This is a bill of Review, filed by the present plaintiff against the defendants for a revision of the proceedings, and decree, in a suit in Chancery, previously heard and determined, in which Malone & Lyon, partners in trade, were complainants, Winney Caller, executor of James Caller, deceased, James S. Caller, the present complainant, and S. B. Shields, were defendants.
The object of the proceeding is to reverse the decree rendered in the case referred to, and prevent the sale of a tract of land alleged to have been specifically devised, to this complainant, by.-the will of said James Caller, deceased, his father. .'The land having been once sold by virtue of an execution against the estate, of said deceased, was* purchased by said S. B. Shields at the coroner’s sale, the sheriff being a party in interest. The.object, of the bill filed by Malone & Lyon, was to annul the coroner’s ■title, alledging illegality in the sale, and in which a decree was rendered declaring the sale illegal and void, and that the said Shields, the purchaser,' should hold the sahie as trustee for said minor, James S. Caller, and the creditors generally of said deceased, according to the order of priority therein prescribed ; .and' that said Shields, having paid the judgment, to satisfy which the sale was made, should stand in the place of the plaintiff therein, as a creditor. And further it was decreed' that said lands should be sold-for the purposes aforesaid, that a titlé should-be made to *421the purchaser, and that said James S. Caller, who as an infant, was represented in the suit by a guardian ad litem, should be allowed six months, after arriving at maturity, to impeach the decree.
On filing this bill of review an order was obtained from the Chancellor, directing a suspension of the sale of the land, which had been decreed as aforesaid.
The bill of review recites the proceedings and decree under which the land had been ordered for sale, and charges in substance, that the tract of land which had been devised to this complainant, was extensive and valuable ; that it was the only specific devise, or legacy, contained in the will of the deceased ; that the-testator was, at. the time of his death, siezed and possessed of many other large and valuable tracts of land, which had never been legally disposed of, or in any manner applied to the payment of the debts of the deceased. That by said will, Wm. Crawford, Esq. was constituted executor, to act jointly with said executrix, but that he has neither renounced nor accepted the appointment. That the executrix has acted in many instances by the advice of said Crawford, as her attorney, and among other such acts, has conveyed in trust to certain agents of pretended creditors of said testator’s estate, several large and valuable tracts of land, when, in fact, the debts thus provided for, had been previously paid and satisfied. That said estate has never been declared insolvent, or in any manner finally settled. That though a guardian adlitem was appointed'by the court to defend this complainant in 'said previous suit, brought against himself and others, yet the decree was made against the infant defendant without using any compulsory means to obtain his answer, and also without any answer from said exe*422cutrix. That Shields has been in possession of the premises since the year 1821, and that the rents and profits amount to more than the sum paid by him for the land.
The bill of review further alleges “ that Lyon, one of said firm, being the administrator of F. H. Gaines, deceased, has retained from his estate about two thousand dollars in payment of the debts of Malone and Lyon due from the intestate on account of that sum being due from said Gaines,” &c. That this complainant, being a minor as aforesaid, had not the assistance of counsel in the former suit, &c.
This bill prays that other lands belonging to the estate of said testator, may be sold in preference to the specific legacy to this complainant; and that the funds generally of various descriptions may be collected and applied to the payment of the debts against the estate.
To this bill, Shields, one of the defendants, filed a general demurrer, which being sustained by the court below, the injunction was dissolved, and the bill dismissed at the cost of the complainant.
The decree of the Circrfit court disposing of the case in the manner above stated is the cause assigned for error.
I consider it unnecessary, and scarcely practicable to advert to all the facts contained in the bill, or presented in the argument. A great variety -are comprised fin a confused and irregular manner; the bill does not satisfactorily distinguish the new matter relied upon for relief, from the exceptions taken for error in law apparent upon the record, nor shew what portion of the new matter arose subsequent to the filing of the former bill. It does not state whether *423the errors of record relied on arose out of the proofs made in the former suit, or whether they are apparent on Críe face of the decree; nor does it contain any specific assignment of errors in the former decree, or sufficiently explain why the matters now excepted to, were hot relied 'upon and urged, in the former suit.
The rules of practice'applicable to this subject appear to be, that bills of review must be for error in point of law, apparent on the yace of the decree, or for some new' matter of fact, relevant to the case, and discovered since publication passed, and which could not have been discovered by reasonable diligence before.a A bill of review will not be sustained on the ground that new parol proof'has been discovered relative to a matter of fact, which was particularly in issue before the'formerhearing; but where a-new fact is alleged' which was not known to have existed at the former hearing," and which the paity had not a rea-sonableopportunity of knowing, such may be a ground for a bill of review.b But if the evidence newly discovered be in writing, or of record, notwithstanding the fact was formerly in issue, in the same cause, a rev¡ew may ke grantedc. It is also held, that “ in arguing ademurrertoa bill of review nothing can be read but what appears on the face of the decree ; but after the demurrer is overruled, the plaintiff is at liberty toread bill and answer, or any other evidence as at a rehearing; the cause being equally open.” d— And upon a bill of this kind, when the decree bought to be reversed embraces the facts on which it was rendered; the party cannot assign for error that any of the matters decreed are contrary to other proofs in the cause, but must shew some error appearing in the body of the decree; or new matter discovered since *424the decree was rendered or at least since the bill was filed.a
The true rule of Chancery practice to be collected^ as well from the cases referred to, as from the organization of our courts, is conceived to be, that the errors in law, against which relief can be had by bill of review, must be such as arise rather from obvious mistake, or inadvertence, appearing on the face of the decree, or (if the facts are not there stated) at least of record, than of alleged error in the deliberate judgment of the Chancellor on a debateable question of law, or of equitable right. We think it objectionable in principle, and inconsistent with "the plan of our judiciary, that the.- different Circuit Judges, each being vested with only the same jurisdiction and power, should'exercise a revising and controlling authority over the decrees of. each other, deliberately pronounced, perhaps on full discussion; or that even the same judge should exercise such control over his own decrees after they had been duly enrolled.
