This case comes to us on an appeal from the District Court of Minnehaha county. It is an action to recover *180the possession of personal property, called replevin. The respondent, who was the plaintiff below, in his complaint alleges, that he was lawfully possessed of the horse and other property therein named. The answer of the appellants denies this, and says one J. A. Wilson was the owner of said property, and had mortgaged the same to them; and the mortgagor being in default on the mortgage, they had taken possession of the property for the purpose of foreclosing it. On this issue the case was tried by a jurjr.
The respondent introduced testimony tending to prove, that on the 26th day of September, 1879, he bought two horses (and other property) of one Ray — one of said horses has since died — and took possession of the same in Al. Peck’s livery barn, and then and there delivered them to said Peck to keep for him, and that thereafter he agreed to pay said Peck for their keeping.
The appellants introduced testimony tending to prove that said Ray, on the same 26th day of September, sold said horses to said Wilson, gave him a bill of sale thereof, which was written by the respondent, and delivered the same to Wilson, who took possession of them. That on the next day Mr. Wilson, for a valuable consideration, mortgaged said horses to the appellants. The bill of sale and the mortgage were introduced in evidence by the appellants without objection.
The jury returned a verdict for the respondent.
Several exceptions -were taken during the trial below by the appellants, but the arguments of counsel have been mainly confined to three of them :
1. The appellants, on the trial, introduced as a witness on their part, J. B. Young, (one of the appellants,) and ottered to prove by him “ that at the time of the execution of the mortgage by Wilson, he, the defendant, went with Wilson to Peck’s barn, and that Peck there and then stated to the defendant that the property in controversy was the property of Wilson, and that he was keeping it for Wilson, and that said Peck had the property in his possession in said barn at the time, and that this was the same property sold and turned over-by Ray to Wilson.”
To the admission of which the respondent objected. The Court sustained the objection, and the appellants excepted to the ruling of the^Court.
*181They then offered to prove by the same witness, “that” (the actual possession of the property being in Peck as livery-stable keeper, he boarding the horses,) “ Peck represented to Young upon inquiry by Young as to the ownership of the property, that J. A. Wilson was the owner.”
To the admission of which the respondent objected. The Court sustained the objection, and the appellants excepted.
Was this testimony properly excluded? The argument of the counsel for the appellants seems to be made upon the ground that Peck was the agent of the respondent, and therefore what he said to Young about the property when he showed it to him, is competent evidence against the respondent, and Mr. Young should have been permitted to testify to it.
Now with due deference to the learned counsel of the appellants, we are not able to find any evidence in the case which tends to prove that Peck was the agent of the respondent. If the evidence proves anything it makes him the bailee of the respondent. He was merely boarding the horses as a livery-stable man, and for which the respondent was to pay him a compensation. He was only the temporary custodian of them. (2 Kent, 566; 18 Iowa, 90; 27 Wis., 261.)
The evidence coming from Young was not the best. Mr. Peck, for aught we know, or appears in the case, should and could have been called. It is elementary that the best evidence should be employed of which the case, in its nature, is susceptible. In requiring the production of the best evidence, it is meant that no evidence shall be received which is merely substitutional in its nature, so long as the original evidence can be had. (1 Greenleaf Ev., § 82.) This rule, so far as we know, has not been changed. Again, it is found indispensible, as a test of truth, and to the proper administration of justice, that every living witness, should, if possible, be subject to the ordeal of a cross-examination, that it may appear, what were his powers of perception, his opportunities for observation, his attentiveness in observing, the strength of his recollection, and his disposition to speak the truth. But testimony from the relation of third persons even where the information is known, cannot be subjected to this test; nor is it often *182possible to ascertain through, whom, or how many persons, the narrative has been transmitted, from the original witness of the fact. It is this which constitutes that sort of second-hand evidence termed heresay. (Id. § 99, and cases there cited.)
