At the September term of the district court of the second judicial district, the appellant was found guilty by a jury of the crime of murder in the first degree. A motion for a new trial having been submitted and overruled, and the defendant, as was his legal right, having elected shooting as the mode of punishment, the court sentenced him to be shot on the 26th day of November, 1887. Prom that judgment he has appealed to this court.
The first ground of reversal relied upon by the defendant, in the order we will consider the errors assigned, is that the evidence was insufficient to authorize the verdict. It appears from the evidence given on the trial that the deceased, Michael Cullen, and the appellant, Andrew Cal-ton, and one Jerry Tiberty were acquaintances, and were residents of Star mining district, in the Territory of Utah; that about 10 o’clock of the morning of July 14,1887, these men met a few miles away in the town of Milford, the two last named having gone there together. Tiberty testified to this effect: When they alighted, Michael Cullen came up, and they went into a saloon and drank with him. *453That during tbe day tbey drank together five or six times. Once or twice tbey bad beer; tbe other times, whisky. It appears that tbey started home about 6 o’clock in tbe evening of tbe same day, Calton and Cullen sitting-on tbe wagon seat, and Tiberty lying on some ore-sacks behind them; that Calton was driving, and Cullen sitting to bis left. Tiberty testified, further: Soon after tbey bad started, tbey all took a drink out of a bottle, and after tbey bad crossed tbe railroad Calton’s whip-lash dropped off, and be (witness) left tbe bottle on tbe sacks, and jumped out to get tbe lash. While be was tying it on, Cullen asked for a drink, and witness told him he could get it if be would turn around. Cullen did so, but witness did not see whether they drank or not. He himself was busy with tbe whip, and when be looked up be said, “You are fine fellows to drink without offering me any.” Calton answered, “Mike has it,” and said to Cullen, “Give Jerry a drink; it is bis whisky.” Cullen bad tbe bottle under his arm, and Calton reached over and took hold of tbe neck of it, and held on, and in tbe struggle that ensued some of tbe whisky was spilled; and witness, seeing that Cullen was not willing to give it up, said, “Damn the whisky; I do not want it,” and then said, “Drive on,” walking ahead a few steps, thinking tbey would follow. Calton got tbe bottle, and held it up, saying, “Come back. Here it is; I have it.” Witness then went back, and gat it, and put it in bis side pocket, and again said, “Drive on. I will walk. You may not get any more on tbe way.” After taking a few steps, be looked around, and Calton rose straight up in tbe wagon, and tbe two men bad their bands on each other’s necks. He then ran back, and put his foot on tbe bub of tbe front near wheel to get up and separate them, and get in behind tbe seat. Calton was then leaning over the dash-board. Cullen was in bis seat, and did not rise from it, so far as witness saw. Witness then said: “What are you quarreling about — two friends quarreling for nothing. You ought to be ashamed of yourselves.” Witness then tried to coax them to let go, and finally said to them that be would put them out if tbey did not. He tried for a couple of minutes to separate them. Cullen *454bad bis band up, and said: “Yon will cboke, will you, you s — n of a b — b?” and was going to strike Calton. Witness ran bis arm between them, and “saved bim from tbe balance.” Calton tben said, “Let’s quit,” and they both let go. Cullen was tben in tbe seat, and bad not gotten out of it. Calton tben picked up a bundle, and jumped out of tbe wagon, alighting upon bis feet. Tbe team started, and witness jumped from tbe'wheel, and, after a little time, with difficulty, got bold of tbe bridle of tbe near horse (bis bands