The defendant was indicted in the third district court of this territory for polygamy, tried, convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary. The substantial averments of the indictment were that he intermarried with one Emma Ever*228ett, while at the same time bis lawful wife, Hannah Powell Simpson, was living.
The court charged the jury that if the evidence con-: vinced them, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant married Emma Everett, as charged, and that at the same time he had a lawful wife living, then they should find a verdict of guilty, provided the jury further found that the first marriage was lawful. The jury was instructed that to establish the fact of marriage it is not necessary to produce a marriage certificate, or any record evidence, neither need eye-witnesses of the ceremony be sworn; that marriage may be proven like any other fact, by the deliberate declarations or admissions of the defendant, but that the defendant could not be convicted unless it was proved beyond a reasonable doubt that he was guilty as charged in the indictment. The jury were also informed that they were the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and of the weight to be given to the testimony.
The defendant urges that the court erred in charging the jury that they could infer marriage from the deliberate statements or admissions of the defendant.
None of the testimony is brought up with the record. We must, therefore, presume that there was evidence to sustain the charge that Hannah Powell Simpson actually existed, and that the marriage took place jn this territory. In order to have arrived at a verdict of guilty, under the charge as given, the jury must have been convinced, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a lawful marriage had been entered into between this woman and the defendant.
In this territory there is no law regulating marriage. No form or ceremony is required, and no record of marriage is kept. Marriage is left as it was at common law, and a consensual marriage is in all respects valid. There need be no witnesses present. If the parties are competent to contract, all that is essential is a present agreement. The marriage is complete when there is a full, free and mutual consent by the parties capable of contracting, though not followed by cohabitation: Caryolle v. Ferrie, 26 Barb. 177; Bunting v. Leppingwell, 6 Coke *229Rep. 29; Jesson v. Collins, 6 Mod. 155; Fenton v. Reed, 4 John. 52; Jackson v. Winne, 7 Wend. 47; Hutchins v. Kimmel, 31 Mich. 130; Graham v. Bennett, 2 Cal. 503: Case v. Case, 17 Cal. 598; Rose v. Clark, 8 Paige, 574; Com. v. Stump, 53 Pa. St., 132.
Cohabitation is but one of the many incidents to the marriage relation. It is not essential to it: Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U. S. 42.
Under our law a marriage depends solely upon 'the mutual consent of the contracting parties. They may enter into the marriage relation secretly, and the fact may be unknown to all save the man and woman.
As was said on the argument, a couple may meet on the highway at any time in the day or night and there contract a valid marriage. Whether it tends to good morals to leave the matter thus loose, and completely at the will of the parties, it is not for us to discuss. That is a matter for the legislature. We have to take the law as we find it.
No particular form or ceremony being essential, and no witness being required, the question that arises is how shall the fact of marriage be proven. Surely it is not necessary to produce a marriage certificate, or record evidence, for the law requires none. Clearly the ceremony need not be proven by eye-witnesses; for a marriage is valid without witíiesses,* and no ceremony is necessary. If evidence of that nature were required people might transgress the laws prohibiting polygamy with impunity. A man could secretly marry as many women as he pleased, and the law could not reach him.
Proof that two parties have treated each other as husband and wife, have lived together as such, and have held each other out to the world as such, is sufficient to enable a court or jury to find that at some previous time the parties did, as a fact, consent to be married; did, as a fact, agree to be husband and wife. This is the conclusion of all the decisions of authority. The previous actual consent or agreement to be husband and wife is the ultimate and essential fact the jury must find. The mode of life, the holding out, the declarations or admissions of the accused, *230and tlie like, are circumstantial evidence from wbicb tbe fact may be inferred: 4 West Coast Rep. 51, note.
Tbe conclusion at wbicb we arrive is, that in order to prove tbe first marriage, on an indictment for polygamy, it is not necessary to produce eye witnesses to tbe ceremony. Neither is it necessary to produce a marriage certificate or other record evidence. Marriage may be proven by tbe declarations and admissions of tbe accused, and such declarations are proper to be considered by tbe jury as tending to prove an actual marriage. If such declarations convince tbe jury, beyond a reasonable doubt, that tbe parties were married, that is all that is required: United States v. Miles, 2 Utah, 19; Miles v. United States, 103 U. S., 311.
While tbe instructions complained of might have been more carefully worded, still tbe charge, when taken as a whole, carefully guarded tbe rights of tbe defendant, and be was not injured thereby, and tbe judgment of tbe court below should be affirmed.
Zane, C. J., and Boreman, J., concurred.