The assignments of error, may be embraced in two, as follow :
1st. That-the court rendered judgment, for the plaintiff below, as on demurrer; when there was no demurrer filed.
2d. The court, (if one be intended,) erred, in overruling the demurrer, and, in refusing to charge the jury, as requested ; and, in deciding, that it was necessary, for the defendant below, to place the plaintiff in statu quo, before he could resist the payment of the note.
First. The plaintiff in error, relies on the decision of' this court in the case of Old vs. Sear gent,a in port of his first assignment.
It is true, the court, there held, that a judgment for the plaintiff, as on demurrer to his declaration, when the record showed no demurrer, or other issue, was erroneous. Were we ^disposed to be governed by that decision, this case is slightly different from that, in as much as this decision was in overruling a plea, when the record contained another plea, on which the same defence could have been, and was attempted to be made. This circumstance precludes the idea, that the defendant below was injured, in his defence, by having his second plea overruled. — It also strengthens the presumption, that the plea *434was treated,'by the court, and both parties, as though the demurrer had regularly been filed — waiving the formality of doing so: or, that it was, in fact, filed, and has been misplaced. Had the fact been otherwise, the party aggrieved, had a right, and it may be presumed, would have exercised it, to insert this matter, with the other, in his bill of exceptions.
The rule of practice, by which we have professed to be governed for some years, has been, regardless of the former decisions,- that, where the parties appear to have been present in court, and a regular trial has been had, except that a plea or demurrer is wanting, in the chain of pleading, (the import of which is sufficiently indicated by the record,) we will supply the defect, by intendment. We will presume, unless exception be taken, that the absent link has been misplaced; or, that the insertion of it was waived by the express or implied consent of the parties; and, that the trial was, as though it had been regularly filed. Such was our course, in Castlebery vs. Pierce.a
Secondly. The second assignment depends on the question, whether, from the facts disclosed, either by the special plea, or by the evidence received on the trial, there was, in legal contemplation, a failure of the consideration of the note sued on ? ' Or, was the execution of a good and sufficient title to the land in question, a condition precedent to the plaintiff’s right of action ?
No fraud is imputed to Killough, the plaintiff below, nor is it denied, but that he placed Wade in possession of the land according to the contract, and that he has enjoyed the peaceable possession ever since. It is also conceded, that the three Killoughs, *435at the time of the contract, executed their joint and several bond, to Wade, binding themselves in an adequate penalty, to secure him a good and sufficient title to the premises, on or before a certain day : nor is there any objection, (if that could be material,) as to the ability of the obligors, to respond in damages, for any breach of the contract, on their part. It is not pretended, there has been any rescission of the contract, or offer of it madebut the contrary wish is avowed by the vendee.
But, it is contended,' that, in as much as, by the •terms of the contract, the purchase money was to have been paid, and the good and sufficient title made on the same ,day ; and, the title was not made then, or at any time, before the commencement of this suit; on the contrary, that the obligors in the title' bond, were incapable of making the titles, this action can not be sustained. — That there has been a failure of consideration of the note, by the failure to execute the deed, or offer to do so, which was a condi-' tion precedent.
The learned counsel, however, who were interested in maintaining this position, with all their research, have been unable to produce authority to sustain* them, in applying the principle to a case like this, where a promissory note has - been given for the purchase money, and a separate bond taken, to secure the title — especially where the vendee has 'received, and continued to enjoy the possession and profits of the premises.
If the contract can be viewed in the same light, as if a consolidated agreement had been entered into, i>y which one- was to pay the price, and, on the same day, the other was bound to make the title, the au*436thorities cited by the counsel, would afford plausibility to the defence relied on, below, that performance was a condition precedent to the right of action, by either.
The case of Jones vs. Gardner,a was an agreement for a farm of land,-sold at one thousand eight hundred and twenty dollárs, payable by instalments— The vendee was to have possession, (and, in fact, rer ceived the same,) before the maturity of the first in-stalment. Whenever he should receive a good and sufficient deed, and which was to be made on payment of, the first/ instalment, he was to give a bond and mortgage, to secure the balance of the purchase money. The parties mutually bound themselves to each other, in the 'forfeiture of one thousand dollars, for the fulfilment of the contract. — ' The court held the covenants to be dependent, and that the delivery of the deed, and the payment of the money were concurrent acts, and that a compliance, on the part of the vendor, required, not only the execution of a proper deed from himself; but, that it must also contain a relinquishment of his wife’s dower, according to the solemnities required by law.---That “ the title, meant the legal estate in fee, free and clear of all valid claims, liens and incum-brances, whatever.”