being crippled). He tben beard Calton say, “You will abuse me,” or “You will cboke, you s — n of a b — k,” and, turning around, be saw Calton take bis pistol out of tbe bundle be carried. Calton said, after he got out: “I don’t give a damn if you are Matt Cullen’s brother; you cannot abuse me.” Cullen was sitting in tbe seat, and it was not a half second after he saw tbe pistol until the first shot was fired. Calton kept on firing. Witness halloed, “I say, for Christ’s sake, quit that.” Calton answered, “Ob, he is dead; tbe first shot killed bim, and I might as well give bim tbe rest.” Witness said, “No, be is not dead,” and be kept on firing, and witness kept saying, “Quit that; be is not dead.” Afterwards, when they were coming down to Milford, witness said, “Tbe second- or third shot missed fire.” Calton tben said it was tbe second. After tbe shooting, witness said, “W ell, we must go back to Milford.” Calton answered, “Yes.” Tbe witness bad dropped bis bat when he caught the horses, and Calton picked it up, and witness picked up Calton’s, and banded it to bim. Witness said to Calton, just as they turned around, that be wished that be bad let tbe horses go, and bad tried to grab bim, and Calton answered that it was no use; be would have got bim anyway. Calton drove back to Milford; tbe body remaining on tbe seat by Calton, witness bolding it there. As they were going back, witness said be was sorry, and Calton replied that be was sorry too; that be did not pack that gun for Cullen, and be wished it bad been Dan Mackintosh. Just outside tbe town be asked where they should drive, ’ and witness told bim. After they reached Milford, Calton said on two or three occasions, when men shook bands *455witb him, that he did not think they would shake hands with a murderer, and said to the witness, “My life is not worth one cent to me now.” Witness McKean testified he saw the three men going out. Tiberty appeared to be sober. When they came back, Calton said he shot him, and shot him after he was dead. Calton told witness that the pistol was in its scabbard, and witness got it. Its caliber was 44 or 45. Dr. Fowler made a post mortem examination, and testified that there were nine bullet wounds on the person of the deceased. Four were probably made by one bullet, and three might have been made with another. They were fatal. Witness Baldwin testified that Calton said he shot Cullen because he was choking him; that he shot him in self-defense. Calton also said to one Hague: “Here is your partner. I killed him, and I killed him good.” Calton and Tiberty acted as if they were drunk. Calton had some scars on his face and neck. Witness Moore testified that Calton said he killed him the first shot, and thought he would put the balance of the shots in him, and was forced to kill him; that he thought Calton was then intoxicated. A. M. Stoddard testified that Calton said he had been insulted, and bought a pistol with the intention of killing the next man who insulted him; and witness said, “I suppose you have done so now,” and Calton replied, “Tes.” A. J. Lewis testified that he had known Calton four years; that he had the reputation of being a very quiet man, sometimes not speaking to any one for two or three days; that witness thought that he was crazy; and that Calton received ordinary wages as a miner. O. S. Carver testified that he had known defendant eight or nine years, and that he was always considered a peaceable and quiet citizen. Mr. Burnison also said that defendant had the reputation of being a peaceable and quiet map. There was evidence that Calton had armed himself with a pistol on another occasion, and had made threats of violence; but there was no evidence to show that there had ever been any unfriendly feeling between him and the deceased before the fatal occasion. On the contrary, there was evidence to show that they had been on friendly terms.
