According to the view we take of the case, the following enquiries embrace the entire merits, and are decisive of the controversy.
1. What is the true and proper construction of the deed.
2. The consequence of the non-delivery of the property at the time the deed was delivered, and the subsequent delivery, under the circumstances of the case.
3. The legal effect of the conveyance in exempting the property from liability to Coalter’s debts.
The deed is doubtless one of the most obscure and incongruous instruments, that could have passed from the hands of the merest tyro, in the scrivener’s art. It is scarcely possible to analize it, and if done, the parts are incompatible. But if the intention of the grant, can be satisfactorily ascertained, from the language employed, however vaguely, or inartificially expressed; it is the duty of the Court to construe and enforce it accordingly, if it be not in violation of any rule of law.
It is unnecessary to investigate minutely, the technical rules relative to the office of the premises, the *470habendum, &c. noticed in argument; for these distinctions do not appear to have entered into the imagination of the grantor. Could we satisfactorily explore and extract the intention, this formality might be disregarded. The language of the deed is as follows :
“ Know all men by these presents, that in consideration of the natural love and affection I bear to my daughter Rachel Rhodes, since given in marriage to, and now the wife of James Coalter, I give to the said Rachel, otherwise Coalter, and to the heirs of her body by the said James Coalter begotten, if they should have any ; if they should have no children during the lives of the said Rachel and James, then to have and to hold the said property, to-wit, (here the negro woman and child, &c. are mentioned and described) to the only proper use and behoof of the said Rachel and James during their lives, and to remain in their joint use and possession,for the use and support of the said Rachel and James, and none others, and for the use and support of such child and children as they may have by virtue of, and during their marriage.” In testimony, &c.
Were I to attempt to extract the intention of the deed, from its language, by adding a few words which appear to have been omitted, expunging repetition, and by a slight transposition, I wotdd read it thus : In consideration of the natural love, &c. to my daughter Rachel Rhodes, I give to her and to the heirs of her body, if any, by her present husband J. Coalter, a certain negro woman and child, &c. to have and to hold said property to the only proper use and be-hoof óf the said Rachel and James, and any such issue, and for their joint use and support, during the lives of said Rachel and James. But if they *471should have no such child or children, then said property to remain in the joint use and possession of t.ho said Rachel and James, for the support of them-selvoo, and none others.
Regarding this as a fair and just interpretation of the deed, the intention must have been, (in the event of a child or children, by the marriage, which has happened) to. create an enlate tail for the permanent benefit of the issue, unless it be otherwise explained and controlled by the latter provisions of the deed. It is contení led, however, that such is the case ; that the habendum limits and qualifies the premisss, so as to point out the wife, during her life at least, as the exclusive object of her father’s bounty; and that the attendant circumstances, such as the known insolvency of the husband at the timo, and the execution of a deed, instead of a mere delivery of the property, do (as was supposed by the Chancellor below,) greatly strengthen this conclusion.
But this argument is in opposition to the well founded objection, that such is not the office of the haben-dum, and in this case, can not be its effect; also, that J. Coalter, the husband, from the language of the deed, was no less the object of the grantor’s bounty, than his wife; and that extrinsic circumstances can never be allowed to contradict the expressions of the deed. In construing the habendum, or latter directions of the deed, we should surely be doing violence to the expressions, to deny to the husband an interest in the property, equal to that of his wife. The least equivocal language used, is that which directs it “ to the only proper use and behoof of the said Rachel and .-James during their lives, and to remain in their joint use and possession, for the joint use and support of said Rachel and James, and none others.” *472It is true that this is so declared on the contingency of no children, but if it be resorted to in aid 'of, or to explain the preceding direction, it can have- no other effect than to evince the donor’s-intention to place the husband and wife on a perfect equality. This I take to be the only legal and reasonable construction.
