Tbe defendant was indicted for unlawful cohabitation with Belinda Pratt Musser, May Musser and Annie Seg-miller McCullough Musser, to which indictment he pleaded not guilty. The issue was tried by a jury, who found him guilty as charged; a motion for a new trial was overruled and he appealed to this court. On the trial the defendant, by his counsel, alleged errors of law and of fact. The more important of the former was made by the court, it is claimed, in defining the crime of which the defendant was convicted.
The offense is described in the third section of “An act to amend section fifty-three hundred and fifty-two of the revised statutes of the United States, in reference to bigamy and for other purposes,” approved March 22, 1882. It is as follows: “If any male person in a territory or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, hereafter cohabits with more than one woman, he *155sliall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.” The court below beld tbat sexual intercourse was not essential to tbe crime. In tbat tbe defendant insists there was error, tbat it is a necessary element and must be proven.
Tbe term cobabit as found in tbe criminal codes of many of tbe states is coupled witb and qualified by tbe adverbs lewdly, lasciviously, adulterously, or some other equivalent expression. No such word or expression is found in tbe section under consideration, or in tbe act of which it is a part. As defined by lexicographers, cobabit means to dwell witb or reside together. It may mean residing in tbe same country, city or neighborhood, or in tbe same family, or tbe dwelling together in lawful wedlock-— this would be lawful cohabitation. Or it may mean tbe dwelling of a man and woman together ostensibly and apparently in wedlock, when in fact or in law no marriage exists, and without proof of adultery or fornication this would be unlawful cohabitation; or it may mean tbe living-together of a man and woman without lawful marriage, in the practice of fornication or adultery — this would be lascivious, lewd or adulterous cohabitation, another species of unlawful cohabitation; in this last case proof of adultery or fornication is necessary to make out the offense. The ideas which accompany the use of the word determine its import. The ideas of country, of family, of marriage, of the appearance of marriage without it, or of adultery, when associated with the term, vary and determine its meaning-in each case. The subject to which it is applied contracts or expands its meaning — it is a word of flexible signification.
Cohabitation, as used in a matrimonial sense, means to dwell together as husband and wife. Foster v. Foster, 4 Eng. Ec. B. 359, was a case of divorce. In the opinion the court used the following language: “Most certainly, what Dr. Harris has said is true, that the duty of matrimonial intercourse cannot be compelled by this court, though matrimonial cohabitation may.” The court made a very plain distinction between matrimonial cohabitation and matrimonial intercourse. The same distinction was made in the case of Nash v. Nash, id., and in Orm v. Orm, 2 Eng. *156Ec. E. 354. In a note to section 777, Bishop on Marriage and Divorce, the author says: “I am not aware that other judges (referring to a remark of Chancellor Walworth) have often employed this word to denote actual sexual intercourse further than may be presumed from the dwelling-together in the same house of parties under the claim of being married, or as _ necessarily implying even an occupancy by the husband and wife of the same bed. The words matrimonial cohabitation have been used in distinction from matrimonial intercourse to signify a living together in the same house without copulation.” To the same effect is the case of Calef v. Calef, 54 Maine 365 and Yardley’s Estate, 75 Pa., St.,207. Ohio v. Connoway, Ohio R. Tappan, 90, was a criminal prosecution. In charging the jury the court read the statute defining the crime, which was, “If any married man shall hereafter desert his wife, and live and cohabit with any other woman in a state of adultery, etc.,” and remarked, “The defendant must not only have lived and cohabited with this female, but he must have lived and cohabited with her in a state of adultery.” In this the court indicated clearly that it did not understand the word cohabit to embrace sexual intercourse when not qualified by some expression showing such an intention. Counsel, in their briefs and arguments, made reference to numerous other cases, but it is found that the most of them interpreted or construed statutes containing qualifying terms.