*456Owing to tbe nature of tbe case, and of tbe alleged condition of tbe three men, and tbe alleged want of capacity of tbe appellant, we thought it necessary to state tbe evidence thus fully. This evidence proves to a moral certainty that tbe appellant caused the death of tbe deceased by a pistol shot, and that tbe killing was not excusable or justifiable. Tbe further question remains, did tbe appellant .inflict tbe fatal wound with such a deliberate and premeditated intention to take tbe life of Oullen as authorized tbe jury to find him guilty of murder in tbe first degree? It appears from tbe evidence that while tbe appellant and tbe deceased were engaged in an angry altercation in tbe wagon, attended with personal violence, when remonstrated with by tbe witness Tiberty, tbe appellant said, “Let’s quit,” and that tbe struggle then ceased. That thereupon tbe appellant got tbe bundle in which tbe pistol was, and jumped out of the wagon upon tbe ground, and saying, “You will abuse me,” or “You will choke, you >s — n of a b — ch,” took bis pistol out of the bundle, and cursing tbe deceased, “I don’t give a damn if you are Matt Cullen’s brother; you cannot abuse me,” be said, and fired tbe deadly shot while Cullen was sitting upon tbe seat; and when Tiberty halloed to him to quit, be said, “Ob, be is dead; tbe first shot killed him, and I might as well give him tbe rest;” and when told that Cullen was not dead, kept on firing in spite of tbe remonstrance of Tiberty; and afterwards, when told that tbe second or third shot missed, replied that it was tbe second. The reasonable inference from tbe language and conduct of tbe appellant is that be formed tbe design of taking Cullen’s life before be jumped out of tbe wagon; and be then commenced preparing to execute bis purpose by getting tbe bundle in which the pistol was, by getting into a position in jumping out of tbe wagon, by getting bis weapon, in taking it out of tbe bundle and out of tbe scabbard, by leveling tbe pistol at tbe vitals of tbe deceased, and by firing tbe deadly shots. Such preparation indicates unmistakably thought and design. • It shows premeditation; a definite intention to take the life of Cullen. Tbe means be used, tbe acts be performed, were suited to tbe result — tbe death of the de*457ceased. He understood tbe means that be used, and anticipated tbe effect.
Section 1917, Comp. Laws Utali 1876, gives, in substance, tbe .common-law definition of murder, viz.: “Murder is tbe unlawful killing of a human being- with malice afore-tbougbt;” and section 1918 defines malice essential to murder: “Sucb malice may be express or implied. It is express wben there is manifested a deliberate intention unlawfully to take away tbe life of a fellow-creature; it is implied when no considerable provocation appears, or wben tbe circumstances attending tbe killing show an abandoned or malignant heart.” Section 1919 makes tbe distinction between murder in tbe first and in tbe second degree: “Every murder perpetrated by poisoning, lying in wait, or any other kind of wilful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated killing; or committed in the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate any arson, rape, burglary, or robbery; or perpetrated from a premeditated design unlawfully and maliciously to effect tbe death of any other human being, other than him who is killed; or perpetrated by any act greatly dangerous to tbe lives of others, and evidencing a depraved mind, regardless of human life, is murder in the first degree; and any other homicide committed under such circumstances as would have constituted murder at common law is murder in the second degree.” Section 1921 defines manslaughter: “Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice. It is of two kinds: First, voluntary, upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion; second-, involuntary, in the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to felony, or in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection.” While the killing shown by the evidence in the case was immediately after an angry quarrel and a violent altercation, attended with heat of passion, it cannot be said that it was not in pursuance of a specific and distinctly formed intention to take.'the life of the deceased. '.There being.an intention to kill, and no provocation to justify or excuse it, the killing must have been malicious, unless the passion was so great that the intent resulted from it, and the in*458tention was without thought, and the act of killing proceeded from the passion alone, or so nearly alone that the passion could be said to be the controlling source or author. The unlawful killing, of a human being with malice aforethought was murder at common law. Section 1919 above quoted describes two classes of murder, and distinguishes one as murder in the first degree, and the other as murder in the second degree. And, again, it distinguishes certain kinds of homicides as murder in the first degree, by the act, the intent, the object, and the circumstances, or by one or more of these. It describes one kind of murder in the first degree by the measure alone,— the amount of the deliberation which precedes it. The intent essential to murder is the state of mind — the intention at the time of the act that causes death. The law does not require deliberation after the intent, and before the act of killing. It does require that the man shall be able and have an opportunity to think about the killing, that he may deliberate and meditate upon it; and whenever the deliberation is sufficient to form therefrom a specific and well-defined intention to kill the person afterwards slain, it is enough to characterize the killing as murder in the first degree. On the contrary, if the action of the mind is so impeded and hindered by passion, intoxication, or other sufficient cause that it cannot, during the time intervening, sufficiently think and deliberate upon the act and its consequences as to be able to form a distinct and perfect intention in the light of thought and reason, the premeditation is not sufficient to characterize the crime as murder in the first degree. No man, who had not the capacity or was not free to think and reason about the act, and who had not adequate opportunity to form a distinct and definite, intention in the light thereof, ought to be deprived of his life for an act flowing from such an intention. As a general rule, the law disregards acts and their consequences that do not follow intentions; therefore an individual is not bound by an act as to which he had no opportunity or capacity to form an intention. And, with respect to the crime of murder, the want of deliberation and premeditation palliates the crime to murder in the second de*459gree, tbongb tbe killing was intentional and malicious. When the act of killing does not proceed from a malicious intention, but does proceed from passion, or is the result of negligence, the crime is reduced to manslaughter. The law abates and yields so much on account of human infirmities.
