This was begun by summons, as an original action in the district court. Appellants were plaintiffs below, and claim in the complaint that the respondent, an organized county in this territory, is indebted to them, on a contract obligation, in the sum of thirteen hundred and fifty dollars.
It appearing from the pleadings that the claim sued on had been presented before the board of commissioners of the county, and payment demanded, and that the board had refused to allow the claim, the district court, on motion of respondent’s counsel, dismissed the action, — holding that the district court had no jurisdiction, and that plaintiffs’ only remedy lay in appeal from the order of the the board of commissioners disallowing their claim. The action of the district *477court in ordering the cause to be dismissed, is assigned as error, and is properly before us for review.
An organized county in this territory is, 1 ‘a body corporate.” As such it may sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded in any court of the territory. Political Code, Sec. 13 of Chap. 21.
The decision of the learned court below affixes to this Section of the statute an important limitation. By holding that what, at common law, (conceding respondent to be a body corporate) would have been an ordinary action ex contractu, is defeated by the fact that prior to the beginning of the action, the plaintiff’s claim had been adversely passed upon by the board of commissioners of the defendant county. The learned court holds, in effect, that the decisions of boards of county commissioners in this territory, given upon claims against their respective counties, may be pleaded in bar of subsequent action on such claims, with the force and effect of a final judgment between the same parties upon the same matter, rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction. If this holding be correct, then boards of county commissioners in Dakota have judicial powers; and the liability to be sued in any court of the territory means only an indirect liability by way of appeal from the decisions of such boards, as elsewhere provided in the statutes, —unless the construction intimated by the court in Brady v. Supervisors of New York, 10 N. Y. 260, should be adopted to the effect that “claims for the malfeasance of county officers, and claims for torts, for which a county may be liable,” are not proper subjects for the action of the commissioners, but should go directly into the courts.
In construing Sections 87, 88, 89 and 90 of Chapter 112 of the Session Laws of 1883; Sections 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50, of Chapter 21, of the Political Code; Chapter 5 of the Session Laws of 1883 so far as amendatory of said Section 46 — being the si atutory law cited and relied upon by respondent in support of the decision below. — we shall be aided by considering the constitutional inhibitions pertinent thereto; for the legislature is never presumed to have intended a violation of the constitu*478tion, and of possible or doubtful' meanings, that one is adopted by the courts which does not violate the constitution.
Could the legislature, then, of Dakota, have constitutionally vested in boards of county commissioners judicial powers?
The authorities of state courts, cited by counsel, have little pertinency. In these authorities there is no question as to the constituional power of state legislatures to vest such boards with judicial powers. The sole question is as to the legislative intent; and the highest courts of New York and Nebraska are particularly emphatic to the effect that such boards in those states have judicial powers. Brady v. Supervisors, etc., supra; Martin v. Board of Supervisors, 29 N. Y. 645; Brown v. Otoe County, 6 Neb, 111.
Section 1907, of the Revised Statutes of the United States, which is a part of our organic act, or constitution, provides that “the judicial power in Dakota * * * shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts and in justices of the peace. ”
It would seem that this language is too plain and simple to cast any doubt upon the proposition that no judicial power can be constitutionally vested in this territory except in the courts mentioned. “The judicial power in Dakota” cannot be construed to mean only some of the judicial power in Dakota, without a violation of the fundamental laws of thought.
The decision of the learned trial judge was doubtless based upon a doubt as to the power recognized by him in the commissioners being a judicial power. Upon this it may be said briefly that we know things only by their attributes; and if to the action of the county board, the essential attributes of res adjudicata be conceded, (v. supra) it follows that the power they assume to exercise in the given case, is a judicial power. If to this it be objected that such action could not have the attributes of a final judgment, except through the failure or refusal of the claimant to pursue the statutory remedy of appeal, it may be replied that this is neither more nor less than may be said of any court from whose orders and judgments an appeal will lié.
Counsel for respondent argues that boards of county com*479missioners in this territory can, and do, constitutionally have judicial powers, — enumerating as such the power to try school township officers for neglect of duty or malfeasance in office, and to oust them if found guilty (Laws of 1883, Chap. 44, Sec. 101); and the power to punish contempts and enforce by attachment or other compulsory process all orders made (Pol. Code, Chap. 21, Sec. 23).
