The title of the plaintiff to the land in controversy is based on a certificate of entry, issued by the register of the United States local land-office at Montgomery, which instrument bears date December 2d, 1885. The statute provides, that such a certificate, when lawfully issued, shall “vest the legal title in the holder, or his assignee, and must be received as evidence of such title.” Code, 1886, §2782; Case v. Edgeworth, 87 Ala. 204. This statute does not differ in substance from the act of 1812, which was construed to confer on the holder of the certificate such a title as to maintain an action of ejectment, which is a possessory 'action, and capable of being sustained on the right of possession. It was held not to confer the fee of the land, which remained vested in the Government in trust for the holder of the certificate, until the patent was issued. Bullock v. Wilson, 2 Port. 436; Masters v. Eastis, 3 Port. 368; Deffeback v. Hawke, 115 U. S. 392. The statute was not intended to determine that the holder of such certificate held more than an equitable title, as against the United States Government, before the patent was issued. As evidence of such title it can only be prima facie, or merely presumptive. The legislature had neither the power nor the intention to make it conclusive. — Sedgwick & Wait on Trial of Titles, (2d Ed.) §§ 890-892; Wilcox v. Jackson, 13 Pet. 498; Tiedman on Real Prop., § 746.
Upon this evidence, the plaintiff was prima facie entitled to recover the land, and the onus was cast on the defendant to show a better title. This he attempted to do by introducing in evidence a patent from the State of Alabama, issued in due form on January 21st, 1858, to one Ussery, through whom defendant claims title by unbroken chain. It is also shown that the defendant, and those through whom he claims, have been in the open, notorious and adverse possession of the land, exercising acts of ownership over it, since ■the issue of the patent, or for more than thirty years. To *439the introduction of this instrument it was objected, that there was no preliminary evidence of any right in the State of Alabama to make a grant of the lands described, or that the State had ever acquired the title to the lands from the General Government.
Such a patent is made evidence by statute, without further proof. — Code, 1886, § 2781. It is commonly said to be the highest evidence of title, and raises a presumption that all preliminary proceedings have been taken which justify its issue. — 3 Wash. Real Prop. (3d Ed.), 205; Polk v. Wendell, 9 Cranch, 87; Minter v. Crommelin, 18 How. 87.
The defendant’s contention is, that the lands were granted by act of Congress to the State of Alabama for the support of public schools, by virtue of the statute approved May 20, 1826 (4 U. S. Stat. at Large, p. 179), having been selected by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to the duty imposed upon him by section 2 of that act.
There can be no doubt of the legal proposition, that a title to Government lands may pass by legislative grant, as effectually as by a patent. Such a grant, therefore, by Congress, necessarily prevails over a subsequent title asserted by the holder of a subsequent patent, or certificate of entry from the General Government. — Megerle v. Ashe, 27 Cal. 322; 87 Amer. Dec. 76. And in such case, the subsequent title may be assailed collaterally at law, in an action of ejectment. The principle being, that a patent from the United States can not affect a pre-existing title in a third person, it is held to be void as against a prior title acquired from the same source, either by legislative grant, by patent, treaty, or otherwise. And being a mere nullity, it may be declared so at law, without resort to a court of equity. — Sherman v. Buick, 93 U. S. 209; City of New Orleans v. DeArmas, 9 Pet. 223; Bates v. Herron, 39 Ala. 117, and cases cited; Stoddard v. Chambers, 2 Howard, (U. S.) 317; Patterson v. Winn, 11 Wheat. 380; Sedgwick & Wait’s Trial of Title (2d Ed.), § 887.
To prove his title, then, it is necessary for the defendant, not only to show a grant from the General Government, but that the grant has attached to the particular lands in controversy. If the taking effect óf the grant depends upon any condition, precedent or subsequent, the performance of this condition must be made to appear, either positively or presumptively. — Megerle v. Ashe, 87 Amer. Dec. 76, supra.
The patent from the State of Alabama, dated January 21st, *4401858, purports to have been executed under tbe authority of the act of the Alabama legislature, approved January 15th, 1828, which authorized the sale of the sixteenth sections granted by Congress for the support of public schools. This act was passed in exact conformity to the act of Congress approved March 2, 1827, which permitted such sales by consent of the inhabitants of each township or district. — 4 U. S. Stat. 237. The mode of giving consent was by an election, to be held on a fixed day, to take the sense of the legal voters on the subject. The issue of the patent, under the principle above announced, raises a presumption that this election was legally held, and that the requisite consent was given to the sale. — Stringer v. Young, 3 Pet. 320; Stark v. Mather, 12 Amer. Dec. 565, note.
It may be said, however, that the land in controversy is no part of the sixteenth section, and was, therefore, not subject to sale under the act of 1828. It is described as “Fraction C of fractional section 17, township 22, E. 13 (E.), containing forty-six acres, more or less.” We are authorized to take judicial notice of the United States government surveys in this State, and of the location and relative situation of the lands officially surveyed and mapped out under the authority of the laws enacted by Congress. — Landfear v. Mestier, 89 Amer. Dec. 689, and note; Chambers v. Ringstaff, 69 Ala. 140. We, therefore, know judicially, as the trial court is presumed to have known, that this land was a part of a fractional township, in which the sixteenth section contained but four forties, on the south line, or something over 160 acres. The act of Congress approved May 20, 1826 (4 U. S. Stat. 179), appropriating lands for the support of schools in certain townships and fractional townships not before provided for, authorizes the selection of a specified quantity of unappropriated lands proportioned to the entire quantity in each. fractional township. The total area of fractional township 22 in question is known by the government survey to be 8,703 49-100. acres. This is greater than one fourth, and less than one half of an ordinary township, which we know contains approximately 23,040 acres. The quantity authorized to be selected by the act is, therefore, by its express terms, one half section, or 320 acres. The law made it the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury of the General Government to select these lands out of “any unappropriated lands in the land district where the township for which any tract is selected may be situated;” and when so selected, *441they are to be “held by the same tenure, and upon the same terms for the support of schools in such township, as section number sixteen (16) is, or may be held.” — 4 U. S. Stat., see. 2, 179. They would, therefore, when selected, be subject to sale under the authority given by the act of the Alabama legislature approved January 15, 1828.
The question, then, is reduced to this: Can we presume a selection of the lands in controversy by the Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to his official duty under the act of Congress, approved May 20th, 1826, from the fact, that the State of Alabama has, in a most emphatic manner, asserted a right to the land as school land, issued a patent to it more than thirty years ago, and there has been an uninterrupted, open and adverse occupancy by the defendant, and those -under who'm he claims title, for this great length of time? The cases are numerous where like presumptions have been made to furnish a connecting link in the title of the property held and claimed for a period of twenty years or over, as a “means of maintaining peace, order and harmony, in the relations of civil society.” And under the past decisions of this court, we feel authorized to hold that, under the facts of this case, the presumption is legitimate, that the proper selection of the land in controversy must have been made’ before the State asserted title to it, and issued the patent to Ussery in January, 1858.— Woodstock Iron Co. v. Fullenwider, 87 Ala. 584; Bozeman v. Bozeman, 82 Ala. 384; Long v. Parmer, 81 Ala. 384; Gosson v. Ladd, 77 Ala. 223; Matthews v. McDade, 72 Ala. 377; Felly v. Hancock, 75 Ala. 229; McArthur v. Carrie, 32 Ala. 75; 2 Whart. on Ev. § 1338.
The Circuit Court did not err either in admitting the patent in evidence, or in the charge given; and the judgment is affirmed.