We are of the opinion that the evidence authorized the jury to find that the appellant, with the capacity and opportunity to reason, and with premeditation, formed a specific and distinct intention to take the life of Cullen, and, therefore, to find him guilty of murder in the first degree. The proposition of law that homicide is murder in the first degree when the person killing had the opportunity and the capacity to deliberate upon the act, and to form a specific and distinct intention from such deliberation, is supported by the following authority: 2 Bish. Crim. Law, sec. 728; Keenan v. Com. 44 Pa. St., 55; 2 Whart. Crim. Law, secs. 1084-1106; People v. Bealoba, 17 Cal., 389; State v. Williams, 43 Cal., 344.
The appellant excepts to the following portion of the charge of the court to the jury, and assigns the giving thereof as error: “To reduce homicide to the degree of manslaughter on the ground solely that it was committed in the heat of passion, the provocation must have been considerable; in other words, such as was calculated to give rise to irresistible passion in the mind of a reasonable person. No slight or trivial provocation, such as is not calculated to engender uncontrollable passion in any ordinary man, will suffice.” Counsel for the appellant contend that such provocation as would be calculated to cause irresistible passion in an ordinary — a reasonable' — man is not necessary to reduce homicide that would be murder to manslaughter. The law, in selecting a human standard by which to measure human conduct, selects an ordinary, not an extraordinary man; a reasonable, not an unreasonable, man. For the law is based upon reason. It selects reasonable standards. It selects such a provocation as the reason of such a man would not be likely to control; in other words, not such a provocation as would be calculated to awaken a passion that the reason of-an ordinary man would be -likely *460to resist. Assuming (as we must, in the absence of proof of insanity or imbecility) that the appellant was a man of ordinary capacity, he should have controlled such passion as a reasonable man could restrain, and would be likely to restrain. It is very difficult, in many cases, to distinguish manslaughter from murder. The act that caused death may have been wilful, but death may not have been intended. The intention to kill may have been formed, and life taken, during or soon after an angry quarrel, or amid or immediately after violence and excitement. In order to determine whether the accused in any given case acted from reason or passion, the provocation, the weapon used, (if any,) the preparation for the act, his expressions, and all the circumstances must be considered; and although it appears that the act proceeded to some extent from malice, upon reflection and calculation, and to some extent from passion, that will be held to be the cause which had the preponderating influence. Passion, to some extent, almost always influences the slayer, when the fatal wound is given during or soon after a quarrel or a fight; and, conversely, malice, to some extent, influences the party killing in either case. But the law charges the act to malice or passion as the one or the other is found to be the preponderating cause of the act. In ascertaining this fact, as all others, in criminal cases, the jury must give the accused the benefit of “any reasonable doubt.” The passion must be such as is sometimes called “irresistible;” yet it is too strong to say that the reason of the party should be dethroned, or he should act in a whirlwind of passion. There must be sudden passion, upon reasonable provocation, to negative the idea of malice; and the passion must proceed from what the law accepts as adequate cause; else it will not reduce the felonious killing to manslaughter. 2 Bisli. Crim. Law. sec. 697. "We find no error in giving the portion of the charge above quoted.