That case, however was materially different from the one under consideration, in this, that, at the time appointed for the payment of the first instalment, and the execution of the title, (and on the latter being done,) the state of the contract was to be -varied, by the execution of the bond and mortgage, for the amount of the purchase money, in lieu of the mutual agreement, to forfeit to each other the sum men*437tioned. But, the court ascribed to’ the stipulation, for a good and sufficient title, all the virtue contended for, on this occasion.
, The distinction contended for between “a good and sufficient title,” and “a good warrantee deed of conveyance,” as well as the doctrine of dependent covenants, is also sustained by the case of Parker vs. Parmele.a There, the plaintiff had covenanted, on receiving from the defendant the consideration130 agreed on, for a lot of land, on a certain day, he would execute to the latter, his heirs and assigns, a good warrantee deed of conveyance of the land. In an action for a breach of the covenant of the defendants, the court .held that the covenants were dependant; that the words “a good warranted deed of conveyance,” referred to the instrument of conveyance only, and not to the title; that- a plea, therefore, that the plaintiff was not siezed, &c., or that he had no titie, was not good, or sufficient, in avoidance of the action. But a plea that the plaintiff did not, at the time agreed, nor at any time since, tender or offer to execute a deed of the kind contracted, was a good bar; for in such case the vendor cannot maintain an action for the purchase money, without having executed, or actually tendered a conveyance. Many other cases might be noticed from the same State tending to the same result; as also the authority of Chancellor Kent in his character of commentator.— But it will be observed that few, if any of them, go to the extent, to treat a contract precisely such as this, supposing it to have been embraced in the same instrument, as one containing dependent covenants. They clearly indicated the intention of the parties that there mutual performance, should be concurrent acts; *438the dependence or independence of covenants is to be collected in all cases from the evident sense and meaning of the parties.
One of the strongest cases cited by the plaintiff in error in his favor, is that of Glazebrook vs. Woodraw.a The plaintiff had covenanted, by articles of agreement under seal, to sell to the defendant a school house, &c. and to convey the same to him on or before the first of August, 1797, thereby transferring, not only his right, title and interest in the ground and building, but to surrender to him the pupils he then had, so far as in him lay, &c. and to deliver up the possession to him in'June 1796; and in consideration thereof, the defendant covenanted to pay the plaintiff £120 on the" said 1st of August, 1797.— The court .(King’s Bench) held that the covenant to convey, and that for the payment of the money, were dependent covenants and that the plaintiff could not maintain an action for the, money; without aver-ing that he had conveyed or tendered a conveyance. The Judges gave their opinions serialum. Kenyon, Ch. J., in the course of his re marks, said, the general rule governing all such contracts is, “ that every man’s agreement is to be.performed according to-his intent, as far as that is to be collected from the particular instrument.” Grose, J. says, “the plaintiff covenanted to convey, on or before the first of August, 1797, though the defendant was to be put in possession before; and the reason why the convey-anee was not to be executed before is obvious, because that was the day on which the money was to be paid. Then, what is the true justice of this case and the evident meaning of the parties? It is plain by this, that the execution of the conveyance and the *439payment of the money should be concurrent' acts'; and even the payment of the interest was to be defer-ed until the first of August., though it was to run. from the first of January preceding.” Again, he says, “the intention of the parties is, or is affirmed to be, the governing principle of all the late determinations.” Lawrence, J., says, “whether one promise be the consideration of another, or whether the performance and not the mere promise be the consideration, must be gathered from, and depends entirely upon, the words and nature of the agreement.” That “whatever the form of the words may be, if we can collect from the face of the instrument that the whole was to be performed by the plaintiff, before the money was to be paid, nothing short of performance of the whole, can enable him'to sustaimhis action for the money.” It will be observed that in the case last referred to, neither the title in fee, nor a general warrantee deed, was agreed to’be made; that the conveyance was to be in the nature of a quit claim to the premises and an assignment of his good will in the school. There was no security given by the vendor for his compliance with the contract.Therefore, the nature of the contract was essentially different from the one under consideration. (See note to the case of Pordage vs. Cole.a)
The case of Cassell vs. Cook,b is, also, much relied upon, by the plaintiff in error. That also was founded upon articles of agreement, by which the plaintiff agreed to sell a tract of land, to the defendant, who was to pay ohe third of the purchase money, on a certain day, on which, also, a good title was to be given to him, free from all incumbrances-and, the remaining two-thirds, by instalments.