2.There was a conflict of testimony as to the cause of the giving the bill of sale. But it was agreed between the parties, that at the time of the purchase of the property, Mr. Wilson owed the respondent $300, and that he paid Ray in part for said property $25, and the balance was paid in notes executed by both Wilson and the respondent.
After the evidence was concluded, the respondents asked the Court to give each of the following instructions to the jury, which-the Court refused, as to each instruction; to which rulings the respondents excepted:
1. “ It is a general rule of law that whatever a man’s real intention may be, if he manifests an intention to another party so as to induce the latter to act upon it in making a contract, he will be estopped from denying that such was his real intention, he will be bound by the intention so manifested.”
2. “ A man cannot so deal with his property as to permit the practice of a fraud upon innocent third parties, and although he be the real owner of an article of personal property, yet if he so clothes another with the indications of ownership, that such other person may deal with the property as his own as by selling or mortgaging the property to an innocent purchaser or mortgagee, then such innocent purchaser or mortgagee will be protected in dealing with the apparent owner, and the real owner will be es-topped to deny the rights acquired by such purchaser or mortgagee.”
3. “The jury are instructed on behalf of the defendants, that when a.contract is made by and between parties, as in this case, and the final disposition and consummation of the transaction is merged in writing, all the previous conversations are of no account and the intention of the parties is merged in the written instrument.”
4. “ If a man with knowledge suffers another to mortgage or sell his property, or so clothes another with the evidences of own*183ership that he may do such a thing, he is estopped from denying the rights of such innocent mortgagee or purchaser.” .
5. “ The jury are further instructed that although they may believe from evidence that the property in question was in fact sold by Ray to the plaintiff; yet, if they also believe that at the time of making such sale, or at any time afterwards, and before the execution of the chattel mortgage introduced in evidence, the plaintiff wrote, in his own hand writing, the bill of' sale offered in evidence, and that Ray executed the bill of sale in plaintiff's presence, and with his knowledge, and delivered the same to Wilson in plaintiff’s presence, without any protest being made by plaintiff against such delivery, and that said plaintiff permitted said bill of sale to remain in the possession of Wilson until after said chattel mortgage was executed; and if they also believe that at the time said mortgage was executed, the property in question was not in the actual possession of the plaintiff, but was in the possession of Albert PI. Peck as bailee, and the defendants relying upon said bill of sale, and upon the credit of said property, loaned to Wilson the sum of money mentioned in said chattel mortgage, and received the said chattel mortgage as security for said loan, in good faith, and with no knowledge that the plaintiff had or claimed any interest in or title to said property, then their verdict must be for the defendants.”
6. “ If the jury believe from the evidence that one Ray made a bill of sale of the property in controversy, conveying it to J. A. Wilson, and that it Avas done with the consent of Parliman, the plaintiff, and if you further believe that the defendants, Young & Co., Avere induced to loan money and take a mortgage of Wilson on said property by reason of such apparent title in Wilson, then Parliman is estopped from questioning the validity of such mortgage of Wilson to Young & Co.”
From the record, it does not appear that the attention of the Court, nor the counsel for the respondent, was drawn on the trial to the question of estoppel, which has figured so largely in the argument of this case. This question seems to have been sprung after the evidence avus submitted to the jury.
The evidence in the case, which would tend to prove an estoppel, *184was legitimate, so far as the issue was concerned, which was tendered by .the complaint and met by the answer; and from the pleadings, no trier could imagine that such a question would arise in the case. But it did arise and is now before us in this anomalous position.
Pleadings at common law are composed of the written allegations of the parties, terminating in a single proposition, distinctly affirmed on one side, and denied on the other, called the issue. If it is a proposition of fact, it is to be tried by a jury, upon the evidence adduced, and it must correspond with the allegations and be confined to the point in issue; vide Bests’ Principles of Evidence, §§ 229, 249, and cases there cited.