2. Respecting the time and manner of delivering the property, but little need be said. Admitting, as I am prepared to do, that to constitute a valid donation inter vivos, an actual delivery of the property, or some tantamount act, even where a deed has been executed, is necessary to bind the donor, and afford validity to the gift:a yet, under the circumstances of this cáse, the objection of non-delivery does not appear sustainable. The fact, that the donor did not claim, or exercise the locus posnitentice ; on the contrary, that the- property was delivered on the- expiration of the1 hire of the one slave only, that could have been of any use; and this, without any objection to the terms of the deed, by the donees — these are circumstances implying a consumation of the gift, according to the terms of the deed. It may also be remarked, that as the rights of the donors, creditors are not involved, and there is no objection to the conveyance for the want of registration, the necessity for a delivery of the property simultaneously with the deed, was not the same that it would otherwise have been, I therefore conclude, that this objection alone could not prevail against any limitation or restriction of the title or interest in the property, which may have been sufficiently prescribed by the terms of the deed.
3. The -remaining branch of the case, relating to the legal effect of the conveyance as drawn, involves a.highly interesting enquiry, and has been argued on. *473both sides, with '¿eai and ability commensurate to its importance. It is, however, necessarily conceded by the counsel, that so far as the deed discloses an intention to create, in the wife, and the heirs of her body, an estate in fee tail, the intention was in violation of tho rules of law, and can not be sustained; that, even by the Common Law, such restrictions, or limitations were void in reference to -personal property, such as this; and that by a statute, passed as early as 1812,a it was declared, that every estate in lands or slaves, which had been or might be created an estate in fee tail, should he an estate in fee simple, and be discharged of the conditions annexed by the Common Law, restraining alienation before the donee should have issue; so that the donee or person in whom the conditional fee vested, should have the same power over the és-tates, as if they were pure and absolute fees — with a proviso relating to lauds only. Therefore, without farther enquiry on this point, the proposition may he adopted, that so far as the deed expresses an intention to create- an estate tail in Rachel Coalter, and the heirs of her body, the legal effect was to vest in her an unqualified and absolute estate; and, she-being úfeme covert, the law, of course, immediately vested the same in her husband, subject to his disposal, and to all liability for bis debts. The fact that the deed was executed in Tennessee, connected with the principle of law respecting the lex loci contractu, is not understood to be relied on in support of the entailment; for without enquiring into the law of that State, the circumstance of the donation not having been consu-mated there, or otherwise than by the subsequent delivery of the property, which took place in this State, is sufficient to subject it to our law. Whether the mere introduction of it into this State after a per-*474feet gift would produce the samo effect, I need not now decide.
Then, unless the attendant circumstances, or the latter clauses of the deed, be sufficient to vary and control the preceding, and to constitute a separate property in the wife alone, or in the wife and child) there is nothing to exclude the husband’s marital rights, and the slaves must stand subject to-his disposal, and of course subject to his debts.
That any owner of property is competent, so to convey it, as to create' a separate estate in & feme covert, for her exclusive use, is a well settled principle. And “ when that intention is once ascertained to be, that the use is for the wife alone,’ and not for her husband, equity will give effect to it,, without any regard to the legal maxim, that the husband is the head of the wife, and,, therefore, all that she has belongs to him.”a It is also at the present day unimportant, whether, in a devise of real or personal property, to the separate use of a married woman, the limitation be to herself only, or to trustees for her; “ as it is now settled, that if the limitation be to her only, for her own separate use, without the nomination of a trustee, although the Common Law vests her personal property in the husband, and the rents of her real property, in him, during her life, still equity will consider him as' a trustee for his wife, and enforce a compliance with the intention of the donor.”b The trust estate must be very distinctly expressed, before- the Court will establish it against the rights of the husband. “It seems, however, to be immaterial in what form of phrase a trust of that nature is described; technical language is not necessary, as all that is required is, that the intention of the gift should appear manifestly to be for the wife’s separate enjoy*475ment.” But it is farther declared, that “Such a claim on the part of a married woman, being against common right, the instrument under which it is made, must clearly speak the donor’s intention to bar the husband, else it can not be allowed.” Also, “ that the strongest evidence of intended generosity, and of bounty towards the wife, will not be sufficient to give her a separate estate, unless, in addition, language be used by the donor clearly expressing the exclusion of the husband; or else directions be given with respect to the enjoyment of the gift, wholly incompatible with any dominion of the husband.”a I consider this brief exposition of the principle, quite sufficient to shew, that neither the fact of the husband’s insolvency at the time; of the gift having proceeded from the wife’s father; nor the resort to a written conveyance, or all of them together, nor any other attendant circumstances, can have the effect to constitute an estate which is palpably irreconcileable with the express directions of the deed.