*440The defendant went into possession, but the first payment not being completed, on the day agreed on, no conveyance -was made or tendered by the plaintiff. The defendant subsequetly made several payments, on account of the first 'instalment, which was never fully paid. Some time afterwards, the plaintiff tender ed a deed to the defendant, who refused to accept it, on the ground that it was too late. The court held, that, in an action for the purchase money, the defendant could not give in evidence, damages sustained' by him, -in consequence of the. plaintiff’s being unable or unwilling,to give him a title at the day.
The opinion of the Supreme court, delivered by Justice Duncan, (inter alia,) says, “the contract is partly executed, and when a title can be made, it is mainly executed by the vendee, by possession deli-livered, and uninterrupted enjoyment. “ And, if it were altogether executory, the tender of the conveyance and payment of the money, were concomitant acts. There is no priority in the order of time.— The covenants are dependent.- — The one is not obliged to convey, without payment-of .the purchase money : the other is not bound to pay, unless conveyance be made: and, before either could complain of damages, from non-performance by the other, he should put himself in an attitude to demand it.”
In that case, the conveyance was adjudged to have been made in due time and form, except, that there was no sufficient relinquishment of the wife’s claim of dower. The court further remarks — “the action is an action at law, for the recovery of the money due on the contract, by the medium of a penalty; and before the plaintiff could demand‘this money, sue for1 the penalty, (which was one hundred thou*441sand dollars,) or for the money due, in an action of covenant, it behoved him to tender a good and sufficient covenant. It is different from a debt on a bond, which is of itself, at law, a consideration.; and where the obligor must go into equity, for relief, if the consideration has failed, or the contract has not been complied with. The court said, however, that if the vendee means to insist on the proper time, he should, immediately when the time has elapsed, insist on the repayment of his money, and offer to surrender the possesáon; but, very different was the course taken in that case.
It is worthy of notice, in all these cases, that the contracts were by articles of agreement: that the one instrument showed the entire contract — it was alike the evidence of both ; and afforded all the indemnity provided for either. — That in neither of the cases, did the original contract place the vendee in possession of a separate bond, with or without security, for the titles; nor, of a deed, with the covenants of indemnity; nor did they place the vendor in possession of any negotiable or assignable security for the consideration money, or other evidence of it — except the articles, themselves, which also exhibited on their face, his concurrent obligation to perform.
Besides, in the cases referred to, the courts have laid stress on the fact, that the same instrument showed on its face, the dependence of one stipulation on the other, as the inducement or consideration. They have made but slight allusions to contracts of the different nature, such as these; and, so far, and so far as they have, they intimate the difference, in the legal effect, as respects the dependence, or independence of the covenants or liabilities,
*442Several authorities have, also, been cited, on th~ part of the defendant in error, with a view to sustain the decision of the court below. Among others, the ease of Obermyer vs. Nichols.a Nichols brought an action of covenant, charging as a breach, the nonpayment of rent. The ground of action was articles of, an agreement, by which Nichols leased to Obermyer, a grist-mill, dwelling house, &c. for four years in consideration of an annual rent, which Ober-myer covenanted to pay. Nichols, by the same articles, covenanted to build an adJition to the dwel~ hug house, and to make other improvements on the premises, between the 13th March, when the articles were executed, and the July following. The possession was delivered, according to the agreement, in April, of the same year, to Obermyer, who continued to use and occupy the same. The Supreme court held, it was not necessary, the plaintiff should have averred or proved the perforrna~ce of the covenant, to build and improve, on his part. They sustained the charge given to the jury, by the court below-" that the defendant having enjoyed the mill and premises, all the other covenants, on the part of the plainiiff, were minor and subordinate, and not going to the essence of the contract, nor to the whole of the consideration, so as to defeat the rent, in toto "-that, if any of them were not performed, the jury might allow a discount, in proportion to the failure, out of the rent, that would otherwise have been due.
It would appear, from this examination of that case, that the intention of the parties, that the covenants or .stipulations should be mutual and independent, was not so evident as in this.
*443The rules and directions laid down by Chitty, in his treatise on pleading,a by which to determine character of covenants, whether dependent, or pendent, refer mainly to the intention of the parties, indicated by the instrument, as those that must govern the construction. His fifth rule appears most favorable to the positions assumed by the plaintiff in error. It is there said, that “ where two acts are to be done at the same time — as, where A covenants, or agrees to convey an estate, or to deliver goods to B, on a named day, or generally; and, in- consideration thereof, B covenants to pay a sum of money, on the same day, or generally — neither can maintain an action, without shewing performance of, or an offer to perform, or, at least a readiness to perform,, on his part — though it is not certain, which of them was obliged to do the first act: and, this rule particularly applies to contracts of sale.”