The party conceiving himself aggrieved, by the opinion of a Circuit Judge,, whether in a suit at law, or in Chancery, has a convenient, and adequate reme* dyby an appeal or ’writ of error to this court; and in any event, this is the dernier resort. After any term of delay in the Circuit court, from filing a bill»- of review, or whatever other cause, either party after the"-final decree," has a right to prosecute an appeal, or writ of error, to this court. In this re* spect our practice is different from the English course. There, the revision in the higher court could only be had on appeal, the benefit of which the party could not always obtain. This consideration jnay warrant some difference in practice under the differ* *425ent systems. But even in England, the practice appears to be much as above suggested-; a case repeatedly mentioned as an instance of such error apparent on the face of the decree as will authorise a bill of review, is the case of “ an absolute decree made against a person who, upon the face of it, appears to be anin-farlf >J ianr.a"
In the case in New York, (Wiser vs. Blackly,b) the Chancellor remarks, ‘‘the error in law on which the party relies, is in that part of the decree by which the bond taken by the surrogate to the people, for the fidelity 'of the guardian, is declared to be binding and available, equally as if it had been taken to the infant. This was a point raised, discussed and decided upon due deliberation, and it cert'amly is not a case of apparent error, within the .meaning of the rule.
Farther it is ruled, that “ a fact misunderstood by the court, and not introduced into the decree, may be a &roun(^ f°r an aPPeab but not for a bill of review.”c
Hence we arrive at the conclusion that so far as respects the alleged errors in law, in the manner in which they are stated in the bill, they are not such as can,sustain a bill of review; but if available, the relief should have been sought by appeal or writ of error. ^
As respects the new matters of fact also relied on, the rule has been shewn to require that it .should be something that has arisen, or been discovered, since the decree was rendered, or at so late a period that advantage could not have been had of it in the former suit; for unless this relief be thus limited and restricted, it might be made use of as a means of vexation and oppression to the other party, and of unreasonably protracting the litiga tier». The matter must also be “ ma~ *426terially relevant arid pressing upon the decree.” And it must be different from that of the mere accumulation of witnesses to a litigated fact. Though it was formerly holden in England that the newly discovered evidence must have come to light after the decree, so that it could not possibly have been had or used at the hearing, the practice in this respect has been since relaxed, as well there as here ; and it seems now not to be'requisite that the new matter should have come to the parties knowledge after thé decree; it is sufficient if it be discovered subsequent to publication., (Livingston vs. Hubbs.a) The rule farther is* on the same authority, that a bill of review upon matter of fact, must be by special leave of the court, and upon oath of the newly discovered facts.
In this case there is not understood to have, been any special leave granted for filing the bill, unless the order to stay the sale of the land be deemed sufficient. Whether it be or not, is immaterial tp this decision. The alleged error %n law, was the most plausible ground assumed by the bill, and was the one mainly relied on, but which we have held insufficient. The ground of newly discovered matter as already remarked, is, like the other, stated in a manner so vague, uncertain, and indefinite, as to warrant no satisfactory conclusion. The allegations respecting the $2,000 charged to have been received by Malone & Lyon, which we deem more worthy of consideration than any other falling under this head, do not explain the circumstances, or shew when it was so received, whether before or after they obtained the decree for the resale of the land.
The bill also prays a settlement of the estate of the testator : to this-a two fold objection exists. Enough *427is disclosed to shew that several other persons not parties to this suit, are interested in the settlement of the estate, and, would be affected by any decree for that purpose. And as a bill of review- can only be sustained against the parties, or privies, to the former suit, the remedy is misconceived.
But, notwithstanding the defects and insufficiencies of this bill, as the complainant was a minor; (and is understood now to be near his maturity;) and as, by the provisions of the decree in favor of Malone & Lyon, he.wasallowed six monts after attaining his maturity to impeach it, it is hereby provided and declared, that this decree shall no.t prejudice his rights in the prosecution of any future bill, within the time heretofore allowed him, or, if that time should sooner expire, within six months from this time. With this quali" fication the judgment is affirmed. < '
Taylor, J. dissented},2 John Ch 488, 2Mad. 408, 410. 1 Harrison 84.
Harrison Ch. 85. 3 Marsh 121
3 Marsh. 121.
1 Harrison 85. 1 Atk. 290.
Harris 85 1.Vern. 117, 2l6; 214.
Mit. 66. 2 Madd. 538.
2 JohnCh. 488.
2 Madd 539. 1 Harr 86
3John Ch. R 124-3 Atk. 26-2Madd.538