dissenting.
While I find it difficult to agree with the court’s interpretation of the sections of the charter which are in question, I would not for that reason refuse to concur in the judgment of affirmance; but, as I am clearly of the opinion that the ordinance of 1913, which regulates the procedure authorized by section 22b, is valid and controlling, I am enable to concur in the court’s conclusion.
*463The questions here under consideration are important, not so much as bearing upon the possible recall from office of the present mayor, as they are from the fact that we here determine the procedure in such cases, and practically decide that the city council has no power to perform the very acts which article XXI of the Constitution empowers it to perform.
The view expressed by the trial court, and approved by this court, proceeds, I respectfully submit, on a wrong conception of the right of recall, a conception that it is a natural right in the individual elector, to be exercised without restraint or limitation. It is not such a right. It is a creature of the law, a political, not a personal right, and its exercise is subject to such limitations as may be imposed by the authority which granted it. Manifestly the purpose of the grant was to promote good government, that is, to secure an honest and efficient discharge of the duties of elective offices, by enabling the electors to rid an office of one who has shown that his further incumbency of the place will be detrimental to the public welfare. It was not intended to permit a disappointed minority, or a band of political buccanneers to disturb the social peace, to serve their selfish ends. The people as a whole are interested in having the right of recall so regulated in its exercise.that it will not be made an instrument, in the hands of a small number, to intimidate, or annoy office holders, or to impose upon the taxpayers the unnecessary burden of a recall election.
The office holder should not be disturbed in the discharge of his duties, except under a procedure in which it is made clearly to appear that the required number of electors desire that an election upon his recall be held. The peace and welfare of the community require that officers, chosen by popular vote, be allowed to serve during their terms, unless, during such terms, their want of fitness has become apparent. It is evident, therefore, that the right is not absolute, but is subject to regulation in the interest of the public.
Section 23, as amended in 1910, allows but five days for *464the filing of a protest against a petition, which protest shall set forth the name of each signer protested against.
Manifestly, in the case of a petition purporting to be signed by over 26,000 persons, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to prepare an adequate protest within five days after the filing of the petition. It is common knowledge that circulators of petitions of this kind are paid a sum for each name appearing on the petition; also, as appears in cases which have been before this court, names in large numbers have been fraudulently placed on such petitions.
If the right is not to be grossly abused to the detriment of the public, and office holders as well, some further regulations of the procedure are needed. Article XXI of the Constitution, adopted in 1912, authorizing the recall of state officers, authorized cities and counties to exercise the same power as‘to local officers, “under such procedure as shall be provided by law.”
It further provided that the legislative bodies of any such city or county “may provide for the manner of exercising such recall powers in such counties,” etc.
It must be presumed that members of the city council know what is known by people generally about the improper practices in the matter of these petitions, and, so knowing, it was not only their privilege, but their duty, to enact such ordinances as would tend to prevent an abuse of this important power.
For the purpose of this discussion only, I may accept the conclusion of the trial court that so much of the ordinance as requires every signer to make oath that he is a qualified elector, contravenes a provision in section 23 of the charter which provides that signers “shall be deemed to be qualified electors unless a protest, in writing, under oath, shall be filed with the election commission by some qualified elector within five days after such petition is filed,” etc.; yet there are other provisions in the ordinance, not in conflict with anything in the charter, which are clearly valid, and promotive of good order.
*465It should not be overlooked that it is for the legislative body to determine as to the necessity for regulation, and what the regulations shall be. The courts cannot hold such regulations invalid, if not in conflict with the charter, unless they are so far unreasonable as to prevent a proper exercise of the power granted.
This ordinance requires it to appear that every signer knows the contents of the petition; surely, a reasonable requirement, and one tending to promote the purpose of the grant.
It prohibits persons from signing more than one petition for the same purpose, a manifest safeguard against a signer being twice counted for one purpose. The requirement that a signer make oath to his qualifications as an elector, is but a method of rendering it less likely that persons not entitled to sign may, by their own false statements, deceive the circulators, and be counted when they ought not to be counted.
This ordinance is rejected as obstructing the right to petition for a recall election. If it is so, then every regulation of a granted power, though not in itself unreasonable, is an obstruction.
The right of suffrage is given by the Constitution, and laws regulating its exercise are limitations upon it; yet everyone recognizes not only the propriety of laws to regulate elections, but the necessity therefor. That a signer of a petition should be required to establish his qualifications as such, and the fact that he knows the contents of the petition, no more obstructs his right to aid in bringing about a recall than the registration law interferes with his right to vote.
Believing thus that the provisions of the ordinance should be complied with in forming a legal petition, I am of the opinion that the judgment should be reversed.