But the language of his third rule is this, that “where the plaintiff’s covenant, or stipulation, constituted only a part of the consideration of the defendant’s contract, and the defendant has actually received a partial benefit, and the breach on the part. of the plaintiff can be compensated in damages; an action may be maintained against the defendant, without averring performance on the part of the plaintiff.”
Would not this rule attach sufficient importance to the prior possession, and continued enjoyment of the profits, to create the partial benefit, indicating the independence of the stipulations; especially when it is considered that the vendee has a bond with security for his indemnity, and that he gave his note for the purchase money, which may have passed into *444other hands, long before any objection to the payment could have been suggested. It may also be seen that Chitty’s rules, referred to, are intended to be applied more particularly, if net exclusively, to contracts in the form of articles of agreement, where the one instrument discloses the reciprocal obligations of the parties. This is the form of wutract which the natural course of business has usually appropriated to conditional contracts, or dependent covenants. The form and manner of "consummating this contract has been that which is most usual for the opposite purpose.
In the case of Mason vs. Chambers,a the court' of Kentucky recognised as a sound general rule, “that where the contract is entire, and the performance of one side constitutes the whole consideration of the performance on the other, if one side is to perform a small part first, however small, it is evident that he meant to waive the security of retaining his own performance, and rest upon his action.” They also said “it is better for a court of law to reject a defence, which would only tangle and embarrass, rather than settle the whole controversy, and leave to the Chancellor to redress the plaintiff in error, if he is in danger of getting no title, after he pays his money.”— The facts of that case were different from these, but it is sufficient to say the action was articles of agreement for the sale and purchase of land, containing, as the court held, independent covenants; and was brought by the vendor for the consideration agreed on. In this Case no resort to chancery is supposed necessary, as the bond and security, is presumed to afford adequate remedy at law. The case of Young vs. Triplett,b if we are to regard it as authority, fully *445sustains the positions assumed by the counsel'for the defendant in error. In that case there is no imputation of fraud; but the yendor of land sued for the purchase money before" he had made title, or delivered possession, as contracted. Judge Mills, in deliv-. ering the opinion of the Court, said, “ in cases of ex-ecutory contracts for land, where one party holds the notes for the purchase money, and the other a bond for the conveyance, this court has invariably refused to permit a failure of consideration to be pleaded by the purchaser to the notes for the purchase money f because the purchaser has his counter contract, on which he can make the vendor liable, and the vendor would still remain liable, if the defence was allowed, as well as. before; and therefore his liability was a sufficient consideration. There, the defence was more plausible than here, inasmuch as that vendee had not received the possession or enjoyed any benefit from the contract. But it is insisted in argument, that vre should not regard that decision as a sound exposition of the law. Whether the principles declared were applicable to the peculiar facts of that case or not, we think they may well be applied to the circumstances of this.a
As previously intimated, the defence insisted on, against this note, is peculiar. It does not claim a rescission of the contract. The vendee has received a partial benefit from -the possession and profits of the land, and there has been no attempt to place the vendor in statu quo; not even an offer to return the premises.
Could this defence prevail, the defendant in error would stand in an awkward dilemma. He will have sold a valuable tract of land, supposed to be worth *446$1875, been out of possession for four or five years, given bond and security for the title, taken a note for the purchase money, has sued on the note and failed of a recovery, in a trial on the merits. At the same time his title bond is out, there is no imputation of fraud or insufficiency of his security, nor any legal means of regaining the possession and use of his property. Such a defence is disallowed by the princi-pies of decision in all the cases referred to; and several previous decisions of this court.a
it is considered unnecessary to examine separately, the objections as to the failure of the consideration of the note. It was urged only as a consequence of the non-performance of the alleged condition precedent — there was no averment in the plea, or evidence offered on the trial, of loss or injury, constituting a partial failure of consideration, from the delay in making titles. Under our opinion, as expressed, that the stipulations are mutual and independent; this objection falls of course.
I have also declined taking any special notice of the tender of the deed, after the suit was brought, or the alleged incapacity of one of the proprietors of the land, and his wife, to convey or relinguish their interest in due time, or of the legality of their transfers since. The offer of title is not now insisted on in support of the right to récover, and is not conceived to affect the merits of the controversy.
From a view of all the facts, the court are unanimous in affirming the judgment.
1 Stew'rt. 37.
Vide vol 2 Stew & Porter.
10John. R 276
20 John. 130
8D.&Eas 365
1Saun. R. 320
8Searg.& Rawle 26S
6 Bin. 159
1 Ch. Pl. 313, 14.
4 Lit. 253
5 Ib.247
C.onCon. 278; 2Kent Com370 '3
1 Stewart 490—2 449-3 S't &Porter92