Among the questions prominent in this case, as presented by the record and by admissions at the bar, are those which involve the construction of the act to prohibit the - sale of liquor in Calhoun county, in respect to the notice required by section 4 of that act; the effect the omission of that notice has on the provisions of sections 5 and 6; whether, if the statutory requirement of notice is imperative, compliance with it had to be shown by the State on the trial of this case; and, finally, whether such compliance was shown.
The language of the statute, in the particulars under consideration, is entirely free from ambiguity. There can be no misunderstanding of its provisions as to what notice should be given, by whom it should be given, or the manner of giving it. In such cases, there is no room for construction; the only legitimate function of which is to evolve .the true meaning of the law-makers, to bring certainty out of doubtful expressions, and to replace ambiguity with clearness. If the expressions employed involve no uncertainty, they speak for themselves, and the purpose they’ evince can not be thwarted by any considerations that may enter the minds of judges, affecting the wisdom or policy of the enactment. Hence, it is not for this court to say, with respect to the matter in hand, that when the legislature required publication in “ all the newspapers published in the county,” they did an unwise thing, by putting it in the power of one newspaper to defeat the requirement, at least, if not the whole law, and therefore, that they must be held to have intended something other than that which they have clearly expressed. Whether it was the part of wisdom for the legislature to anticipate that the papers would publish the notice, rather than *162that they, or any one of them, would from improper motives refuse to do so, we need not decide. Certain it is, that such provisions are not new to the laws of this State. Several of our general statutes predicate important proceedings on the publication of certain notices in the newspaper or newspapers of particular localities; and it has never been suggested even, that such notices could be permitted because, forsooth, the newspaper proprietors might refuse to publish them. The law is thus written in plain terms, and we are not authorized to take from, or add to, or change those terms in any particular by construction. — Carlisle v. Goodwin, 68 Ala. 137; Reese v. State, 73 Ala. 18; Coffin v. Beck, 71 Amer. Dec. 559, 563.
It is to be next considered, what the effect of the requirement of publication was on the prohibitions of the statute. Was it directory merely, or mandatory? And was compliance with it a condition precedent to the criminality of the acts specified in section 5 ? With regard to an enactment which requires a certain thing to be done, or done in a particular manner, without an express declaration of the consequences .of non-compliance, it will be found generally correct to say, that nullification is the natural and usual result of disobedience, and that the thing required must be done in the prescribed manner. — Endlich on Statutes, §433; Comm'rs v. Gaines, 3 Brev. (S. 0.) 396; Best v. Gholson, 89 Ill. 465. And while the propriety of treating statutory provisions, under certain circumstances, as directory merely, is fully recognized, it is a power which verges so closely upon legislative discretion, as to be exercisable by the courts only with reluctance, and in extraordinary cases.' — Dryfus v. Bridges, 45 Miss. 247. Another general rule may be deduced. from the mass of adjudications on this subject: that is, that statutes are to be construed as directory merely, and as admitting of departure from compliance with their terms, only in conservation and furtherance of their supposed spirit and' purpose. — Aqueduct Proprietors v. Jones, 7 Vroom (N. J.), 206. And as the legislature can, in no case, be held to have intended to perpetrate a private wrong, or to work out an undue advantage to any individual, or to lodge power to effect such results in the discretion of officers charged with the performance of prescribed duties, it is said, enactments will never be construed to be directory when “ the act or omission can by any possibility work advantage or injury *163to any one affected by it.” — Dryfus v. Bridges, supra; Best v. Gholson, supra.
This reference to some of the abstract principles pertaining to the matter under discussion may be concluded with the generalization, that provisions which require a thing to be done at a certain time, or in a particular manner, will be interpreted as directory, when the courts can see and know that it may be done, so as to fully accomplish every substantial purpose of the law-makers, at or within some other time, or in some other mode than that pointed out by the statute; and that an imperative construction will be adopted, whenever any right would be preserved by strict compliance with, or, by possibility, prejudiced, defeated or denied, by a departure from the letter of the enactment. These considerations apply, more especially at least, to statutes which do not by their terms indicate the legislative purpose as to whether or not strict compliance is to rest in the discretion of those charged with their execution. Conceding for the moment that the provisions involved here are of this class, and that we must determine the point by a consideration of their general scope and character, rather than from the language which expresses them, it would seem that the result must be against the exercise of this discretion in the matter of notice.