In this case it has been shewn, that the premises,- or early clause of the deed, imported an estate tail, which in law, or equity can have no other effect than to create an absolute estate in the husband; also that the latter provisions constitute the husband no less an object of the donor’s bounty or generosity, than the wife. The property is declared to be for their joint me, and behoof, and support, and subject to their joint possession. Was any case cited in argument, where, by construction, so much violence was done to the language of the deed, as to maintain, that a clause expressly creating an estate for the joint use and support of two, was intended to create-a separate property for the sole use of one ?
The case which appeared to extend the principle *476farther than any other, was that of Darby vs. Darby.a There it was held by Lord Hardwick, that if an estate be given to a husband for the “ livelihood” of his wife, this ought to be considered a trust for the use of the wife; for that the word livelihood, showed an in. tention in the giver that it should be to her sole and separate use.b The authority of that case has since been denied.c But admitting its authority, the claim of the wife was there better founded than here; that gift was expressed to be for the livelihood of the wife, no other use being expressed; this is equally expressed to be for the joint use and support (tantamount to livelihood) of the husband and wife. The case of Kirk vs. Paulin,d where a bequest to a married woman, of property “to be at her disposal,” was held to give her a separate estate, can not be viewed as a parallel with this. The separate control, use and benefit of the wife, was there clearly indicated; here it was expressly negatived. The same may be said of the case of Woodman vs. Horsley, and Lee vs. Prieaux,e where it was held, in one case, that the words, the wife's receipt shall be a sufficient discharge, notwithstanding her covertureand in the other, the same without the addition of the words “ notwithstanding her coverture,” were held to' be equivalent to saying, “ to her sole and separate use.”f
But other cases, differing very slightly from the foregoing, shew, that very nice distinctions are to be observed in determining the character and effect of such gifts. In Johnes vs. Lockart, cited in Lee vs. Prieaux,g it seems to have been held, that a legacy to <ifeme covert, “to her own use and benefit,” was not to her separate use. Also it has been held, where the direc- tion'in a will was, that a sum of money should be paid to an unmarried woman, on her arriving at *477age of 21 years, or her clay of marriage, “ to and for her -use,” during her life, without the words, “ sole and separate,” .that there, her husband was entitled to it. Jacob and Wife vs. Amyatt.a Also in the case cited of Kirk vs. Paulin, where it was held, that the direction that the property should be at the wife's disposal, gave her a separate property; it was at the same time ruled, that a bequest, “for her use and benefit, did not create in her a separate estate. . A construction similar to the latter has been put on -the words “ for her own use and benefit,” where the testator has used with respect to other parts of the property given at the same time, the technical language, fit to confer a separate estate. (Willis vs. Sayers.)b No doubt, however, in the case last referred to, the separate interest would have been sustained, but for the circumstance of the donor having, in the same instrument, bequeathed a different interest to the same person “ for her sole and separate use,” and thereby discovered his knowledge of the technical form of excluding the right of the husband — indeed the Vice Chancellor, so expressed himself.
