delivered the opinion of the court.
The injuries to the appellee occurred on the 18th of September, 1898, while he was working at the bottom of the shaft of the Orpha May mine, the property of the appellant. The appellee is a miner, and was employed by the appellant. A car loaded with ore, in charge of an employee of a lessee of the fourth level of the mine, fell from the fourth level to the bottom of the shaft, a distance of about seven hundred feet. A heavy canopy had been built over the place where they were working, for the protection of the miners. The momentum of the falling car and ore was so great that the canopy was broken, two of the miners were killed and the appellee was seriously injured. In the complaint the injuries sustained by the appellee are described as follows: “That at the time the car fell into the bottom of said shaft, as aforesaid, it struck the plaintiff so as that his right leg was crushed in such manner as that it was necessary to amputate *514the same; that the plaintiff’s left hand was injured so as that two of the fingers on said hand were, and are, rendered useless to this plaintiff, and he was injured in and about the head in such a manner as that his skull was fractured.”
The levels of the mine were worked by lessees under separate leases. The company was engaged at the time in question in sinking the shaft. By an agreement with, the lessees, the company was to take the ore at the mouth of the level and hoist it to the surface, and to do this the levels were so arranged that the ore cars could run into the hoisting cage. The entrance to level No. 4 was protected by an iron chain, one end of which was fastened to the timbers of one side of the level, a hook was fastened to the other side and so arranged that a link of the chain could be thrown over the hook, thus closing the entrance. The purpose of this chain barrier, say counsel in their brief, was to protect the men from carelessly or inadvertently stepping into the shaft as they were working in the level near it. Henry Funk, an employee of the lessee of the fourth level in question, was engaged in tramming ore from a stope in the level to the shaft. Funk testified: “I was tramming there at the time this accident happened. I had filled the car and was standing between the car and a pile of ore and was shoveling up around the plat preparatory to filling up the next car, and when I turned to take the car away it was already gone. I started after the car, but my candle went out, and I followed on the best I could, and in a few seconds the car struck at the shaft. * * * The car was supposed to be a two thousand pound car and it was full. The car started of its own accord; it was gone before 1 was aware' of it. When it started it was a hundred or-*515a hundred and fifty feet from the shaft. Nobody told me the grade of this track. I could perceive there was a grade there by going over it; I knew it was there.”
The witness Leffingwell, a civil and mining engineer, testified that he had made measurements in the level after the accident. He said: “The level falls toward the shaft to the amount of two feet and one-half in its length, which is one hundred and twelve and a half feet from the shaft. From a point five feet from the face to a point twenty-five feet from the face, a distance of twenty feet, the track falls nine inches in elevation, that is, there is a fall of nine inches in twenty feet. A loaded car will not start of its own accord on a grade which is only six or eight inches to a hundred feet; it would gradually decrease in speed and stop.”
Herbert Starkweather, a witness for the defendant, testified: “I was employed by the Union Gold Mining Company as superintendent of the Orpha May mine and other properties. Clements took possession of a portion of the level a short time before the accident. The company operated it during the month of February and, I think, before that time. There had been no change in the condition during the time I was in charge of it. I took charge of the property the 1st of February. There were no changes made by him in the level (the lessee, Clements, in the 4th level). He was working above that level; he had nothing to do below. He took the ore out through the level, and the level was in the same condition, as far as I know, when it was leased to him by the company. After the accident I took a man down to the fourth level of the Orpha May mine. I wished to ascertain how the car got away from the man. I took *516the car down and had him load the car, and ran it both ways several times over the track. It was with some difficulty we started the loaded car at the immediate point where we loaded it but after it was started it ran readily down there to the mouth, but there was no trouble at all for a man- to control the running of the car. The track was not straight; it followed the vein, and there were short crooks and curves in the track. I did not block the car, because I wanted to see if it would start or not with the jarring of the car. I never learned of any difficulty in operating loaded cars upon this track. There was quite a raise, as the surveyor testifies, at this one point, and beyond that it was level or nearly so, possibly a slight decline, for a long distance. The level is not constructed at any excessive grade. This one particular point the grade, as the surveyor testifies, was steeper than at any other point.”
“Q. Was steeper than you find in a great many places? A. Steeper than usual, but there was no difficulty to a man running a car over it with any ordinary precaution.”
“We started a loaded car and an empty one. The empty car would not go to the shaft, but the loaded car did. It did not run very fast, but it ran enough to go over the grade into the shaft if we had allowed it; we stopped it before it got to the shaft. The loaded car ran about as fast as a man would ordinarily walk.”
During the course of the trial testimony was received over the objection of the defendant, and exceptions were saved, but we regard the errors, if any» as unimportant and not prejudicial, and they will not be considered.