It is unquestionably against all public policy, and all abstract conceptions of justice, that the citizen should be punished for an act not mcdum in se, of the criminal nature of which he is utterly ignorant when it is committed. It is true, that he may not plead ignorance of the laws of his country in justification, or even mitigation, of acts violative of those laws; but this doctrine is founded on necessity, not upon any theory of the natural justice of the rule; and the fact that it exists is no reason for emasculating a provision which is intended to replace the harsh and, not infrequently, most unfounded presumption of knowledge, by a more humane and just rule of guilt only after notice of the illegality of the thing done. The purpose to make this substitution, so to speak, may well be imputed to the legislature, with respect to a highly penal statute, which left their hands without being a complete law, and depended for its final effect upon the subsequent action of the people of Calhoun county; action of which, in all theory at least, there is not that propriety of holding the citizen to a knowledge, which obtains to a thing done by all the people met together in General Assembly. It easily conceived how the failure to give the precise *164notice required by the act might result to the injury of individuals in that county, whether residents there or transients. The notice was a natural and reasonable requirement. It had a beneficent office to perform In the scheme of prohibition. The prima facie presumption, as we have seen, is that the provision requiring it was intended to be executed according to its terms. The courts can not see that the legislative purpose could be met as well without compliance, nor that no right would be prejudiced or injury effected by its omission. It would seem, therefore, that guided solely by the purpose of the legislature, as gathered from a general view of the statute, we should reach the conclusion, that the requirement that a certain notice should be given is imperative.
But, whatever doubt might attend upon a conclusion so attained, is dispelled when regard is had to the particular words employed. The notice is required in plain and unambiguous terms, as shown above, to be given in a certain way, for thirty days. The succeeding section provides, that “after the expiration of said thirty days notice,” the act for which appellant was convicted should be unlawful. No other provision of this statute makes a crime of that act. The language imports criminality only in a certain event. That event is not the vote of the people favoring prohibition. It is not the entry of that result as a record in the office of the probate judge. It is the perfection of the notice of that result by publication in all the newspapers of the county for thirty days. Before that was done, the act charged was not a crime.- Here, also, is the absence of that ambiguity which alone authorizes resort to construction. “Compliance with the particular provision is made, in terms, a condition precedent to the validity or legality of what is done,” or, to speak more aptly, to the illegality of the act charged; and non-compliance is fatal to legality in the one' instance, and to criminality in the other. — Endlich on Statutes, § 431. The case is on all fours with those referred to in the text cited, in which it is held that, where the deed of a married woman was to take effect “when” the certificate of her acknowledgment of it was filed; or, where it was provided that no appeal should be entertained, “unless” certain rules were complied with; or, where the doing of a thing was prohibited “until” another had been done (as here, the doing of the thing charged is allowed until another has been done); or, where certain certificates were transferable “only” in a *165prescribed manner, tbe omission of tbe statutory requirement is fatal. — Jolly v. Hancock, 7 Exch. 820; s. c., 22 L. J. 38; In re Dickinson, 51 L. J. Ch. D. 736; Slayton v. Hidings, 7 Ind. 144; Union Bank v. Laird, 2 Wheat. 390.
Another view: As we have said, this statute did not come from the hands of its makers as a complete law. Its operation was made to depend on certain things .to be done by the probate judge, and people of Calhoun county. The presumption which holds all the people of the State to a knowledge of their own acts in General Assembly, for such is the theory, can have no application to the acts of the people of a county, and of the county officers, intended to affect not only themselves, but all the people of the State within their borders. The power to do these acts, and thus put the statute into operation, is certainly, in some sense, the delegation of legislative functions. It is justified and taken out of constitutional inhibitions, upon the same grounds that the grant of legislative powers to municipal corporations is held to be constitutional ; that the statute is a police regulation of local application, in respect to which it is proper that local judgment should control. — Cooley’s Const. Lim. pp. 147, 148. The authority to a municipality, strictly so called, or to a county, or any other local subdivision of the State, to thus breath life and force into a statute otherwise dormant, is usually, if not always, hedged about by specifications as to how the locality is to act, and impart efficacy to the regulations. Among such specifications the most frequent, perhaps, is that which requires notice to be given that the action which has this important effect has been had, to the end that not alone the community itself and all members of it, but all other citizens of the State, and the public generally coming into the locality, may be apprised of the law to which they must conform. These provisions for notice are the substitutes as to such local matters for the presumption the law indulges as to knowledge of general statutes. The reason for them is the same in the case of a county proceeding under a law like the present one, and in the case of a town proceeding under its charter, or a special law. They are intended to accomplish the same purpose; they meet the same necessity. We can conceive no reason for giving them a different interpretation in the case of the county, that would be applied to them with respect to a town. We accordingly hold, that the notice required by this act stands upon the same footing in the relation it bears to the operative force *166of the statute with notices of the adoption of ordinances required to be given by municipal corporations. As to these latter, the doctrine is thoroughly established, that the publication required is a condition precedent to the validity of ordinances, and that the burden of proving such publication is on the party seeking to enforce them. — Horr & Bemis Mun. Corp. §§ 52, 53, 187; Desmoines v. Gilchrist, 67 Iowa, 210; Onesby v. Louisville, 4 Amer, & Eng. Corp. Cases, 342; Verona's Appeal, 108 Pa. St. 83; Wait’s Act. & Def., p. 610, § 7; Higley v. Bunce, 10 Conn. 435; Schwartz v. Oshkosh, 55 Wis. 490.
