1. Coa elusiveness of order of removal from federal
(after stating the facts). It is first contended that this case had been properly removed to the United States circuit court, that said court erred in remanding it, that therefore the circuit court of Jefferson county had no jurisdiction of the case, and that its decree is void. We need not stop to consider this point, for we are of the opinion that, under the act of congress of March 3, 1887, which controls this question, the order of the United States circuit court in remanding the case was an order from which no appeal or writ of error will lie, and that the jurisdiction of the State court cannot now be questioned. In re Pennsylvania Co., 137 U. S. 451.
% When conveyances fraudulent as to subsequent creditors.
It is next contended that the evidence does not show that, at the time the conveyances in question were executed, Neel contemplated contracting the debts to plaintiffs, and that, even if the court should find that said conveyances were voluntary, they would not be fraudulent as to plaintiffs, for they are all, except Jones, subsequent creditors. The chancellor found that the conveyances in question were made without consideration, and, after considering the evidence, we have arrived at the same conclusion. On the question of what circumstances are sufficient to give a subsequent creditor the right to have a prior voluntary conveyance by his debtor declared void, there is much difference of opinion between the courts of the several States. Our own decisions are not entirely harmonious on this question. In the case of Toney v. McGehee, 38 Ark. 427, it was said by Justice Harrison, who delivered the opinion, that “a voluntary conveyance may be impeached by a subsequent creditor, on the ground that it was made in fraud of existing creditors ; but to do so he must show either that actual fraud was intended, or that there were debts still outstanding which the grantor owed at the time he made it.” Afterwards, in Cunningham v. Williams, 42 Ark. 173, it was held, Mr. Justice Smith delivering the opinion of the court, that a subsequent creditor, to impeach a conveyance made by his debtor before the creation of his debt, must show that such conveyance was “made with an intent to put the property out of the reach of debts which he intended thereafter to contract, and which he did not intend to pay, or had reasonable grounds to believe he would not be able to pay.” This case seems to conflict with the case of Toney v. McGehee, supra, but no reference is made to that case by the court in its opinion.
The same question came again before the court in the case of Driggs & Co.'s Bank v. Norwood, 50 Ark. 47, and the opinion of the court was again delivered by Judge Smith. In this case the conflict between the decisions in the two cases above mentioned was noticed, and Judge Smith, after stating the rule that, to avoid a prior voluntary conveyance on the part of his debtor, the subsequent creditor must show actual or intentional fraud, puts this question: “But is it necessary in every such attack to show a specific intent to defraud future-creditors? Or may the transfer be avoided at the suit, of a subsequent creditor, on proof that it was a fraud upon the rights of previous creditors?” He then states, the ruling of the court in both Toney v. McGehee and Cunningham v. Williams, and, without determining the-question propounded, he proceeds to dispose of the case-before him by saying that under either rule the transfer-in question was fraudulent. In the still later case of Rudy v. Austin, 56 Ark. 81, it was said by Mr. Justice-Battle that, as “against subsequent creditors, a voluntary conveyance executed by a grantor in debt at the time is. not void unless actually fraudulent. To make it fraudulent proof of actual or intentional fraud is required.”' The same rule was announced by the court in the case-of Crampton v. Schaap, 56 Ark. 256. In neither of' these two last mentioned cases does the court determine the question asked by J'udge Smith in Driggs & Co.'s Bank v. Norwood, to-wit: ’ “Is it necessary for the subsequent creditor to show an intent to defraud future-creditors, on the part of the debtor making the conveyance, or is it sufficient to show that there was an actual intent to defraud existing creditors?” In this connection counsel for appellees have called attention to our statute in reference to fraudulent conveyances. The-section referred to (3274 of Mansfield’s Digest) is as follows: “Every conveyance or assignment, in writing or otherwise, of any estate or interest in lands, or in goods, and chattels, or things in action, * * * * made or contrived with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors or other persons of their lawful actions, damages, forfeitures, debts or demands, as against creditors, and purchasers prior and subsequent, shall be void.”
In the statute of 13th Elizabeth, and in the statutes-of most of the States on the same subject, subsequent, creditors are not expressly referred to. But it will be noticed that our statute expressly includes them within its provisions by saying that all such conveyances, “as against creditors and purchasers prior and subsequent, shall be void.”
The rule that, in order for a subsequent creditor to impeach a voluntary conveyance by a debtor prior to the creation of his debt, he must show an actual intent to defraud has been repeated and followed so often by this court that it has become to a certain extent a rule of property which should not be overturned. But, considering these decisions in connection with the statute, we hold that a voluntary conveyance made with an actual intent to cheat, hinder or defraud either existing or subsequent creditors is void as to creditors both prior and subsequent.
A conclusion quite as favorable to subsequent creditors, if not more só than this, has been reached by many of the courts, even when the statute does not expressly include the subsequent creditor within its terms.