Section 118, of our Code of Procedure, p. 530, says: “The answer of the defendant must contain” * * “a statement of any new matter constituting a defense or counter-claim.” Pleadings are for the purpose of advising the parties to an action what the opposite party relies upon, that he may be ready to meet it in evidence on trial; and in the States that have adopted Codes of Civil Procedure, we believe the decisions are uniform, that if a party relies upon an estoppel he must plead it. (Gill v. Rice, 13 Wis., 549; Clark v. Huber, 25 Cal., 594; B. & M. R. R. Co. v. Harris, 8 Neb., 140; Waddell v. Morrill, 26 Wis., 611; 45 Cal., 121.) Thus we see that specialties should be pleaded. Later cases sanction the idea that estoppels in pais should be pleaded. (Gaylord v. Van Loan, 15 Wend., 308; People v. Bristol and Renslearville Turnpike Co., 23 id. 222.) The trial below proceeded upon the issue made by the parties, and therefore the bill of sale was admissible for the purpose of proving that issue; but if it had been offered by way of an estoppel, and been objected to by the respondent, I am of opinion it should have been, under our Code, excluded. (Section 118, p. 530, supra.)
But where an equitable estoppel in pais is not properly pleaded, and evidence is introduced without objection, in the same manner as if it had been properly pleaded, and a verdict is rendered upon the evidence, without objection, which is this case, the objection to the pleading will be deemed waived, and the case will be considered as though the estoppel had been properly pleaded. (Davis v. Davis, 26 Cal., 38; 23 Cal., 354.)
*185The able counsel of the respondent should be fully exonerated for any apparent want of skill in not objecting to testimony, which no one, however remarkable his aptitude might be for trying cases, could anticipate its use, except to determine the issue made by the pleadings. Quaere: Should not estoppels in all cases be pleaded, that the opposite party may know what he has to meet before the case is submitted to the jury ?
We now come to the instructions asked by the appellants. Nos. 1, 2 and 4 of them are simple abstract propositions of law. The time has long since passed when counsel could quote a solid paragraph from Blackstone, Kent, Greenleaf, Chitty, or any legal authority, and ask the Judge to give it to the jury as the law of the case. Without taking time to discuss the question whether such abstract propositions are good law, it is sufficient to say, it is not error to refuse them. (54 N. Y., 488; 37 Ills., 341; 38 Ills., 282; 44 Ills., 312; 50 Ills., 169; and other Ills. cases; 3 Ind., and cases there cited ; also 36 Cal., 404, and cases there cited.) Such is the law in every State in the Union.
Strike out the words “ as in this case ” in the 3d instruction, and it will not be sueh as the Judge should give, for the same reasons that the 1, 2 and 4th are bad, and with these words in it, should not have beeh given, for it assumes facts to have been proved when there was much conflicting evidence in relation thereto, and upon which it was the prerogative of the jury to pass.
The 5th and 6th instructions asked are clearly covered by the Judge’s charge.
A man is said to be estopped when he has done some act which the policy of the law will not permit him to gainsay or deny. The law of estoppels is not so unjust or absurd, as it has been too much the custom to represent.” (Per Taunton, J., 2 Ad. & El., 291.) Hence, estoppels must be certain to every intent; for no one shall be denied setting up the truth, unless it is in plain and clear contradiction to his former acts. (Id. 279, 289, 792; 11 Wend., 117; 4 Kent, Comm., 261, note; 4 Peters, 83.)
To establish an estoppel in pais, it must be shown: 1st. That the person sought to be estopped, has made an admission or done an act, with the intention of influencing the conduct of an other, *186or that lie bad reason to believe would influence bis conduct, inconsistent witb tbe evidence he proposed to give, or tbe title be proposes to set up. %d. That tbe other party has acted upon, or has been influenced by such act. 3d. That the party will be prejudiced by allowing tbe truth of tbe admission to be proved. And it is to be submitted to a jury to say whether on tbe facts tbe several essential parts of the estoppel are proved. (30 N. Y. (Tif.) Brown v. Brown, 519,) and cases there cited.)
