The premises involved in this ejectment comprise three parcels of land: Lot 1 in S. W. 1-4, Sec. 30; Lot 1 in N. W. 1-4, Sec. 31; and N. 1-2 Lot 2 in N. W. 1-4, Sec. 31, all in Township 11 North, Range 2 West.
The complaint alleged that on September 20, 1873, one Bray was indebted to one Stayton. That the debt remaining unpaid, Bray, on March 27, 1875, executed to Stayton a note for $271. That Stayton afterwards assigned the note to Hoffman, who brought suit on it and, on September 11, 1878, recovered judgment, in the Jackson circuit court, for $364. That on September 6, 1881, a scire facias was issued to revive the judgment, and it was revived as of that day. That on September 2, 1881, an execution was issued on the judgment, and the land sold under it, on October 4,1881, to plaintiff, Hoffman. That on October 25, 1882, the sheriff executed a deed to the plaintiff for the land. That the defendant withheld the land wrongfully, and that the plaintiff was entitled to $250 as damages for the wrongful detention. The prayer was for the possession and for $250 damages.
■ A copy of the sheriff’s deed was exhibited with the complaint.
. The defendant, Cohn, filed an answer in seven paragraphs, setting up: 1. That on March 28, 1877, Bray was indebted to one Thompson in the sum of $300, as evidenced by his note of that date, and to secure the payment of said note, he, on that day, executed a mortgage on the second tract above described, which was duly recorded. That this note and mortgage were afterwards, for a valuable consideration, assigned to Cohn. 2. That on June 1, 1877, Bray was indebted to Wishon Brothers on a note for $305.66, and to secure its payment conveyed the third tract above described, to one N. B. Wishon, by trust deed of that date. That said note and trust deed were after-wards assigned to Cohn. 3. That in 1880 the probate court of Jackson county rendered judgment against Bray, as the administrator of one Jenkins, for $798.70, and that this judgment had been assigned to Cohn. 4. That on December 20, 1878, Bray owed Cohn $600, for which he executed his note, and to secure the note executed a trust deed to one Mark Cohn, conveying the second of said tracts. 5. That on December 1, 1880, Bray owed Cohn $300 more, and to secure its payment executed to said Mark Cohn another trust deed on the south half of the tract first described. 6. That all of said debts were due before April 1, 1881. That on that day Bray was indebted to Cohn in a still further sum. That in payment of this last named sum and of the trust deed, Bray conveyed to Cohn his equity of redemption. 7. The answer, also denied that the judgment, under which plaintiff claimed, was a lien on the lands; alleged that the second and third tracts, containing 154 19-100 acres, were held by Bray as a homestead. Denied that the debt was contracted prior to 1875, and denied that the lands had been lawfully sold. The answer also contained a general denial of the plaintiff’s title and right to recover.
Cohn’s title papers were properly exhibited with the answer, except the release of the equity of redemption set up in paragraph 6.
The plaintiff demurred to the first six paragraphs. The demurrer was sustained. The defendant excepted and rested upon his defenses as stated. Upon the remaining issue a trial was had before the court without a jury, and judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff.
The testimony, showed that the debt to Stayton was contracted in the year 1873, and the court so found. It declared the law to be: That the rights of Hoffman were to be determined by the law as it existed when his debt was contracted, and that his judgment was a lien prior to that of Cohn, upon all the lands in controversy. The defendant filed a motion for new trial, saving all the points. The motion being overruled, the defendant excepted, tpok a bill of exceptions, which was filed as part of the record, and appealed.
1. Parties: Waiving excep-
By going to trial on the issue joined upon the seventh paragraph, the defendant did not waive the exceptions he had previously reserved. Collins v. Karatopsky, 36 Ark., 317.
2. Mortgage: Ejectment by vendee of mortgagor.
The circuit court erred in adjudging the first and second pleas to be insufficient to bar the action. The conveyances set up in these pleas were of record before the plaintiff obtained his judgment. The defendant- was a senior mortgagee in possession after condition broken and could not be evicted by a subsequent purchaser. The pleas constituted a perfect legal defense, and the plaintiff’s only remedy was to file a bill in equity to redeem the mortgages; the only interest that he acquired in the mortgaged premises by his purchase under execution being Bray’s equity of redemption.
The judgment below evidently proceeded upon the theory 1-11 that, as Cohn's sixth plea alleged he had afterwards purchased the equity of redemption, such purchase merged the mortgage so as to let in the judgment lien upon the estate of the mortgagee. But the sufficiency of pleas must be tested by what they contain, not by reference to other pleas. But even if the J A pleas had shown a release by Bray of his interest, subsequent to the rendition of the judgment, we are not prepared to admit the legal consequences deduced by the court. It would be a harsh rule which should punish the mortgagee by the loss of his prior lien without any fault in him, and without any merit in the intervening incumbrancer. The plaintiff’s counsel has cited no case that goes so far, and we are aware of none. If there is any merger in such cases the equitable title is drowned in. the legal title conveyed by the mortgage; the mortgagee’s title dates from its inception, and the effect is to extinguish the equity of redemption. Dexter v. Harris, 2 Mason, 531, per Story, J.; Mulford v. Peterson, 35 N. J. Law, 127; Stanton v. Thompson, 49 N. H., 272; Hunt v. Hunt, 14 Pick., 374.
3. pleas:— Each, stands alone,
4. Mortgage: terveninghen"’
The third plea deserves no consideration.
