cases is there any reference made to the case of Garland v. Harrison, 8 Leigh, 368, supra.
In Briggs v. Greene, 10 R. I., 495, however, the authority of the Yirginia case is expressly adopted in construing a similar statute in Yermont, and that of the United States Supreme Court in Stevenson v. Sullivant is repudiated. It was accordingly held, under a statute, precisely like the one in Yirginia and the former one in Alabama, that bastard children of the same mother are capable of transmitting inheritance on the part of the mother, and when a bastard dies intestate, leaving a bastard sister by the same mother, her estate will pass to that sister.
Opposed to this view in the case of Bent v. St. Vrain, 30 Mo. 268, decided in 1860, which follows the United States Supreme Court, without noticing the Yirginia decisions; and Remmington v. Lewis, 8 B. Mon., 606, decided in 1848, which omits to notice any of the foregoing cases.
*393We adopt the view of the Yirginia court as being more in accordance with the principles of justice, and the enlightened and liberal policy of modern legislation on this subject. Simmons v. Bull, 56 Amer. Dec. 263, note; Schouler’s Domes. Relations, 381; 2 Kent Com. (12th Ed.), *208-*214. “Our law of descents,” as said by Judge Tucker, in Garland v. Harrison, supra, “was formed in no small degree upon the human affections; the legislature very justly conceiving that the object of a law of descent was to supply the want of a will, and that it should therefore conform in every case, as nearly as might be, to the probable current of those affections which would have given direction to the provisions of such will. Under the influence of these opinions,” he adds, “they legislated in reference to bastards.” An English Judge long-ago said, in harmony with the same idea: “The statute of distributions makes such a will for the intestate, as a father, free from the partiality of affections, would himself make; and this,” he said, “I call a parliamentary will.” — Edwards v. Freeman, 2 P. Wms. 441.
We accordingly hold, that, under our present statute of descents and distributions, the brother of the deceased intestate bastard, by the same mother, is entitled to inherit land of which such intestate dies seized, to the exclusion of the mother.
The chancellor so held, and his decree sustaining the demurrers to complainant’s bill is affirmed.