A motion was interposed by the defendant to have *517the complaint made more specific. The motion was granted in part, and the defendant alleges error in the court in not requiring the complaint to be made specific in every particular designated by the defendant. By this motion the defendant sought to have the plaintiff allege whether the person who had charge of the car in the fourth level was a servant or employee of the defendant. It was not error to deny this motion; the defendant knew whether Funk was an agent or employee of the defendant, and we think it is not material in this case inasmuch as it was shown upon the trial that the person in charge of the car was an employee of a lessee of the fourth level.
The trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of fifteen thousand dollars. The defendant appealed to this court.
The principal errors alleged and discussed are the refusal of the court to give certain instructions offered by the defendant and the giving of certain instructions over the objection of the defendant.
Request No. 1 is an instruction concerning the preponderance of the evidence and was fairly covered by instruction No. 8 given.
Request No. 2 contains a definition of negligence. The court, in another instruction, gave a definition of negligence approved by leading authorities.
Request No. 4 is in reference to an intervening cause, and, we think, is not applicable to this case.
Requests Nos. 7 and 8 were given in substance in instruction No. 9.
Request No. n directs the jury to disregard the testimony of the witness Lefiingwell because it was stricken. The testimony was not stricken. <
Requests Nos. 11 and 12 charge that the defend*518ant was not guilty of negligence, and were properly refused.
Request No. 14 states that the company is not responsible for the negligence of Funk, the person who had charge of the car; and this, in substance, was given by the court.
Request No. 15 was to the effect that the defendant did not construct the track in the level, and that it knew nothing of its condition at the time plaintiff was injured. This instruction was properly refused.
No. 16 is an instruction in effect that the defendant is not guilty of negligence, and was properly refused.
No. 17 was a request for the jury to return a verdict for the defendant; and this was properly refused.
In instruction No. 1 given, the court read to the jury certain allegations of the complaint and answer concerning the disaster, and the defendant objected to the court’s thus reading from the pleadings but we think the court correctly stated the issues raised, and that no error was thus committed.
If the case was to be submitted to the jury, instruc* t‘ m No. 2 was properly given. It is objected that the court in instruction No. 2 failed to carefully explain the meaning of the word “proximate,” but we think the jury was not misled by the giving of this instruction.
In instruction No. 4 the court gave the jury a definition of negligence. Counsel object that this is an incorrect definition of negligence, and was improperly given. This is the definition of negligence adopted by Judge Cooley, and is quoted with approval by text-writers;' and while it may not be in every partictlar absolutely correct, we are not dis*519posed to question it and do not think the court erred in giving it.
No. 5 is objected to because the judge directed the jury to find for the plaintiff if it should find that the injuries were occasioned by the negligence of the defendant, and it is insisted that by the use of the word occasioned instead of the word caused, “the jury were left without warning, guidance, or limitation in fixing liability for appellee’s injury.” The judge undoubtedly used the word “occasioned” as the synonym of “caused,” and we are satisfied that the jurors were not thereby misled. It is also urged that this instruction should have included the question of assumption of risk, but the court properly instructed the jury upon this question in instruction No. 10.
. In instruction No. 6 the jury was told that in estimating the plaintiff’s damages it “should also consider the nature of the injuries suffered as to whether they are likely to prove permanent, or temporary only.” The following appears in the bill of exceptions: “The defendant objected to the giving of instruction No. 6 of the instructions given by the court to the jury, and especially objected to the giving of that portion thereof as follows: ‘as to whether they are likely to prove permanent, or temporary only;’ and before said instruction was given to the jury the defendant objected to the use of the word ‘likely’ in connection with the words ‘to prove permanent, or temporary only.’” Although much space is devoted to a discussion of questions raised here for the first time, we shall consider only the objection called to the attention of the trial court. It is insisted that by the use of the word “likely” “the jury are permitted and encouraged to'indulge in conjecture and speculation in determining the extent of appellee’s injuries, that the *520law forbids this and requires that their finding as to the future or continuing consequences shall be confined to such only as the evidence shows to be reasonably certain to result.” We do not think the jury was encouraged to indulge in conjecture by this instruction. It was told in assessing damages, to consider the nature of the injuries as to whether they were likely to prove permanent, or temporary only. The definition of “likely” given by the Standard dictionary is “in all probability.” There is always more or less conjecture as to whether injuries are permanent or temporary, and the determination of the question is usually based upon opinion testimony; and while we cannot recommend “likely” or “in all probability” as interchangeable or synonymous with the words “reasonably certain,” the difference is but slight, and we do not feel warranted in reversing the case because of the failure to use the words “reasonably certain” in this instruction. Moreover, the plaintiff’s injuries consisted mainly in the loss of his leg. This is a permanent injury. And having seen the condition of the plaintiff, the jury did not indulge in speculation as to the permanent injury of the leg.
