If Clifton had died, his wife living, would her share of her first husband’s property, under the circumstances stated, have survived to her, or would it have gone to the personal representatives of her last husband? I have stated the proposition in this way, for the purpose of testing the character of the possession held by the defendant, of the property in which his wife had an interest to a certain extent, being undivided, and not separated from the rights of her children. I believe the case of Johnson, Administrator of Ramsay, v. Wren,a would furnish quite a satisfactory answer. In that case, Ramsay had intermarried with the wifd of the defendant, and she at the time of the marriage, was the legal owner of the slaves sued for, but she was not in possession. She had hired them for a term of years to hex-brother with whom she lived, and Ramsay was the overseer of her brother, and had charge of the slaves as overseer. He died shortly after his marriage, and before the term for which the slaves had been hired, had expired, without having exercised any other control than that of overseer over them; the same station he occupied before and at the time of his marriage. This Court, on the authority of Wallace, et ux. v. Taliafero, et ux.a and several other cases equally in point, after zn’uch deliberation, ruled that Ramsay had never had the possession of the slaves as husband, but up to the time of his death, his *379possession had been as overseer, and not as owner; that at his death, the right of his wife had survived her, and that it did not to his
The case of Wallace, et ux. v. Taliafero, et ux. reported in Call, was decisive. The husband, in tion with his executor, had held possession of the personal property bequeathed to his wife, and it was ruled that his possession was as executor and not as husband. The case of Baker v. Hall,a is as strong. Hall being an executor and trustee of the will of Gregory Wright, married Elizabeth Baker, one of the residuary legatees, and had possession of her personal property, and disposed of some of it and died, leaving his wife. The question was, whether his possession was such as would transmit his wife’s property at his death, to his personal representative, or did the property remain in action and survive to the wife. The master of the Rolls said that the husband must be considered as having entered into possession as executor and trustee, and not as husband. Both these cases conclusively sustain the position, that the possession must be clearly and unequivocally as husband, and not in any other right. And they present so striking an analogy in all their features to the case under consideration, that we arc brought irresistably to the conclusion, that whatever kind of possession Clifton had, it was as administrator in right of his wife, and not as husband and owner; and had he died, his wife living, there could have been no doubt that the right to her share of her first husband’s property would have survived to her, and not have gone to the personal representatives of her last husband. Our statute of distribution had given her one third of her deceased husband’s property, but it had not designated the particular property composing that one third, and until it had been set apart to her as a distributee, her share as well as the shares of her two children, were in action and not in possession.
Clancy, in his excellent treatise on the rights of married women,b whenolscussing the rights of the wife as survivor, lays down the rule to be thus: that “whenever the husband may bring suit, either jointly, or in his own name at his election, the action would survive to the wife. But if he is compelled to sue in his own name separately, tbe action goes to his personal representative.” And the case is put by the same author, of a suit having been brought in trover by husband and wife jointly, for a chat-tie lost by the wife, dam sola, and converted after cover-*380After verdict, on a motion in arrest ef judgment, on the ground that the suit should have been in the name 0f the husband alone, the judges were equally divided. But in a subsequent case, the Court were unanimous that the suit might be brought, either in their joint names or in the name of the husband alone.
All the right that Clifton could exercise over the property of the estate of Murphy, was exerted as administrator in right of his wife, and his possession of her individual share was not as husband, but as administrator. If it had become necessary to sue for any of it, in consequence of its having been lost, he could not have sustained the action in his own name, but he would have been compelled to have brought the suit in the joint' names of himself and wife.