In the case of Roberts vs. Spicer,c the testator had bequeathed money and rent to trustees, and directed them to stand possessed thereof, for the benefit of a married woman, and her children; and that the.same should not be subject to the debts, engagements, or be in any manner under the control of her husband; and also bequeathed to the same woman £200, “ to and for her own use and benefit;” it was decided, that these latter words did not convey a separate estate.d I understand the principle of this latter decision to be, that the language employed in bequeathing the £200, did not clearly indicate an intention to create a separate property in the wife, excluding the mari*478tal rights of the husband, as was done by the same will in relation to the other money and rent therein bequeathed; that the words “ to and for her own use and benefit,” were not necessarily of a different import from the words, to her own proper use and be-hoof, which is a common form of expression in conveyances where no limitation or restriction of the use» blit an absolute estate is intended. Another case which, appears to have carried the rights of the wife mins a. to their utmost boundary, is that of Dixon vs. Olmins.a There the testator had bequeathed to Lady Waltham, two bonds of her husband, Lord Waltham, and also a mortgage of Lady Waltham’s estate, and all interest due thereon; and had directed, that the bonds and mortgage, “be delivered up to- my said niece, Lady Waltham, whenever she shall demand or require the same.” The question was, after Lord Waltham’s death, whether the bonds and mortgage were to be considered as given to Lady Waltham for her separate use, and as outstanding debts against the assets of her deceased husband. It was objected in behalf of his creditors that no such intention had been sufficiently expressed ; that the control of the ■ husband over the subject had not been excluded., But Lord Loughborough ruled, that as these securities were to be given to the wife on her demand, her' husband could not have obtained them from the executors, without a demand made by her, which gave-her a dominion over them; and they must therefore: be considered as given to her separate use.b
In this latter case, I think another reason might also have been urged in support of the decision. The intention was manifest to make the same disposition of the bonds and the mortgage ; an ordinary gift of the bonds to the wife, or any bequest which would *479ham subjected them to the marital rights of the husband, must have operated as an extinguishment of them, no less than to have remitted the debts in any other way. Had this been the testator’s intention, his course would have been plain and obvious. But the circumstance of his having bequeathed them to the wife, who was his niece, and of his having directed his executors to deliver them to her, whenever she should demand or require them, clearly evinced an intention not to extinguish the debts, but to retain them for the benefit of the wife, free from the control or dominion of the husband.
In cases where estates have been created for the joint benefit, joint livelihood, or “joint use and support,” of husband and wife, or husband, wife and children, no authority has been cited, and it is presumed none can be found, for a partition of the property to the prejudice of the husband’s creditors, or of subsequent bona fide purchasers under him. Clancy, (269) after a very-learned investigation of the whole subject, and a review of the cases I have referred to, and several others, says, “ All these cases clearly prove, that there must be a manifest intention evinced by the language of the donor, that the wife shall have the exclusive properly in the gift, without which, Courts of equity will not suffer the legal rights of the husband to be superseded.” And that if other circumstances exist, strongly warranting the inference that the testator intended the bequest for the sole benefit of the wife, such as her separation from her husband, and very limited means of support, and these known to the testator; yet if such intention be not expressed in the bequest, even Chancery must disregard them, and leave the estate to the operation of the law,— (Vide also Palmer vs. Trevor. )a
*480This I consider a sufficient illustration of the doctrine, to shew' clearly, that this gift can not intire to the seperate use of the wife and child, or either ; that the marital rights of the husband have not been excluded.
This being the opinion of tile Court, an examination of any other points, made in argument, is rendered unnecessary.
Let the decree of the Circuit Court be reversed, and the bill be dismissed ; and charge the complainants with the costs of this Court, and of the Court below.
2 Kent’s C. 354-2 Johns. R. 53-18 id. 145.
Aik. Dig. 95.
Clancy's Rights of married women, 251. bk. 3 ch.1
. Id. 257.
Clancy, book 2,262.
3 Atk. 399
Clancy, 263 264
Id. 263, noted
7 Vin. Ab. 95
3Br. Ct. C.383 and 381
Clancy, 266, che 2.
3 Br. C.C. 383
Mad. 376 in the notes.
4 Mad. 409-Clancy.268.
5 Mad. 491.
Clancy 268.
2 Cox' R.414
Clancy, 265
1 Vern. 261.