The plaintiff in order to recover in this case, must, of course, have the legal title. She predicates her claim to said title upon item three of her grandfather's will, which is in these words: “I. give to my beloved wife, Hetty D. Jones, who is my sole executrix,'all my lands, negroes and stock, in short all my property of any description, after the payment of all my just debts, etc., and my youngest son, Daniel A. Jones, receives his portion heretofore mentioned, during her lifetime to manage at her control or as she may think best for herself and her children in future, to contract debts and pay them out of the property as she may deem expedient, or to sell off the property as she thinks proper during her lifetime, and at her death — I want all the effects that she has in any way, lands, negroes .and property of any kind whatsoever to be sold at public ■ sale to the higest bidder and the proceeds or dues of said *448sale to be equally divided between my four children,” naming them.
It is in right of the four children named, as remain-dermen, she being their sole surviving heir at law, that her contention is based on for recovery. Assuming that a remainder was created, it is clear that the gift over was intended to operate simply on such of the property as was unsold by Mrs. Jones, at her death, since Mrs. Jones had an absolute power of disposition by sale of any or all of the property devised to her. Conceding the applicability of section 1046 of the Code, without deciding that it has application to the provisions of the will quoted above, prior to its enactment where the devise, was one for life with absolute power of disposition, the first taker took the absolute fee free from the limitation over and the remainderman took nothing. The limitation over, attempted to be created in such cases, was void for repugnancy. — Flinn v. Davis, 18 Ala. 132; Alford v. Alford, Admr., 56 Ala. 350; Hood v. Bramlett, 105 Ala. 660; Ide v. Idc, 5 Mass. 500; King v. King, 12 Ohio, 390, 474. And this is still the law as to creditors and purchasers. So far as their rights are involved the first taker is still the. owner of the fee. As said in Hood v. Bramlett, supra: “Section 1850 [1046] of the Code, is no more than a statutory recognition of this doctrine so far as purchasers and creditors are concerned, but it changes the rule, where rights of purchasers and creditors do not supervene, in respect of and only in respect of future estates limited upon the life estate of the donee of the power, and to estates thus limited provides in effect that unless the power of disposition is exercised by the tenant for life or years, they shall be executed and vested in title, possession and enjoyment in the remainderman upon the death- of the tenant of the particular estate. But the ulterior estates thus protected must rest upon express limitations and not upon mere implication.”
It affirmatively appears that Mrs. Jones, in whom was reposed the power of sale of the fee of the lands, in 1867, sold them to the defendant’s vendor, Mrs. Cobb, who paid the purchase money and went into possession,. *449and executed to ber a warranty deed conveying a fee simple estate. It is true it is also made to appear that Mrs. Jones bad prior to the execution of this deed intermarried with one McClaren and was bis wife at the date of its execution. Its validity is challenged upon the ground that ber husband did not join with ber. It is doubtless time that no valid conveyance of Mrs. Jones’ estate in the land could have been made by ber alone. § 1984 of Code 1852; § 2373 of Code 1867. Since she is dead and the only estate she took by virtue of the will was a life estate, the questions presented are: 1st. Whether she could, without the. consent of concurrence of ber husband, execute the power conferred upon ber to dispose of the fee; and 2d, does it appear that she intended to execute it?
Before answering these questions it may be well to say, and not to assume, that a mere power collateral or in gross was conferred upon Mrs. Jones to dispose of the fee. — 1 Sugden on Powers, p. 106, also pages 183-4 and note; Kent’s Com. (13 ed.), p. 317; 2 Wash, on Beal Propetry, p. 691; 22 Am. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, (2d ed.) 1155-6.
It is thoroughly well settled that at common law a married woman could, without the consent or concurrence of her husband, execute a power, whether append-ant, in gross or simply collateral, notwithstanding her disability to dispose of her own estate. And it is of no consequence whether the power was granted to her before or after she became a married woman. — 1 Sugden on Powers, p. 181, 182; Kents’ Com., p. 325; 2 Wash, on Beal Property, p. 317; 22 Am. & Eng. Encyc. Law, (2d ed.), 1106 and notes. This principle is stated by Mr. Sugden in this language: “By the common law a married woman, could not dispose of her own estate without a fine and recovery, for which the statute law has now supplied a deed, with certain formalities; but, simply, as the instrument or attorney of another, she could convey an estate in the same manner as her principal, because the deed was considered as the deed of the principal, and not of the attorney and her interest was not affected. * * * It is not material whether the power *450is given to an unmarried woman, who afterwards marries, or to a woman while she is married or upon her marriage and she survives her husband, and afterwards takes another; in all the cases she may execute the power, and the concurrence of her husband is in no case necessary.”