There was no error in sustaining the demurrer to the fifth plea. The first mentioned tract of land was not a part of the homestead, according to the averments of the answer, and there can be no doubt it was bound by the judgment.
The fourth and sixth pleas are manifestly bad, provided Hoffman’s judgment was a lien on Bray’s homestead. The conveyances therein relied on were subsequent to the judgment.
5. Homeempt?ons fn C onstitution of l8?4.
The testimony leaves no doubt that the debt was contracted while the Constitution of 1868 was in force. It is of no consequence that the debtor, alter the adoption of the present Constitution, made his note in settlement of the pre-existing debt. The debt remained one and the same, although the evidence of its existence was contained, at one time, in an account, later in a note, and lastly in a judgment. Nowland v. Lanagin, 45 Ark.
Stayton, then, or any successor to his rights, might look to the homestead for the ultimate satisfaction of the debt.. P'or the Constitution of 1868 protected only the occupancy of the debtor. The judgment lien attached to the homestead as well as to all of his other lands in that county. The judgment creditor could not sell the homestead as long as Bray resided upon and claimed it in the manner designated by law. But the land could not be alienated to his prejudice. The purchaser would take subject to the incumbrance. If Bray abandoned his residence upon .it, it became immediately subject to seizure and sale. And if he died, it was assets for the payment of his debts, subject to certain homestead rights in his widow and minor children, which rights were limited in point of time. So that if the creditor used due diligence in reducing his claim to judgment before Bray had parted with his interest, and in keeping the judgment lien alive, the land must eventually and inevitably be subjected to the payment of the debt. Norris v. Kidd, 28 Ark., 485; Chambers v. Sallie, 29 Id., 407; Jackson v. Allen, 30 Id., 111.
But Sec. j, of Art. IX, Constitution of 1874, ordained that: “ The homestead of any resident of this State, who is married or the head of a family, shall not be subject to the lien of any judgment, or decree of any court, or to sale undei execution or other process thereon.”
And it is argued that this provision prevented the judgment, given in 1878, from becoming a charge upon Bray’s homestead. Now, exemption laws do not affect antecedent contracts. This has been s.o frequently decided that it is an axiom in American jurisprudence. Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 How., 311; Gunn v. Barry, 13 Wall., 610; Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U. S., 595.
The legislature of a state may, indeed, prescribe the remedies to be pursued by creditors in the vindication of their rights. But “ statutes pertaining to the remedy are merely such as relate to the course and form of proceedings, but do not affect the substance of a judgment when pronounced.” Morton v. Valentine, 15 La. Ann., 150.
The legislature cannot, under the guise of regulating the remedy, take away or impair the right. The two are so closely interwoven as to be often inseparable. Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1.
Now the Constitution of 1874 withdraws the homestead from involuntary sales, and places it beyond the reach of ordinary creditors as completely as if it were situated in another planet. It enumerates the various methods by which judgment creditors may get at the land, and then excludes them all. They have no lien upon it. They cannot seize it nor sell it, The' debtor may sell, exchange, or give it away, and his creditor has no cause of complaint. Stanley v. Snyder, 43 Ark., 434.
If the constitutional provision has any application to antecedent debts, it does very materially impair the obligation of Bray’s contract with Stayton. The contract falls into the class of those imperfect obligations which depend for their fulfilment upon the will and conscience of those upon whom they rest. Stayton or his assignee may get a barren judgment for the debt, but there is no means of enforcing it. The judgment is no lien on the homestead, therefore Bray may alienate it without injury to him and without the possibility of his following it into the hands of the purchaser.
But in our opinion the constitutional convention of 1874 never intended such a result. For the instrument which they framed expressly declares that: “ The exemptions contained in the Constitution of 1868 shall apply to all debts contracted since the adoption thereof and before the adoption of this Constitution.” Art. IX., Sec. 9.
This debt was contracted within the time specified. Consequently the Constitution of 1868 governs, not only as to the right of the plaintiff, but also in regard to such remedies as are necessary to make that right effectual.
This view is confirmed by Section I, Schedule to the Constitution of 1874, that: “All laws exempting property from sale on execution or by decree of a court, which were in force at the time of the Constitution of 1868, shall remain in force with regard to contracts made befóte that time.”
Thus exemptions of the homestead from forced sales under judgments obtained upon contracts prior to the adoption of the Constitution of 1868 are governed by the Act of 1852. Lindsay v. Merrill, 36 Ark., 545.
To the north half of the other tract, the defendant has exhibited no title at all; and to the south half thereof, only such a title as is clearly inferior to the plaintiff’s. We should not hesitate to affirm the judgment for this last tract, leaving the action to proceed for the remainder, but for two errors into which the court below fell. The judgment was for twice as much damages as the complaint demanded. Hudspeth v. Gray, 3 Ark., 157. And the plaintiff’s deed, which was the foundation of the action and the evidence of the plaintiff’s title, was received without proof of execution. If it had been recorded it would have, proved itself; but it had never been recorded. Wilson v. Spring, 38 Ark., 181; Watson v. Billings, Ib., 278; Dorr v. School District, 40 Ark., 238.
Reversed, and remanded with directions to overrule the demurrer to the first and second defenses, and to give the plaintiff leave to discontinue his action as to the two tracts of land therein mentioned, if he shall be so advised, and to proceed to a new trial in conformity with this opinion.