In Day v. Cooley, 118 Mass. 527, Morton, J., delivering the opinion of the court, said : “It is well settled that if a debtor makes a conveyance with the purpose of defrauding either existing or future creditors, it may be impeached by either class of creditors.” Citing Parkman v. Welch, 19 Pick. 231; Thacher v. Phinney, 7 Allen, 146; Winchester v. Charter, 12 Allen, 606; Wadsworth v. Williams, 100 Mass. 126. In the old case of Reade v. Livingston, 3 Johns. Ch. 481, Chancellor Kent, following the rule as laid down by the English courts, came to a conclusion on this question very similar to that now followed by the courts of Massachusetts, and Mr. Bigelow, in his work on Fraud, after making an historical examination of the cases upon this question, concludes that the weight of authority in this country is on the side of the English rule substantially as expressed by Chancellor Kent. 2 Bigelow on Fraud, 105; Belford v. Crane, 16 N. J. Eq. 265; S. C. 84 Am. Dec. 156 and note; Bassett v. McKenna, 52 Conn. 437; Wyman v. Brown, 50 Me. 139; Lowry v. Fisher, 2 Bush, 70; S. C. 92 Am. Dec. 475; King v. Wilcox, 11 Paige, Ch. 589; Dewey v. Moyer, 72 N. Y. 70; McLane v. Johnson, 43 Vt. 48; Claflin v. Mess, 30 N. J. Eq. 211; Kirksey v. Snedecor, 60 Ala. 198; Lawson v. Alabama Warehouse Co. 73 Ala. 293; Williams v. Avery, 38 Ala. 118; Hutchison v. Kelly, 1 Rob. (Va.) 130; 1 Am. L.Cas. 44; Hagerman v. Buchanan, 45 N. J. Eq. 292. The cases on this question, which are numerous and conflicting, are collated in a note to the above case of Hagerman v. Buchanan, in 14 Am. St. Rep. 732. We do not undertake to decide what rule the weight of authority on this question supports, for the- peculiar language of our own statute controls us.
The case of Cunningham v. Williams, 42 Ark. supra, holding that the subsequent creditor must show that the debtor made the conveyance with the intent to put the property out of reach of debts which he intended thereafter to contract, seems at variance with our ■conclusion in this case, but there is nothing in the report ■of that case to show that the debtor whose conveyance was attacked owed any debts at the time he made the, conveyance in question. If he made the conveyance while free from debt, then the rule announced by Judge Smith would be correct as applied to the facts of that ■case, for where one owing no one makes a voluntary conveyance of his property, then the subsequent creditor, in order to set it aside, must show that the conveyance was made in contemplation of future debts, and with a ■view to put his property beyond the reach of future ■creditors, for there would be no possibility of showing an intent to defraud an existing creditor if none existed. The rule was rather too broadly stated in that case, and seems to conflict with our own statute.
This section of our statute, while different from that of most of the States on the same subject, is very similar to a section in the statute of Missouri. In a recent case-before the Supreme Court of that State, Mr. Justice-Sherwood, who delivered the opinion of the court, after-quoting the statute, said: “It will be observed that the statute makes no distinction between the two classes of creditors, and that it is unlike 13 Elizabeth, chapter 5, in that it specifically mentions subsequent creditors,, something which the English statute does not do.” Under our statute, he adds, “subsequent creditors are as-much within its protection as prior creditors.” Snyder v. Free, 114 Mo. 367.
While it is now settled by the repeated decisions of this court that actual fraud must be shown to avoid a. voluntary conveyance in favor of a subsequent creditor, yet by this is meant only that, as to the subsequent credit- or, an intention to defraud must be proved, while, as to-the existing' creditor under the same circumstances, it. may be presumed, even though the transaction be entirely honest. Thus in Belford v. Crane, 84 Am. Dec. 156, in a case where a husband, engaged in business and involved in debt, made a voluntary settlement on his wife, it was-said that, as against existing creditors, “it was fraudulent, no matter how pure the motive which induced it and in same opinion it was said “that as to subsequent, creditors there is no such necessary legal presumption,, and there must be proof of fraud in fact.” This intention to defraud may be shown by the circumstances surrounding the transaction, as any other fact may be proved.. Direct proof of fraud is seldom forthcoming, and not required. The court will take into consideration the condition and relation of the parties to such conveyances, whether the debtor was, at the time of such conveyance, solvent or in an embarrassed and failing financial condition, the amount of the property transferred as compared with the remainder of his estate, and other circumstances in proof, in order to arrive at the intention of the debtor in making the conveyance. The court will also consider the length of time elapsing between the date of the conveyance and the creation of the debt to the subsequent creditor, for, while it is true that a voluntary conveyance made with an intention to defraud creditors is void as to creditors both prior and subsequent, yet it does not follow that such a transfer may be set aside by any subsequent creditor, however remote the creation of his debt may be from the execution of the conveyance. Even the existing creditor may be refused relief if he delay too long before bringing suit, for, as was said by Chancellor Rose in the case of Cunningham v. Brumback, 23 Ark. 338, the law wisely holds that “it is better that ancient wrongs should go unredressed than that ancient strife should be renewed.” So the courts will properly refuse to interfere with such conveyances in behalf of subsequent creditors when they are not merely colorable, and have been long acquiesced in; or when the length of time elapsing between the conveyance and the creation of the debt, taken in connection with other circumstances in proof, is sufficient to raise a belief that the plaintiff was not injured or defrauded by the conveyance. Each case must depend upon its own surrounding circumstances.
3. Case stated.
Rooking at the circumstances surrounding the conveyances complained of in this case, we find that Neel, while heavily in debt and in embarrassed financial condition, owing over three hundred thousand dollars, with assets not greatly exceeding that amount, made voluntary conveyances to his nephew and his sister of land embracing a valuable portion of his estate. Deducting the property thus conveyed, he was left practically insolvent. After the conveyances were made, he still used the property as his own, placing expensive and valuable improvements upon it. At the time these conveyances were made he was engaged in large business enterprises, running a bank, building and operating a railroad, buying and selling and cultivating many farms and doing this immense business mostly on a credit basis, compelled each year to borrow large sums of money. He continued in this business with debts steadily increasing down to the time of his failure, which occurred in November, 1886, less than two years after these conveyances were made. While it may be possible that Neel’s intentions were honest, yet the evidence points the other way, and with these circumstances in proof we think the chancellor was right in finding that there was an intention to defraud, and that the conveyances were void as to both prior and subsequent creditors.
There were other points raised, but we find it unnecessary to discuss them.
Bunn, C. J., did not participate in the decision of this cause.