Without discussing the nature or validity of - these powers, we may remark that judicial power is but one of the powers or forms of sovereignty. This is not the place for the enumeration of such powers. A county, however, as ‘ ‘a body politic for civil and political purposes, ” may exercise, though in a very limited and subordinate degree, somewhat of the sovereign power.
Whatever of such power a county in Dakota may lawfully exercise through its commissioners, must be delegated to them by the territorial legislature within constitutional limitations, and may be a political, but, as we have seen, cannot here and now be a judicial power.
In the Arizonia case of Smith et al. v. Mohave, 8 Pac. Rep. 160, cited by appellant, the court while declaring, under the law of that territory, that “the right to sue a county remains unimpaired, and extends to every case of account, after presentation to and rejection by the county board,” do not in their decision consider legislative power, but only legislative intent. Under the law of Arizonia, as we find upon examination, there is no such limitation as to the investment of judicial powers, as there is in our organic act. In Section 2 of an act of congress entitled “An act to provide a temporary government for the territory of Arizonia, and for other purposes,” we find: “The judicial power shall be vested in a supreme court, to consist of three judges, and such inferior courts as the legislative council may by law prescribe.”
But the supreme court of Idaho, which territory has, as part of its organic law, precisely our own Section 1907, (v. supra) say in the case of Rupert v. Board of County Commrs. of Alturas County, reported in 2 Pac. Rep. 718: “Boards of *480county commissioners * * * have no judicial functions or powers, and cannot be vested therewith.” And in Montana, having also identically our own organic law, the supreme court say: ‘‘The county commissioners have no judicial powers. They cannot, in any sense exercise the functions of a court. ” After reciting Section 1907 (supra) the same court say: “Any statute of the territory that attempts to clothe the commissioners with judicial authority is necessarily null and void. ” Hedges v. Commrs. Lewis and Clark Co., 1 Pac. Rep. 748.
Even were the limitation in Section 1907 (supra) less strict, it would seem that there is another section of our organic act almost equally prohibiting the legislature from investing county boards with judicial powers. Section 1868 of the organic act, provides that 1 ‘The supreme court and district courts respectively, * * * shall possess chancery as well as common law jurisdiction.”
Now in the language of Mr. Justice Miller, delivering the opinion of the court in Ferris v. Higley, 20 Wall. 875, and speaking of a like clause in the organic act of Utah territory: “The common law and chancery jurisdiction here conferred on the district and supreme courts, is a jurisdiction very ample and very well understood. It includes almost every matter, whether of civil or criminal cognizance, which can be litigated in 'a court of justice.’’ The question before the court was whether the legislature of Utah, under organic law practically the same as ours, could vest in probate courts “original jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, as well in chancery as at common law.” Some judicial power, it was conceded, the Utah legislature might vest in probate courts; for their organic law has a clause just like our Section 1907. But the supreme court held that an act attempting to confer on probate courts the words last quoted, was null and void. “We are of the opinion,” says the court, “that the [act] we have been considering is inconsistent with the general scope and spirit of that act in defining the courts of the territory, and in the distribution of judicial power amongst them, inconsistent with the nature and purpose of a probate court as authorized by that act. and inconsis*481tent with the clause which confers upon the supreme court and the district courts general jurisdiction in chancery as well as at common law. The fact that the judges of these latter courts are appointed by the federal power, paid by that power, — that other officers of these courts are appointed and paid in like manner — strongly repels the idea that congress, in conferring on these courts all the powers of courts of general jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, intended to leave to the territorial legislature the power to practically evade or obstruct the exercise of those powers by conferring precisely the same jurisdiction on courts created and appointed by the territory. ”
A fortiori, if a territorial legislature cannot divide the jurisdiction of the supreme and district courts with probate courts, which are expressly recognized as courts by the organic act,— such legislature cannot divide, “evade or obstruct the exercise of” that jurisdiction by any power it may seek to confer upon county commissioners, which are in no manner recognized as courts by the organic act.
The sections of these statutes relied upon by respondent to make out his position that plaintiffs’ sole remedy lay in an appeal from the order of the board, which sections are above cited by their number, may, in so far as applicable to cases like the one at bar, be interpreted as in harmony with the organic act by holding that they, in effect, give to claimants, at their option, a simpler and sometimes a speedier way to get their rejected claims passed upon by the district courts, than by an original action brought in such courts.
The judgment of the district court is therefore reversed, with directions that this cause stand for trial at its next term.
All the justices concurring.