Charles William Edwards, being the owner of 200 shares of the capital stock of the “ Journal Printing Companj^,” a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware, represented by the certificates of said company numbered 11, 12 and 13, respectively, and being indebted to the complainant in a large sum of money, to-wit: $16,000; did on the 4th day of September, A. D. 1894, execute an assignment of the said 200 shares of the said capital stock unto the said complainant as security for said indebtedness, with a power of attorney in blank to sell, assign, transfer and set over all or any part of said stock, and to make and execute all necessary acts of assignment and transfer thereof; and did deliver said certificates of stock into the possession of the complainant, who now holds them.
The said Charles William Edwards was the president of the said the “ Journal Printing Company,” and was at once duly notified of said assignment and power of attorney, and of the delivery of said certificates to the complainant.
At the time of the assignment and delivery of the said certificates of stock as aforesaid, the said complainant and the said Edwards entered into an agreement which, after reciting an objection made by the said Edwards, that the securities which represented the original indebtedness, were tainted with usury, and that the same was afterwards by mutual agreement removed by deducting from the original indebtedness the sum alleged to be usurious, and by the execution and delivery of a bond and warrant of attorney by the said Edwards to the complainant, bearing date September the 4th, 1894, for the real debt of $15,400, the *294amount acknowledged to be the true debt; and also, after reciting that the 200 shares of the said stock had been assigned as collateral security for the payment of the said bond, as well a certain life insurance policy, issued by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, on the life of the said Edwards, for the sum of $10,000; provided, that the said complainant would not interfere in any manner with the said Edwards in the control of the said company, or enter said bond so long as the conditions thereof were complied with by the said Edwards, and that the said securities were to be retransferred and delivered up to the said Edwards immediately upon his payment of the said debt, and also that upon the payment of $1,000 of said whole debt, ten of the said 200 shares of stock should be retransferred to the said Edwards; and provided, also, that upon a failure for thirty days by the said Edwards to comply with any of the conditions named in said bond, or to keep said life insurance policy fully paid up, according to the conditions thereof, the said bond should thereupon become immediately due and payable, and the assignment of said shares of stock and of the said life insurance policy should become absolute; and still further provided, that upon failure as aforesaid, the complainant might sell the said shares of stock, and if there should be any balance over and above the sum due on the bond, from the proceeds of the sale, should account for the same with the said Edwards.
In the month of December, 1894, a fieri facias, with a clause of attachment annexed, being No. 27, as of the February Term of the Superior Court, in and for New Castle County, A. D. 1895, was issued upon a *295judgment recovered by Theodore Stewart, one of the defendants in this cause, against the said Edwards, the said judgment being No. 51, as of the November Term of said court, A. D. 1894, and the said 200 shares of stock were .attached; whereupon the said Charles William Edwards, as president of the said “ Journal Printing Company,” left with the sheriff of New Castle County the following certificate:
“ This is to certify that there are 200 shares of stock represented by certificates Eos. 11, 12 and 13 standing apon the books of this company in the name of Charles William Edwards, but notice of the assignment of said shares by the said Charles William Edwards was received by this company on or before the fourth day of September, A. D. 1894, although no transfer thereof has as yet been made on the books of the company.
(Signed.) “ Journal Printing Company,
“ By Charles William Edwarbs,
“ President.”
At the February Term, A. D. 1895, of the said Superior Court, an order was obtained for the sale of said stock, and in pursuance of which the said sheriff advertised said stock for sale, to be sold on the 17th day of March, 1895, at 2 o’clock, p. m.
After the issuance of the said fieri facias, with the clause of attachment, and after the making of the certificate aforesaid by the president of the “ Journal Printing Company,” and before the day fixed for the sale, the said Charles William Edwards defaulted in the payment of the premium due on the said life insurance pol*296icy, thus violating the condition of the said agreement entered into by him with the complainant as aforesaid.
Neither the charter nor the by-laws of the said the “ Journal Printing Company ” contains any provision requiring the assignment of its stock to be made upon its books. In the said bill, the complainant prayed as follows:
First. That the complainant may be declared, adjudged and decreed to be the real and sole owner of the said shares of stock.
Second. That the said defendants may be perpetually enjoined from selling under the said order of the said Superior Court, the said shares of stock, or any portion thereof, or any interest therein, and also that a preliminary injunction may issue.
Third. That the complainant may be permitted and directed to sell said shares of stock in accordance with said agreement.
The only question that I shall consider in disposing of this rule is the one involving the effect of the transfer of the shares of stock by Edwards to the complainant (independently of the agreement contemporaneous therewith), upon the rights of Stewart, the attaching creditor, one of the defendants in this cause. Or, in other words, did the ,simple assignment and delivery by Edwards to the complainant of the certificates of the 200 shares of stock vest in him a title superior to any' rights which the attaching creditor, Stewart, gained by his process, or was it necessary that the assignment of the shares should have been made upon the books of the “ Journal Printing Company.”
In the statement of facts in the bill, and not denied *297by the defendants, it is alleged that nothing is contained either in the charter or the by-laws of this corporation requiring that the transfer of shares of stock be made upon its books. Despite this fact, however, it .is urged by the solicitor for the defendants that the provision of section 18, chapter 147, volume 17, Laws of Delaware, entitled “An act concerning private corporations ” (Rev. Code, 576), makes such an assignment necessary to vest title in a transferee. The provision referred to is as follows:
“ The shares of stock in every corporation in this State shall be deemed personal property, and shall be transferable on the books of the corporation in such manner as the by-laws may provide, and whenever any transfer of shares shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, the same shall be so expressed in the entry of such transfer.”