The defendant also alleges as error the statement to the jury of the following principle of law: “When insanity is relied upon as a defense to a criminal charge,' the' burden is upon the defendant to establish it, unless the evidence on the part of the prosecution tends to establish it. *461The test of responsibility for a criminal act, when unsoundness of mind is set up as a defense, is the capacity of the defendant to distinguish between right and wrong at the time of and with respect to the act which is the subject of inquiry.” The law presumes that the mind is in its normal condition until some evidence of unsoundness or imbecility appears. We understand that the capacity of a person accused of crime to determine whether the criminal act was right or wrong is the correct test of responsibility. If a man, with ability to refuse, kills another with the knowledge that it is wrong, he is responsible to the law for the act. We are of the opinion that this exception is not well taken.
The court, in substance, stated to the jury that the law will not permit a person who commits a crime while intoxicated to avail himself of jhis own “gross vice and misconduct” as a justification therefor. Appellant excepted to the use of the terms, “his owm gross vice and misconduct,” and assigns the same as error. This was a statement of the law with respect to an hypothetical case. In it the court did not say, as counsel urged that he did, that the appellant had such a gross vice, or that he had been guilty of such misconduct. The court characterized drunkenness as a gross vice and as misconduct. The court informed the jury that drunkenness, if proven, might be taken into consideration in determining whether the liomióide was willful and premeditated; and that the weight to be given to such fact, if found, was for the jury; and that they should receive evidence thereof with caution, and carefully consider it, in connection with all the evidence in the case. The jury were told to carefully consider the evidence of drunkenness, with all the other evidence. In this we find no error.
The court permitted W. H. Dickson, private counsel, to aid the assistant district attorney in the prosecution of the defendant. This action of the court the defendant assigns as error. Counsel for appellant refer to subdivisions 2, 5, and 6, sec. 257, Crim. Code, Laws Utah 1878: “The prosecuting attorney, or other counsel for the people, must open the cause, and offer the evidence in support of the indict*462ment. . . . When tbe evidence is concluded, unless tbe case is submitted to the jury on either side, or on both sides, without arg ument, the prosecuting attorney, or other counsel.for the people, must open, and the prosecuting attorney may conclude, the argument.” As we construe the foregoing provisions, they do not deprive the court of the discretion to permit private counsel to aid the public prosecutor. The prosecuting attorney, or other counsel for the people, are mentioned in the provisions quoted, except in connection with the closing sentence, and it is there stated that the prosecuting attorney may conclude the argument. It would be unreasonable to assume that the legislature, in the use of this language in the connection in which it appears, intended to deprive the court of the discretion to permit counsel other than the public prosecutor to close the argument. The court should so control the argument as to prevent anything improper — any unfairness or injustice to the accused. This point was expressly decided in the case of People v. Tidwell, 4 Utah.
The appellant also asks for a reversal for the reason, as alleged, that he did not have sufficient time to prepare for trial. The homicide occurred on the 14th day of July, 1887. The indictment was found on the 9th day of the following September. The appellant was arraigned and counsel appointed to defend him, on the day following. On the 14th day of the same month he pleaded not guilty. A jury was impaneled on the 21st, and on the 24th of the same month returned a verdict of guilty. It does not appear that the defendant asked for further time to prepare for trial, or that other material evidence could have been produced if the trial had been postponed. The reason urged constitutes no sufficient ground for a reversal.
In the argument, connsel suggested that the record shows that the appellant was sentenced to be executed publicly. The use of the word “public,” in connection with the execution, being a clerical error, the court below possesses the undoubted authority to correct the judgment in that respect. We do not regard it as a ground for a reversal.
We find no error in this record sufficient to authorize a reversal. The judgment of the court below is affirmed.
*463Boreman, J., concurred.