In discussing the statutory mode regulating conveyances by married women of their estates in lands the Supreme Court of Maryland in Armstrong v. Kerns (61 Mel. Rep. 367), after pointing out the requirement of the statute that the husband must join in the deed, said: “But it has never been considered that this statutory mode of conveyance by the wife jointly with her husband, was exclusive of all other modes of conveyances that might be prescribed or authorized by the grantor, donor or settler of the property upon the wife, or that it rendered the wife incapable of executing a power.” In Deffenbaugh v. Harris, (18 Weekly Notes of Cases, 357), the action was ejectment, as here, and the plaintiff’s right to recovery depended upon whether there had been a proper execution of the power by the life tenant, a married woman, upon whom had been confererd a power of disposition of the fee. The donee of the power executed a deed conveying the fee to one Stevens, without her husband joining in it, and Hie point was made against its validity on that account. The trial court excluded the deed and the defendants appealed. The will conferring the power was so strikingly similar in language to this one that we quote it. It read: “I give and bequeath to my daughter Mary, intermarried with Joseph S. P. Harris, the house and lot, etc., [describing the property], and I hereby authorize and empower my said daughter Mary to sell and dispose of the same as she may think proper, but in case of her death and the property as aforesaid remaining unsold, then it is to be equally divided amongst her children, share and share alike, as they may arrive at the age of twenty-one.” It also appears from the brief of counsel that tiiere was a statute regulating the execution of con*451veyances by married women similar to ours. The court speaking through Bterkett, J., said: “Construing the devising clause in question according to the plain import of the language employed and in the light of other proi’isions of the will, we think the testator intended to give Mrs. Harris a life estate in the lots with remainder in fee to her children, subject, however, to diversi-ture by the execution of the power of sale given in express terms to the life tenant. The power thus given to Mrs. Harris by her father is a power to appoint, by way of sale or otherwise, to other uses than those specified in the will, and ivas, therefore, well executed by herself alone without her husband joining in the deed of conveyance to Stevens. Nothing is better settled than that a feme, covert may, without the concurrence of her husband,. execute any kind of power, whether given to her when single or married. To require his concurrence might not only embarrass the donee of the power in its execution, but in case of his refusal to concur would prevent its execution altogether, and thus defeat the testator's intention. It is obvious from a consideration of the entire will in the case that the intention of the testator was to exclude the husband from all interest in the control over the property to which the poAver of sale relates. BteArens, the A'endee of Mrs. Harris, derived title to the lots in question, as part of the estate of Aaron Burns, (testator), under and by virtue of the poAver of sale, and not by virtue! of any estate in Mrs. Harris herself. The only estate she bad was for life, but the power of sale AA'ben executed, as it Avas by a regular deed of conveyance-, A'ested in him the fee to the lots in contro-Arersy; and the plaintiffs in error claiming under him, should have been permitted to show their title.”
This authority practically decides every question in-ArolAred in the case under consideration. It is true the second question propounded abovTe is not discussed, and the intention of the donee of the power to execute it seems to be assumed to have existed from the fact that the deed purported to convey the fee. And this assumption was a correct one as we shall sIioav. “It is not necessary that the intention to execute a power of *452sale shall appear by express terms or recitals in the instrument. It is sufficient that it shall appear by words, acts or deeds, demonstrating the intention.” — McRea v. McDonald, 57 Ala. 423. Nor is it necessary that the power be referred to or recited in the deed of the donee of the power, provided the act of the donee shows that he had in view the subject of the power.
An instance used by Mr. Washburn,- quoted approvingly in Gindrat v. Montgomery Light Co., 82 Ala. 604, and in Gulf Red Cedar Co. v. O'Neal, 131 Ala. 133, of a sufficient execution of power is directly in point. It is this: “Thus, if one have a life estate in land and a power of appointing in fee, and conveys the fee it is an execution of the power.” Continuing, the author says: “When a person conveys land for a valuable consideration, he must be held as engaging with the grantor to make the deed as effectual as he has power to- make it.” — See also Yates v. Clark, 56 Miss. 212; Baird v. Boucher, 60 Miss. 326; White v. Hicks, 33 N. Y. 383; Hall v. Preble, 68 Me. 100; South v. South, 91 Ind. 221; Funk v. Eggleston, 92 Ill. 515; Bishop v. Remple, 11 Ohio St. 277.
In conclusion it may not be amiss to say that section 1052 of the Code simply prescribes the formality of the instrument necessary to a valid execution of a power and in no wise affects the capacity of the donee to execute it.
Affirmed.