This contention of the solicitor for the defendants might be met with the reply that the very provision which states that the shares of stock shall be transferable upon the books of the corporation, also expressly stipulates in the continuation of the very same sentence, that this transfer shall be made “ in such manner as is provided for in the by-laws of the corporation;” and that inasmuch as no manner of assignment whatever is provided for in the by-laws of the “ Journal Printing Company,” this provision of the general statute is inapplicable.
Assuming, however, that the by-laws of the “ Journal Printing Company ” did contain a provision defining a mode of transferring its shares of stock upon its books, yet I do not think that that mode of transferring the *298shares would, be exclusive of all other modes, unless the charter or some general law negatived any other mode of transfer.
In the absence of any statutory provision, or of a bylaw upon the subject, shares of stock in a corporation are Transferable as any chose in action; and like them, the transfers of stock may be either legal or equitable. It is true that an equitable transfer cannot be enforced at law in the name of the transferree, but it can be so enforced in a court of equity. For example, a bond assignable by its very terms, the assignment of which by our act of Assembly requires the ceremony of a seal and one witness to authorize the assignee to maintain a suit in his own name, may nevertheless be transferred without the formality of a seal or witness so as to exempt it from attachment process, in the hands of a bona fide purchaser or transferee.
I can see no reason for giving a provision in any statute like the one referred to, such a strict construction as that contended for. If such were the established rule of construction, the facilities for the negotiation of loans and other commercial transactions upon the basis of shares of stock in corporations would be very seriously impaired. The spirit of the whole statute negatives any such narrow construction. Provisions similar to the one quoted, when found either in the charter itself, or in the by-laws, or in some general statute, have been held by the most learned text-book writers and the most eminent judges as applicable only to the relation existing between the corporation and its stockholders — to the questions, who shall vote, to whom dividends shall be paid, and to enable the corporation to protect any *299lien it may have upon the stock as between itself and a stockholder indebted to it. It is certainly difficult to conceive how any other construction can be given to such a provision. Surely, not on the ground of public policy. The requirement that transfers of stock shall be made upon the books of the corporation can by no possibility be of benefit to any other person than a stockholder of the corporation itself, for the simple reason that such transfers are as secret and as private in their nature, so far as the public is concerned, as would be the private delivery of a stock certificate from the pocket of one individual to that of another. The books of a corporation are private. They are not public records open to the inspection either of the public or a creditor of one of the stockholders, and the strictest requirement that transfers of stock be made upon the books could give no notice to any individual outside of the stockholders themselves. Therefore, the contention that the transfers of shares of stock should be made upon the books of the corporation upon the ground that such transfers give to the act greater publicity, and thereby prevent members of the corporation from obtaining false credit, utterly falls to the ground. If further argument were needed to prove the untenability of the position assumed by the defendant’s solicitor, it would be found in the fact that prior to any statutory enactment rendering shares of stock liable to attachment process, provisions similar to the one now under consideration were well nigh universally incorporated in the charters or by-laws of all corporations, thus substantiating the position that I have taken that they were de*300signed to apply simply to relations between the corporation itself and its stockholders.
The broader and more liberal view of this provision is fully sustained by the last paragraph of section 22 of the general statute cited by the solicitor for the defendants. It is as follows:
“ The stock ledgers, or, if there be none, then the transfer-books of the company, shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine such lists ” (voting lists), “ or the books of the-company, or to vote in person or by proxy at any election.”
Herein are to be found the reasons for the insertion of the paragraph in section 18, making provision for the transfer of shares or certificates of stock upon the books of the corporation. The legislature deemed it proper to make the transfer-books of the company, in the absence of stock ledgers, the only evidence as to who is entitled .to examine the voters’ lists, the books of the company, and to vote at any election. If the' legislature had not provided a means whereby the stock might be transferred upon the books of the company, it would have placed itself in the absurd position of requiring a particular kind of proof of certain facts without making any provision for obtaining that proof. The conclusion seems, therefore, irresistible that the interest of the general public contended for by the solicitor for the defendants, did not enter the scope of the legislative intent, inasmuch as the recital of the reasons for the former provision is expressly restricted 'to relations existing only between the stockholders and the corporation itself.
*301The California cases cited by the defendants’ solicitor, and so confidently relied on by him, do not sustain his contention because there is no analogy between the California statutes and that of our State. The California statute in its phraseology differs radically from ours. The former provides that “ no transfer of stock shall be valid for any purpose whatever except to render the person to whom it shall be transferred liable for the debts of the company according to the provisions of this act, until it shall be entered therein ” (the books of the corporation), “ as required by this statute, by an •entry showing to 'and from whom transferred.” Our statute simply provides that shares of stock “ shall be transferable upon the books of the corporation in such manner as the by-laws may provide.” There is no language in it to make the statutory mode of transferring stock exclusive of any other mode, as that employed in the California statute.
The case of Fisher et al. v. Essex Bank, 5 Cray, 373, is also relied upon as authority for the narrow rule' of construction insisted upon in this case. Here, however, we are again confronted with an equally wide difference in the language of the Massachusetts statute, and that of our own. The paragraph in the Massachusetts statute providing for the transfers of shares of stock ir a corporation, expressly declares that such shares are transferable only on the books of the corporation. Chief Justice Shaw, in construing this paragraph of the statute, lays stress upon the word “ only,” as negativing any other mode of transfer. The learned judge said,-—• “ that the word ‘ only ’ carries an implication as strong as negative words could make it. It was not to pre*302scribe one mode, leaving others unaffected; it made that mode exclusive.”
The same criticism applies with equal force to the Illinois cases, and nearly, if not all, the other cases cited by the solicitor for the defendants, because of the manifest variance between the statutes of those States end of our own State. The rule is, therefore, made absolute, and a preliminary injunction as prayed for is ordered.