The appellant contends: i. That there was no negligence on the part of the defendant. 2. That the conditions existing in the fourth level were not the proximate cause of the appellee’s injury. 3. That the negligence, if any, which caused appellee’s injury was the negligence of an independent contractor. 4. That the injuries were caused by the negligence of a fellow servant of the appellee. 5. That the appellee knew the condition of the fourth level when he accepted employment from appellant, and that he assumed the risk of any injury which he might suffer resulting from the known condition.
*521The determination of these questions will dispose of all other objections to instructions.
In reference to the fourth and fifth it is sufficient to say that the injuries were not caused by the negligence of a fellow servant, and that the appellee did not know the condition of the fourth level, or, rather, that there was no testimony to show that the appellee knew of the condition of the fourth level.
The law required the company to provide for its employees a reasonably safe place in which to per form their work.
The testimony is silent as to who constructed the tram in the level or who erected the barrier at its mouth. The testimony shows, however, that the level when turned over by the company to the lessee was in the same condition in which it was in the day of the accident. The company, therefore, is responsible for the condition of the level. The testimony of the witness Leffingwell as to the grade oí the track in the level is not disputed, in fact defendant’s witness corroborates him in saying that the grade was unusual in some places. According to Lef* fingwell’s testimony, the distance from the point where the ore was loaded on the car to the shaft is about one hundred twelve and one-half feet. The level falls toward the shaft to the amount of two and one-half feet in its length. The grade is greater in some places than in others. “From a point five feet from the face, to a point twenty-five feet from the face, the track falls nine inches in elevation.” The experiments made by the defendant’s witnesses demonstrated that a loaded car, if started would run into the shaft. The witness Funk testified that the car which was precipitated into the shaft was not started or pushed by him. The facts are that *522whether the loaded car was started by human agency or by the force of gravity, it started, and, there being no barrier of sufficient strength to stop it, the car and contents were thrown into the shaft and fell to the bottom, killing two of appellant’s employees and seriously injuring the appellee. We are of opinion that the company, in maintaining a track with the excessive grade which is shown to have existed in this level and in not providing a barrier of sufficient strength to -resist the force of a loaded car of ore running upon the track, was guilty of culpable negligence. The act of maintaining a track with the excessive grade would not alone render the company liable for the injury in this case. A runaway car could be stopped by a sufficiently strong barrier at the mouth of the level. The barrier provided was not for the purpose of preventing a car from running into the shaft, but to prevent the workmen from walking into it. The most ordinary foresight and prudence, it would seem to us, would have dictated some suitable protection at the mouth of the level The most cautious man might lose control of a loaded car in a level such as the fourth level of this mine, and there was a breach of the positive duty of the company in not guarding against such an occurrence.
But counsel contend, assuming the company to have been negligent, that the conditions existing in the fourth level were not the próxima'e cause of appellee’s injuries and that the negligence which caused appellee’s injuries was that of an independent contractor. We shall consider these as one proposition. Wharton, at section 134 of his work on Negligence, says: “I am negligent on a particular subject matter. Another person, moving independently, *523comes in, and either negligently or maliciously so acts as to make my negligence injurious to a third person. If so, the person so intervening acts as a non-conductor, and insulates my negligence, so that I cannot be sued for the mischief which the person so intervening directly produces.” This section from Wharton is quoted by counsel in their brief as sustaining the position that an independent contractor had caused the accident, and that the company, for this reason, was not liable. Accepting this as a correct statement of the law, it cannot be applied to the facts in this case. The facts are that this company was engaged in sinking a shaft on its Orpha May mine; that it employed the plaintiff to work in the bottom of the shaft; that it had leased the fourth level of its mine, about seven hundred feet above the place where the plaintiff was working, with the track as therein constructed; that the company, as part of the conditions of the lease was to hoist the ore from the mouth of this level to the surface; that the track in the level was laid upon an excessive grade; that no barrier was erected at the mouth of the level to prevent the cars from running into the shaft; that a loaded car weighing nearly a ton fell down the shaft and upon the appellee; that as found, by the jury, the employee of the lessee could not, by the exercise of ordinary care, have managed the car with safety to the company’s employees; that the car escaped from the employee of the lessee, and that he was unable to prevent its escape by the exercise of ordinary care. Here the causal connection was not broken.
There was no interposition of independent responsible human agency. No third person, moving independently, came in, and either negligently or mali*524ciously so acted as to make the negligence of the company injurious; but the injury was the natural consequence of the wrongful act of the company, and “was such as might or ought to have been foreseen, in the light of the attending circumstances.”