It is contended in support of the order of the Judge of the County Court, that although the husband had never reduced his wife’s share of the estate into his possession, quasi husband, yet that he is entitled to sue for it as her representative, by the rule of the common law.- This is not believed to be the correct rule. In the early period of English history, little regard was paid to chattel interests, and.it was a long time before the personal property of an intestate, became the subject of legislation. It was not considered of much value, the great source of revenue and wealth, in those times growing out of those feudal tenures, the little personal property that a man died possessed of, if he made no disposition of it by will, went either to his lord paramount, or to the church, to be disposed of for the good of his soul in pious purposes. So long as a blind submission and confidence prevailed, as to the power of the clergy in this life, and in the efficacy of their prayers in redeeming the souls of the departed, no serious objection was made to this mode of disposing of the personal property. Indeed it would have had but little effect, and would have been looked on in those times as heinous impiety in the surviving relations, to attempt to divert the personal property of the deceased, to any other purpose. The separation of the chattel from the possession of the-owner, was then too a case of very rare occurrence. -But as commerce increased, personal property became an object of much greater importance; it then composed in many instances, the mass of very large fortunes. The public mind had somewhat shaken off the influence of religious superstition. The statute of 31st Edward III, *381was the first step in a system of legislation, that resulted in their statute of distribution of 29th II, securing to the relations of an intestate, the enjoyment of the personal property. We have no authority for believing that prior to that statute, any exception was by the canons of the church, or by the rules of the common law, in favor of the-husband, who had not reduced his wife’s personal property into possession during cover-ture. It must however be admitted, that elementary authors have not treated the subject with very minute cafe. But whoever held the administration, whether he was the lord paramount, or the prebendary of the church, held the personal property after the administration, to his own use.
The language of Mr Clancy is, “that since the statute of 31st Edward III, chapter 11, by which it is enacted, That in case where a man dieth intestate, the ordinaries shall depute the next and most lawful friends of the deceased person intestate, to administer his goods;’ it has been held that administration of the wife’s goods belongs of rightto the husband; and as by the statute of distributions, it is provided that nothing contained in it shall be construed to extend to estates of femes covert, that shall die intestate, but that their husbands may demand and have administration of the rights and credits, and other personal estates, and recover and enjoy the same, as they might have done by law, before the making of this act; it follows that the husband is now entitled for his own benefit, to the chattels real of his deceased wife, and to all things in action, trust, and every other personal property, whether actually vested in him and reduced into possession, or contingent, or recoverable only by action or suit.”
From this quotation, it is very clear that the learned author considered the right as given by the statute of Edward III, and confirmed by the statute of distribution; if it had been otherwise, he would not have given the enactment of the first statute, as the period of time when this rule first prevailed, that the husband should succeed to the choses and chattels in action of his deceased wife. Before the statute of distribution, as I have before remarked, all the personal property of the intestate, vested in the person to whom administration was granted, and the statute of the 31st of Edward III, had previously directed to whom the ordinaries should grant the administration. The exception in favor of the husband in the distribution of his deceased wife’s property, not reduced to actual pos-*382relates to the previous statute, and not to the corn-law. Many of the profession have, I doubt not, formed an erroneous opinion of the origin of the husband’s right, by not attending sufficiently to the meaning of the “as he might by law have done,” used as the exception to the statute of distribution. If this exception had not been made, the wife’s personal property in action, at her death, would have been distributed to her relatives, and would have defeated the construction that the Courts had given the statute of Edward III. With due deference to the great learning of Judge Spencer, it seems to me that in the case in 6 Johnson, he did not attend to the true origin of the husband’s right, to succeed on the death of his wife, to her personal property in action; if he had done so, he never could have ascribed to it a common law origin. He has fallen the more readily into this error, from the circumstance of the statute of the 89th Charles II, being in force in New York; none of the English statutes are in force in this State, and our own statute of distribution essentially differs from theirs. If it was therefore admitted, that under our own statute, the husband would be entitled to the administration, it would not as in England, confer on him a right to the property, but it would be distributed to the nearest kin in equal degrees. If the husband has incurred and paid debts contracted by his wife, dum sola, it is his misfortune that he did not, whilst it was in his power, reduce her personal property into possession. 1 am not prepared to say, that in such a case, he would be wholly remediless. It is possible that he could find relief by resorting to a Court of Chancery. I incline to the opinion, that chancery would charge the property of the wife, not in possession during coverture, to the extent of her debts dum sola, paid by her husband during coverture, if there was a deficiency of property in possession to reimburse the husband. We are not however called on to decide this question. We are of opinion,; that the possession of Clifton, the defendant In this case, was as administrator, and that he is not entitled to the share that his deceased wife would have received, if the distribution had been made during her life. The order and judgment of the County Court, must therefore bere-versed and the cause remanded.
Decree reversed and remanded.
Ante 172.
2 Call’s R. 447.
12 Ves. 497.
Page 8 & 9.