We are of the opinion that the weight of authority is to the effect that the crime of unlawful cohabitation, as defined in the statute under consideration, is made out without proof of sexual intercourse, and that jjroof of non-intercourse is not a defense. In the statute but two crimes are defined. The first section defines polygamy; the third unlawful cohabitation; the fourth provides that the offenses may be joined in the same indictment; the fifth makes the fact that a man summoned as a juror is or has been living-in the practice of bigamy, polygamy, or unlawful cohabitation, with more than one woman, or the fact that he is, or has been guilty of either offense, or the fact that he believes that either of such offenses is right, a ground *157of challenge. And tlie eighth section disqualifies those persons who aro living in the practice of polygamy or unlawful cohabitation from voting or holding office. Cohabitation with moro than one woman is essential to the crime. If the law was aimed at adultery, why require the cohabitation to be with more than one woman? If the national legislature had so intended, it would have given some intimation of that intent in the law. It appears plain that the intention was to protect the monogamous marriage by prohibiting all other marriage, either in form or in appecirauce only, whether evidenced by a ceremony, or by conduct and circumstances alone.
The court should ascertain the intention of the legislature from the words used, when plainly expressed. But when the meaning of the words is obscure and doubtful and the intention of the lawmaker is uncertain, it becomes the duty of the court to resort to rules of construction in order to discern the idea which the language was intended to express. In the use of the rides of construction we are not confined to the uncertain language of the law, but we may take into view the ideas which the legislator associated with the idea that is in dispute. For with them it existed in the legislator’s mind, and in the light of those ideas we may grasp the meaning of the law, as the legislator endeavored to express it.
We may assume that the authors of this law had in mind the institution of marriage, because they expressly declared that any man who having a wife marries another, is guilty of a crime, and that any male person who cohabits with more than one woman is guilty of unlawful cohabitation. They had in view the evil effects of such practices. The end of the law was the protection of the monogamous marriage, and the suppression of polygamy and unlawful cohabitation was but a means to that end. It is proper also to take into consideration the conditions as the national legislature anticipated and understood them in which the law was to be -applied and enforced. They knew the time had elapsed within which a very large portion of those living in polygamy could bo punished for that offense, and that many of these were among the most influential men *158in society, being tlie beads of the cburcb, and that tlie example of their continuing to live with their plural wives under a claim of divine right, would be a scandal to society and a menace to the lawful marriage; that such examples would be a continuing invitation and apparent justification for tlieir followers either secretly or openly to violate the law. Congress, therefore, forbade plural marriage in appearance only, as well as in form, and by the example of punishment it doubtless intended to eradicate the example of apparent plural marriages as well as the plural marriage in form.
According to the maxims of sound interpretation for use in searching for' the intention of the legislature, it is proper to ask, what was the defect and mischief against which the law did not provide, and the true reason of the remedy? And it is the duty of the court at all times to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief and advance the remedy: Potter’s Dwarris on Statutes and Constructions, 184. Whether we interpret the terms used according to their legal sense or resort to the rules of construction and construe them in the light of the reason and the purpose of the law and of the conditions in which its authors understood it was to be applied to human conduct, we reach the same conclusion.
The defendant also insists that the evidence before the jury did not prove him guilty. This raises a question of fact; to determine which it is necessary to examine the evidence. Annie M. Sheets, a daughter of defendant by a deceased wife, married and not living at home, testified that she had known the women named in the indictment, Mary Musser, Annie Segmiller McCullough Musser and Belinda Pratt Musser, several years; that Belinda and Mary lived in defendant’s house; that the former lived there about one year and a half and moved to the house she now lives in about four months ago; that Annie Seg-miller Musser lived in a house on an adjoining lot; that they all three have children who bear the name of Musser living with them; that Belinda has three; two of them bear the name of Musser; that she never heard the younger called any name but Arthur; that there were eight children *159in tlie house, one of them, Blanche Musser, is between two and three; that Annie Segmiller McCullough Musser has three children, from five to eight, who go by the name of Musser; that defendant called them by their given names, and they addressed him as father; that the defendant, her father, lived in the same house with Belinda and Mary; witness did not live there herself but visited; had seen him at the table with Mary in the house in which Belinda and Mary lived; that the house had eight rooms on the ground floor and four on the second, the rooms down stairs connected by doors; Belinda’s bedroom was on the west side, Mary’s on the east, defendant’s between; from his room a door opened into Belinda’s; between Mary’s and his was another room having doors which opened into theirs; that the older children slept upstairs and the younger ones down; that she had heard defendant refer to Mary as witness’ stepmother, and heard Mary’s children address him as father; that she did not know where Arthur is; last saw him four or five months ago at his mother’s house; nor does she know where Mary is; that the women named in the indictment have been for several years past recognized and knoAvn in the Musser family as defendant’s wives.