It is tbe duty of tbe Judge to charge tbe law correctly, and upon all the points in tbe case; but the doctrine is quite venerable that it is not bis duty to charge in tbe precise language of tbe request or in its terms. It is sufficient if it covers the request. Tbe latest and highest authority on this point is: The Continental Improvement Co. v. Stead, 5 Otto, U. S. Supreme Court, p. 161, wherein tbe Court say: “ Perhaps some of the abstract propositions of tbe defendants’ counsel, contained in tbe instructions asked for, based on tbe facts assumed therein, if such facts were conceded, or found in a special verdict, would be technically correct. But a Judge is not bound to charge upon assumed facts in tbe ipsissima verba of counsel, nor to give categorical answers to a juridical catechism, based on ■ such assumption. Such a course would often mislead tbe jury instead of enlightening them.” * * * “It belongs to the judicial office to exercise discretion as to the style and form in which to expound the law and comment upon the facts. If a Judge states the law incorrectly, or refuses to state it at all, on a point material to the issue, the party aggrieved will be entitled to a new trial.” And 6 id., p. 258, wherein the Court say: “ It has been repeatedly determined by this tribunal, that no Court is bound to give instructions in the forms and language in which they are asked. If those given sufficiently cover the case, and are correct, the judgment will not be disturbed, whatever those may have been which were refused.” And again on page 428, the Court say: “ We do not admit that a Court is bound to give to a jury, at the instance of counsel, every philosophical remark found in text-books of the law, however wise or true they may be in the abstract, or however high the reputation of the author.”
*187The Court, ma sporite, charged the jury upon this point as follows : “ Or if you should find that the property was actually sold and delivered to the plaintiff, without regard to the time of the making of the bill of sale, and the bill of sale was only given to please Mr. Wilson, and was not intended by the parties thereto to convey any title, then you should find a verdict for the plaintiff.” * * .* “ And further, if you find that the plaintiff caused or advised to the giving of the- bill of sale to Mr. Wilson, and the defendants relied upon it to obtain a title to the property, then the plaintiff is estopped from asserting his title, and the defendants will be entitled to recover.”
We are of opinion that it submitted this point in the case well and fairly to the jury, and was quite as favorable to the appellants, as their counsel, under the pleadings, could expect it would be.
3. Was the jury mislead by the charge? The point relied upon in argument, upon which the most labor was bestowed by the counsel for appellants, is: The Court charged the jury that “ this is an action to recover possession of personal property, called by lawyers, replevin, and the right of recovery depends upon the question, who has the right of possession ? In other words, who is the owner thereof?
The argument is predicated upon the ground that the right of possession is made to depend upon the ownership, and the right of recovery to depend upon both; and that the words possession and ownership are treated as synonymous. That the same ideas pervade the entire charge.
We have carefully examined all the testimony that the record brings up, and although it is true that a party may recover in replevin, when he has only a right to the possession of the property, yet we find that in this case the issue hinged upon the question of ownership. The plaintiff alleges in his complaint, as stated before, that he was “ lawfully possessed ” of the property, which the defendants in their answer deny, and allege that “ one J. A. Wilson was the owner and possessed of said property,” and that he had given them a chattel mortgage of the same, by virtue of which they had taken possession of the property, and were entitled to retain it.
*188The testimony of the plaintiff tends squarely to prove that he owned it, and that of the defendants that Wilson was the owner. If Wilson, then, was the ownér, the defendants had the lawful possession; and otherwise, if the plaintiff owned it.
The charge of the Judge was plain and clear; it submitted the case well and fairly to the jury, and we are entirely satisfied with it. The questions of fact were passed upon by the jury, and as there was evidence in the case tending to support the verdict, this court cannot say that there was not sufficient evidence to justify it.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment of the court below is
Affirmed.
SHANNON, C. J., dissenting.