The railroad company was sued as a common carrier for damage done to a lot of dry goods in transit from New York to Hot Springs. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company had signed a “through” bill of lading between the two points, guaranteeing a certain rate of freight pier hundred weight for the entire distance. ¡There was no stipulation for exemption from liability for losses beyond its own route, but the Baltimore and Ohio road expressly reserved the right to forward the goods by any rail-i’oad line between the points of shipment and destination. The goods were sent to St. Louis, and were there delivered to the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Company, which carried them to Malvern and turned them over to the defendant to be transported to Hot Springs. When the packages were opened by the consignees, it was discovered that the goods had been injured by wetting.
The jury returned a general verdict for the plaintiffs, but in response to interrogatories propounded to them, accompanied it with the following special findings:
“ 1. Do you find from the evidence that the Hot Springs Railroad Company -was jointly associated with the other carriers in the carriage of said goods ? ”
Answer: “We do.”
“2. Do you find that the goods were injured while they were in the possession of the defendant; or do you believe they were injured before they were delivered to the defendant? ”
Answer: “We do believe said goods were injured before reaching Malvern, Arkansas."
The jury thus substantially found that the injury did not occur on the defendant’s road. And as that finding is abundantly supported by the evidence, we are not at liberty to uphold the judgment rendered upon the general verdict upon the theory that the jury might have presumed that the goods remained uninjured until they came to the hands of the last carrier, and that the loss occurred through its fault. Such a presumption could be indulged only in the absence of all evidence to the contrary. Laughlin v. C. & N. Y. Ry. Co., 28 Wis., 204; Smith v. N. Y. C. R. Co., 43 Barb., 225.
The liability of the defendant, if it is liable at all, must, therefore, depend upon the relation it sustained to the other carriers in regard to the transportation of the goods.
All the evidence upon that point was the bill of lading, to which the defendant was not a party, and which did not mention even its name, specifications of the rate of charges on first-class freight from New York to Hot Springs indorsed on the bill of lading, and the testimony of defendant’s superintendent as follows:
“ The charge of each railroad company was separate and distinct from the charge of the other companies. The waybill contains, in one column, the charges that were paid by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company, which is the freight on the goods from New York to St. Louis; in another column it contains the freight charged by tlfh St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company from St. Louis to Malvern, and in another and separate column, the freights to be charged by defendant for carrying the goods from Malvern to Hot Springs. The defendant collected all the freight due on the goods from New York to Hot Springs; and paid to the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company the freight due it, and the charges it had paid for freight due to St. Louis, and reserved for itself the freight for carrying the goods from Malvern to Hot Springs. The defendant had informed the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company of its rate for freight upon its line, and the St. Louis,Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company made out the freight from Malvern to Hot Springs from the rate as furnished it. Neither company had any connection with, or interest in, the freights due to the other. They did not divide the earnings over their respective lines or share the expense, but the charges of each company were distinct and independent, both as to the earnings and expense on its line.”
The court gave the following instruction at the instance of the plaintiff, and against the objection of the defendant:
Several Carriers: Joint liability.“ The court instructs the jury that when severa] distinct corporations associate together and form a continuous line of common carriers, each being empowered to contract for freight for the whole line and to receive pay for the same, which is to be divided in prescribed proportions, all such carriers, so associated, are jointly liable for losses or injuries upon any part of the line; and if they believe that the Hot Springs Railroad was so associated with other common carriers, either from St. Louis, Missouri, or New York, that it is liable for the said losses or injuries whether upon its line or that of any carrier with whom said Hot Springs Railroad is associated.”
The defendant asked the following instruction, but the court refused it:
1. “If the jury believe from the weight of the evidence that the plaintiff’s goods wereinjured before they came into the possession of the defendant, they will find for the defendant * * unless they further find that the defendant and the other railroad companies engaged in the transpor" tatiou of said goods are jointly liable to plaintiffs for such injury; and in order to render said companies jointly liable the jury must find from the evidence that they were jointly interested.”
In Darling v. B. & W. R. Co., 93 Mass., 295, a similar question came before the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. It was there said: “Payment of freight in advance is generally inconvenient, and as the goods are generally presumed to be of sufficient value to pay the freight, an arrangement is sometimes made by which each carrier, subsequent to the first, pays what is due when the goods are delivered to him, and the last carrier collects the whole bill from the consignee. Such an arrangement creates no partnership or joint liability. If a further arrangement is made between the carriers that the freight bills shall not be paid on the receipt of each parcel of goods, but an- account shall be kept on each line on a particular route, and periodically settled, this will not create a partnership or joint liability, for each line charges separately for its own freight. If it is further arranged that each line shall charge only a stipulated rate of freight, so that any customer can be informed beforehand what the amount of freight will be to a given place of destination, this does not create a partnership or joint liability.
“Arrangements of this character are convenient to the public because they enable carriers to transport goods at low rates. They are inconvenient in some respects. They render it difficult to obtain compensation for injuries to goods, because it is difficult for the owner to prove where the injury was done, and, if he can prove it, he may be obliged to carry on a litigation in a distant State. But if the law is adhered to and contracts are enforced according to their legal interpretation, business will regulate itself, and methods will be discovered to avoid inconveniences.”
See, also, Converse v. N. & N. Y. Transportation Co., 33 Ct., 166, upon the point that an association among carriers for the transportation of freights and a division of the receipts in prescribed proportions, does not constitute a partnership, nor render the carriers jointly liable.
The general verdict and the first special finding of facts are unsupported by testimony. And the instruction for the plaintiff copied above was inapplicable to the state of facts in proof. The court likewise erred in refusing the defendant's prayer for the above mentioned direction.
The remedy of the plaintiff was either against the company upon whose line the damage occurred, or against the company which signed the bill of lading.
Reversed for a new trial.