Lizzie Lee testified that she was a married daughter of Annie Segmiller, now known as Annie Segmiller Musser; that Belinda Pratt Musser and Mary Musser lived in a house on a lot adjoining her mother; that she knew defendant; that her mother has five children; that she did not know how old Boss, the younger, is; last saw him between four and five weeks ago; (when attention was called to her statement before the grand jury, she said between two and three years old); that he was not an infant in arms when she last saw him; that she saw defendant at her mother’s house about a week ago; her mother was not there; has not seen her for four or five weeks; last saw the child in her arms; that she had seen defendant at her mother’s four or five weeks ago; that her mother is recognized by her and her mother’s family as defendant’s wife; that she had heard them speak of the children in presence of each other, though not as his; that her mother’s children were *160named Musser. Witness bas one full brother and one sister; their name is McCullough; she had heard her mother’s other children speak to defendant and of him as father; that her mother’s maiden name ivas Segmiller; that she married McCullough, and she now goes by the name of Musser; had seen defendant at her mother’s a number of times, in the evening and morning; witness lived beside her mother, and since last August at her house.
Mary Rideout testified that she had seen Mary Musser’s children; that the youngest she saw was two or three years old; had not visited her for three years; that she had seen Belinda Musser’s child; when she saw it it appeared to be something over a year old; was an infant nursing; it was a nursing infant in arms last winter, three or four months ago; that witness had seen defendant quite lately about the house; that she traveled with Annie Musser, and defendant met her at the carriage; she had her baby with her; thisowas last summer.
Joseph Warburton testified: Knew Belinda and Mary Musser and the house in which they lived; was at the house; saw defendant there and going to and coming from the house, driving into the barn; that children bought articles at store and defendant paid for them; that most of the children were Mary Musser’s; saw defendant walking and doing chores around his premises.
M. K. Ekels testified that prior to the sixteenth of last October, he lived at Mary Musser’s about a year and four months, boarding there; that defendant was there at meals; he sat at one end of the table there nearly all the time; that he ate at. Belinda’s table once; the occassion was a birthday party; defendant was there; that Mary Musser had six children; the youngest is an inf ant running around, (whether it was a year ago he did not remember), its name is Blanche; that he knows Annie Segmiller McCullough Musser; witness being a school teacher, went to see her about children she was sending to school; one of Belinda’s also went, and some of Annie’s; all went on the roll by the name of Musser; that Mary Musser paid tuition for all the children who came under the name of Musser,
*161Defendant offered in evidence three deeds which had been recorded in which he was grantor, bearing date July 21, 1883; Mary Musser was grantee in the first, Belinda Pratt Musser in the second, and Annie Segmiller Musser in the third; that Belinda Musser moved to the house she now lives in last December.
Prom the foregoing evidence it appears that the women named in the indictment have for years borne his name, and before that they had borne other names; that for more than one year next preceding December last, defendant had lived in the house with Mary Musser and Belinda Musser; that these two women and defendant occupied bed-rooms on the same' floor; that a door opened out of defendant’s room on the east, directly into Belinda’s room, and on the west into a room which opened into Mary’s; that he ate a large portion of the time at her table; that the third woman lived in a house on an adjoining lot; that defendant was frequently there; that Mary has six children, the youngest two or three years old, and Belinda three, the youngest two or three years old; that Annie has three children, ages between five and eight years; that these children all bear the name of Musser and have addressed him as father, and that all three of the women are known and reputed in the family to be defendant’s wives. It is undeniable in view of the evidence that defendant lived a large portion of the time charged in the indictment, in the same house with two of the women, and all the time in' a house adjoining the other woman at whose house he was frequently. What relationship did he bear to these women with whom he was living? Was it the relationship of father and daughter, brother and sister, employer and employee, master and servant? Neither of these questions can be answered in the affirmative in the light of the evidence. The evidence points to but one relationship, and that is matrimonial, husband and wife; the evidence can be reconciled on no other hypothesis. To consider a portion of the evidence apart from the rest is not the right way to determine its sufficiency; a portion may not establish the disputed fact, but all together may prove it beyond a reasonable doubt. A portion of a physical structure *162does not prove its existence, but Avhen all tbe parts are taken together, there can be no room to doubt its existence When all the evidence in this case is so considered, we are of the opinion that it sufficiently appears that defendant, during the time mentioned in the indictment, was living with at least two of the women named, in the apparent relation of marriage; that by his language and conduct and appearances and expressions for which he was responsible, he held them out to the world in that relationship; that he was living with them in the habit and repute of marriage. We are of the opinion that the evidence was sufficient to authorize the verdict found.
