The action began in the Justice Court; and so far as the transcript shows, judgment was rendered for plaintiff upon an “account stated, $10.00.” The cause was brought to the City Court by statutory writ of certiorari ; and stood for trial dé novo. The cause of action filed in the City Court was, that “plaintiff claimed of the defendant ten dollars due by • account June, 1891, for calf killed;” and that was amended by adding, “by engine East Tenn. Va. & Ga. R. R., and that by the negligence or carelessness of the engineer on said engine.” The defendant moved to strike the complaint from the file, and also filed a demurrer to it, upon the grounds that the amended complaint was a total departure from the original cause of action. By a judgment of the court entered May 24, 1892, both the demurrer and the motion to strike were overruled. The defendant then pleaded the general issue, and also the statute of limitation of sis months under section 1150 of the Code. October 19,1892, there seems to have been, by leave of the court, another amended complaint filed by the plaintiff, and on the same day a judgment of the court was rendered, sustaining the demurrer of the defendant and his motion to strike the complaint from the file. There seems to have been no other amendment to the complaint, or cause of action filed. The record then states that the “cause being submitted to the court, it is considered that the issues are in favor of the defendant,” and judgment was rendered for the defendant. The record also contains a bill of exceptions.
We have recited the pleadings and judgment entire, and cannot tell from the record upon Avhat cause of action the case was submitted for trial. Our opinion is, that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover in any event. Pleadings in justice courts are not governed by technical rules. If the summons shows the nature of the cause of action, or if the same is endorsed upon the summons, or otherwise is made manifest, that is sufficient; and yet, pleadings in justice courts are subject to such regulations as are necessary to promote justice and prevent undue advantage to either party. Section 3313 of the Code declares that “Suits before justices of the peace shall be governed by the same rules and provisions, so far as they are applicable, as suits in the Circuit Court.” Assumpsit and tort cannot be united in the *156same cause of action, either in one count, ox in separate counts in one complaint. The authorities are numerous and unanimous to this proposition.—M. & O. R. R. Co. v. Williams, 53 Ala. 600; Mobile Life Ins. Co. v. Randall, 74 Ala. 176; Capital City Water Co. v. City of Montgomery, 92 Ala. 366; Chambers v. Seay, 87 Ala. 558; Wilson v. Stewart, 69 Ala. 302; Whilden v. Mer. & Pl. Nat. Bk., 64 Ala. 1.
It would necessarily follow, that an action ex contractu can not be converted by amendment into an action on the case, and vice versa; and this rule applies to actions brought by appeal or certiorari from justice courts to the Circuit Court.
The case of Freeman v. Speegle, 83 Ala. 191, does not assert a contrary doctrine. In fact, it is an authority in support of the general rule. In that case, the action began in a justice of the peace court, an affidavit and summons both showed the suit was in detinue. At the trial before the justice, a cause of action in assumpsit was filed. On appeal to the Circuit Court, the plaintiff filed his complaint in det • inue. This court held that the complaint in detinue was not a departure, that the summons and affidavit in the justice court showed that the original action Avas in detinue, and that the irregularity in filing a separate statement in the justice court in assumpsit did not change the suit in detinue as brought, into a suit in assumpsit; and that on appeal it was proper to complain in detinue.
The present suit, as begun in the justice court, was in assumpsit on an account rendered, and the plaintiff was not at liberty on appeal to file a complaint in tort. If we consider the case in the City Court, as having been an action ex contractu, upon the account rendered, there is no evidence to sustain a promise or undertaking, express or implied, to pay the account. On the other hand, if the court tried the case upon the amended complaint in tort, the statute of limitations of six months had effected a complete bar. When a case is tried by a jury, under the instruction of the court, it is sufficient that the bill of exceptions states the tendencies of the evidence, to enable this court to pass upon the legality of instructions given to the jury; but when the court tries the facts, without a jury, the bill of exceptions should set out enough of the testimony to show that the court erred in its conclusion. The bill of exceptions does not show enough to put the court in error upon the merits of the case, whether we consider the action ex contractu, or ex delicto.
Affirmed.