Mr. Justice Strong, in Milwaukee, etc., Company v. Kellogg,94 U. S. 469, has this to say: “The true rule is that what is the proximate cause of an injury is ordinarily a question for the jury. It is not a question ■of science or legal knowledge. It is to be determined as a fact, in view of the circumstances of fact attending it. The primary cause may be the proximate cause of a disaster, though it may operate through successive instruments, as an article at the end of a chain may be moved by a force applied to the other end, that force being the proximate cause of the movement, or as in the oft-cited case of the squib thrown in the market-place. 2 W.|B1. Rep. 892. The question always is,was there an unbroken connection between the wrongful act and the injury, a continuous operation? Did the facts consiitute a continuous succession of events, so linked together as to make a natural whole, or was there some new and independent cause intervening between the wrong and the injury? It is admitted the rule is difficult of application. But it is generally held, that, in order to warrant a finding that negligence, or an act not amounting to wanton wrong, is the proximate cause of an injury, it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable consequence of the negligence or wrongful act, and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of the attending circumstances.”
This court, in Colorado Company v. Rees, 21 Colo. 445, quotes with approval the following: “Negligence may, however, be the proximate cause of an *525injury of which it is not the sole or immediate cause. If the defendant’s negligence concurred with some other event (other than the plaintiff’s fault) to produce the plaintiff’s injury, so that it clearly appears that but for such negligence the injury would not have happened, and both circumstances are closely connected with the injury in the order of events, the defendant is responsible, even though his negligent act was not the nearest cause in the order of time.” And the following: ‘‘The act of a third person, intervening and contributing a condition necessary to the injurious effect of the original negligence, will not excuse the first wrongdoer, if such act ought to have been foreseen. The original negligence still remains a culpable and direct cause of the injury. The test is to be found in the probable injurious consequences which were to be anticipated, not in the number of subsequent events and agencies which might arise.” In the case cited, the defendant was the owner and had full control of an elevator operated for the use of its tenants and patrons. A trespasser opened the door of the elevator cage and left it standing open. The elevator car was at the top of the building, the open door on the ground floor. The plaintiff, believing the car was at the ground floor, walked through the door and fell to the basement. The court said: “It was the duty of the defendant, in operating the elevator in question, to exercise the utmost care and diligence, and to provide and maintain proper and secure fastenings to the doors opening into the elevator way that could not be opened or controlled from the outside. Therefore the court was correct in saying that it was ‘wholly immaterial whether such door was opened by some third person or not, provided that such accident could not have *526happened but for the negligence of the defendant in keeping and maintaining the fastenings to its elevat- or door;’ for, had it performed its duty in the premises, such interference by a third person would have been impossible; hence its negligence necessarily concurred in, and constituted an essential factor in, causing the injury. It is well settled by the adjudged cases where an injury is the result of the combined negligence of the defendant and the negligent or wrongful act of a third person, for whose act neither the plaintiff nor the defendant is responsible, the defendant is liable, when the injury would not have happened except for his negligence.”
Guided by these authorities, we can arrive at no other conclusion than that the proximate and efficient cause of the injury was the negligence of the defendant, and that it should be held liable to the plaintiff for the damages shown to have been sustained.
It is urged that the verdict is excessive. Counsel say that fifteen thousand dollars loaned at eight per cent interest will yield the plaintiff an income in excess of the amount he has ever earned or is able to earn, without touching the principal. This without the slightest physical or mental exertion. This company, by its culpable and wanton negligence, has made a physical wreck of its employee, and it would now enforce this cruel rule against him by showing that the amount of the verdict at interest will yield him more than he could earn if he were in perfect physical condition. But if his damages were measured by this unjust rule, the verdict is not excessive* In the first place he can not, “without making the slightest mental or physical exertion,” cause his capital to yield eight per cent interest. After the pay» *527ment of expenses and taxes, he will do well if he receives a net income of four per cent on his money. But little more than half of the amount he could earn before the injury. So that, eliminating entirely the question of damages for the loss of his leg’, the damages for the fracture of his skull, the amount of the verdict, if placed at interest, will return to him barely sufficient to live upon. The record does not disclose the exact nature of appellee’s injuries. The complaint alleges that the leg was amputated; the testimony of the plaintiff in the bill of exceptions is that the foot was amputated. During the oral argument the attention of counsel for appellee was directed to these apparently conflicting statements, and he asserted that the complaint correctly set forth the extent of the injuries, and that the leg was amputated above the knee. But whether the leg was amputated above or below the knee, the jury saw the physical condition of the plaintiff, and, being properly instructed awarded him the damages. “The law does not warrant us in disturbing the verdict where no im. portant error has occurred on the trial, unless the amount of damages allowed is so manifestly disproportionate to the injury received as to make it apparent that the jury were influenced by prejudice, misapprehension, or by some corrupt or improper consideration.” Wall v. Livesay, 6 Colo. 474.
For the reasons given, the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.