Witness Lizzie Lee, who lived dt the house of one of the reputed wives and her daughter, stated that she did not know where her mother was, that she last saw her four or five weeks ago. And witness Annie M. Sheets, a daughter of the defendant who visited the house of Mary Musser and defendant frequently, testified that she did not know where Mary was. And the evidence tended to show that two or three of the youngest children had not been seen for some time. And the assistant district attorney, in his closing argument to the jury, said that it was in the power of defendant to show all the facts in defense by his wives and children, but that it was not in the power of the prosecution to do so by them, because they had been put out of the way by the procurement of the defendant. The defendant’s counsel objected to this language, and the court said there was no evidence that defendant had put them out of the way, and the assistant district attorney made no further remarks on the point. The bill of exceptions also shows that the same attorney in his argument, stated that an outsider had made signals to the jury during the trial, and the court checked him, and he said nothing further with respect to it. The remarks were made in the heat of argument, and the attorney did not persist, but ceased as soon as his attention was called to the impropriety. The court charged the jury that in considering the verdict, they should not go outside of the evidence and take into consideration facts not in evidence, that they should consider only evidence, and *163consider it fairly. In support of this assignment of error counsel for defendant cite a number of authorities. In some of them the trial court had permitted the prosecuting attorney to continue over the objection of defendant. In other cases the remarks of the state’s attorney were in violation of a statute forbidding comment on the fact that defendant had not testified when the law permitted him to do so. In each of the cases cited there had been an aggravated breach of professional duty and obligation to the injury of the defendant. In view of the circumstances attending the statements of the assistant district attorney and of the fact that he ceased further remarks as soon as his attention was called to the impropriety,, and of the charge of the court, and of the authorities, we are of the opinion that this exception is not well taken.
The indictment charges that the defendant unlawfully cohabited with the women therein named, between the first day of May, 1882, and the first day of April, 1885. And the defendant insists that it was error to admit evidence of defendant’s conduct and of his relationship to them before the day first mentioned. The offense of the defendant consisted in dwelling with the women in the habit and repute of marriage, holding that relationship out to the world by his language and conduct or by expressions and conduct for which he was responsible; that he lived in the house with two of them during the time mentioned, there is no room for controversy. And the question is, "What relationship existed between the defendant and these women? Mas defendant there as a guest? As a boarder? Was he the proprietor of the house and the women in his employ as servants — chambermaids or cooks? Were they'his sisters? Was any of them his mother? Or were they there as his wives? Does not his conduct before the offense charged throw light upon the inquiry? Evidence of the feelings and intent of the defendant with respect to the crime and towards the injured party is competent in cases of murder and other crimes which may be committed by a single act. It would appear to be more pertinent.when the offense consists of a succession of acts and expressions extending through a considerable period *164and indicating- tbe relationship of marriage. - That relation is usually preceded and attended by affections and feelings peculiar to it, and more permanent in their chara-ter, and they give rise to conduct indicating their existence and thereby indicating marriage. Evidence that defendant had married the women — had been living with them as his wives before the offense. — adds weight to the circumstances pointing to unlawful cohabitation during the time in which the offense is charged.
It is further insisted that the court erred in admitting evidence tending to show marriage to the women named before the law which the defendant is charged with violating took effect, and that the court erred in refusing to charge the jury that the law presumed the defendant ceased to cohabit with his wives when the law took effect. The court did charge that the law presumed the defendant innocent till proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt — innocent both before and after the law was in force — before and at the time of the offense charged.