And this doctrine, applicable, as we hold, to all statutes providing police regulations for a given locality subject to the action of the locality in accepting or rejecting them in the manner provided by the statutes themselves, obtains also with respect to a general law of the State, containing a provision that it shall take effect from its publication in a certain number of newspapers. In such case, the act does not go into operation until there has been strict compliance with this requirement. — Welch v. Battern, 47 Iowa, 150. Though a requirement to the effect that an act shall be published in the newspapers of certain towns by the Secretary of State, without any indication of legislative purpose that its operation should be postponed, or that its penalties should not be imposed, until after such publication, is directory, and non-compliance with it would not invalidate the enactment. State v. Click, 2 Ala. 26.
We do not consider that section 9 of the act, which contains provision with reference to the issuance of licenses to sell liquors, exerts any influence on sections 4, 5 and 6. On the contrary, we apprehend that section 9 proceeds on the assumption, that all requirements of the law essential to its complete efficacy have been complied with; and its restrictions on the power to issue licenses depends upon the fact, that “the prohibition provided for by the 5th and 6th sections” has been put into operation according to the terms of the act.
. In considering the question of whether there was any proof of compliance with the law in the matter of notice, we may at once discard the alleged order for such notice entered by the probate judge, and also the copy of the notice, or form of notice, transcribed and certified from the books of that office. There is no authority in the statute for the order, or for its record, or for the record of the notice. They have *167no legal status, or existence, and occupy no higher plane as evidence in this case than would the certificate of an individual, that he had made the order and drawn up a form of notice, and had entered both the order and notice on a book kept by him. Moreover, they have no tendency whatever to prove the fact in issue, which is that the notice was published for thirty days in all the newspapers of the county. The court erred in admitting copies of this order and notice as certified by the probate judge.
There are two controlling reasons for our non-concurrence in the contention of the appellee, that the presumption of law, that a public officer has performed a duty imposed on him, avoids the necessity for other evidence of compliance with the requirement that notice should be given. We understand the rule to be, in this regard, that where an officer undertakes to discharge a public duty, enters upon its performance, and does in fact in some manner, or to some extent discharge it, the law will presume that his acts in that behalf are free from irregularity; but this presumption can never extend to the doing of an independent, material and substantive act, so as to hold the thing done merely because it ought to have been done, and it was the duty of the officer to do it. — 2 Whart. Ev. §§ 1318, 1319; United States v. Ross, 92 U. S. 281. Again, the fact here involved, and sought to be rested on the presumption of the performance of duty, lies, in its final consummation, beyond the line of official duty. The act depends for its efficient completion upon actual publication of a notice in certain newspapers. We might assume that the judge of probate did every thing possible for him to do under the act; and yet, without the further assumption that the proprietors of the papers referred to published the notice given them by the probate judge to publish, for thirty days, we could not reach the conclusion that the requirement of the statute had been complied with. There is no principle of law, upon which courts can indulge the presumption that private persons have performed a material act so as to dispense with affirmative evidence of the fact.
We conclude, that the publication of the notice of the result of the election held under this act, for the time and in the manner required by it, was a condition precedent to the operation of sections 5 and 6; that the burden was on the State to show that said notice had been given, and that it failed to produce any evidence to establish the fact. This *168view renders the consideration of other points presented by the record unnecessary.
The judgment of the'City Court is reversed, and the cause remanded.