If a lawful relationship is formed, and its continuance is made unlawful, the law presumes the parties thereto intend to obey the law, and that they terminate or change the relationship so as to make it conform to an innocent intent. In such a case it is necessary that the lawful intent should be changed to an unlawful one, or that the relation should be changed to a lawful One, that is to say, made to conform to the law; the law presumes change of conduct rather than change of a lawful intent to an unlawful one. But if the relationship was unlawful in its inception, and the intention was unlawful, then it would be necessary to presume a change of both intention and relationship. If the relationship was unlawful in the beginning, and the intent was also, and the name of the offense is simply changed, or punishment is simply imposed on that which was unlawful before, the presumption remains the same as though no change had been made in the law. In either case the law presumes innocence till guilt is proven. A disposition and intention to violate the law in entering into the relationship with these women being shown, it affords an inference of some effect upon the *165mind, wlien considered with, tlie other evidence at the time of tbe offense charged. The inference against the defendant from his marriage to these women before the law went into force with the inferences from his own conduct towards them, and the circumstances within the time limited in the indictment strengthens the latter. In determining how this man lived between the dates named, the public would take into view his inclination and disposition to cohabit with the women as shown by his conduct and example before the law took effect, because in that way his mode of life contributes to the example which injures society. The common law has been in force in this territory more than a generation. And an act of Congress against bigamy more than twenty-two years. None of the conduct or circumstances in evidence extend back so far. They tended to prove a relationship unlawful in its inception. We are of the opinion that there was no error in admitting evidence for the purpose of showing marriage between the defendant and the women named, before the law took effect, or showing that he cohabited with them as his wives before.that time: Thayer v. Thayer, 101 Mass., 111.
Exceptions were also taken to the charge of the court to the jury, and to the refusal of requests to charge by the defendant. The entire charge of the court, as given to the jury, is set out in the bill of exceptions. It contains a description of the offense and the plea of the defendant, and charges them that the law presumes the defendant innocent till proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; that if the jury believe beyond a reasonable doubt that at the county and between the dates mentioned in the indictment, the defendant lived with the women therein named, or with any two of them as his wives in the habit and repute of marriage, they should find him guilty; that it was not essential that sexual intercourse should be shown or a marriage celebrated; that the jury were the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses, of the weight of the evidence •and of the fact; that in judging of their credibility the jury might take into consideration the deportment of the witnesses on the stand, their apparent frankness and candor, or the want thereof, appearing from the evidence — - *166the reasonableness of tlieir statements, and any fact appearing in evidence affecting their credibility; that in weighing the evidence the jury 'should consider it altogether, and should consider only evidence, that they should not go outside of it; that they should consider it fairly and candidly, and reach such reasonable conclusions as they might be able. The jury found the defendant guilty as charged.
The prosecution asked no instructions and the defendant asked twenty-five — all of which were refused, except so far as their principles were contained in the charge given.
In the case of the Indianapolis, etc., R. R. Co. v. Horst, 93 U. S. 291, the court said: “It is the settled law in this court that if the charge given by the court below covers the entire case and submits it properly to the jury, such court may refuse to instruct further. It may use its own language, and present the case in its own way.” The charge of the trial court in this case covers the entire case and is plain. In the case last cited the court also said: “When instructions are asked in the aggregate, as were those of the defendant, and there is anything exceptionable in either of them, the whole may be properly refused by the court. That there were many things exceptionable in the twenty-five asked in the case under consideration is certain. The instructions asked and .refused, so far as we deem it necessary to refer to them, may be classified as follows: First — Those stating abstract principles’of law. In the refusal of these there .can be no error. Second — Such as attempted to define the degree of intimacy' necessary to be shown between defendant and the women named. In its charge to the jury the court gave a definition of unlawful cohabitation, and in doing so defined the necessary intimacy. Third — Those relating to the presumption of innocence arising when the law under which defendant was prosecuted took effect. The question raised by the exception was discussed above, and we are of the opinion that the exception is not well taken. Fourth— Those declaring principles of law included in the charge. The <?ourt stated such principles in its own language in the charne, and that was sufficient.
*167Tbe precise questions raised by tbe exceptions to tbe ruling of tbe court below in tbis case in refusing to sustain objections to tbe indictment were considered in tbe case of tbe United States v. Cannon, ante, p. 122, and decided at tbe present term. We are satisfied witb tbe conclusions reached in tbat case,' and bold tbat tbe trial court committed no error in overruling sucb objections. Without directing attention further to tbe exceptions taken by defendant, and after a careful consideration of tbe whole case, we are of the opinion they are not well taken, and tbat the judgment of tbe court below should be affirmed.
It is so ordered.
Boreman, J., concurred.