After solemn argument,, the opinion of the Court was pronounced by
Prentiss, J.This writ of error is sued, to reverse the judgment of the county court, in an action brought by the plaintiff *43in error, to recover of the defendant, the penalty given by the 4th section of the act regulating marriage and divorce. (Comp. Stat. ch. 44, p. 361.) Whether the judgment is to be reyersed or affirmed, depends on the sufficiency or insufficiency of the plaintiff’s declaration. If the defendant’s construction of the statute is correct, and the penalty was not incurred by him, unless he solemnized the marriage, both without publication of the intention of marriage, and without the consent of the parent of the minor, then, to be sure, the declaration is bad; for it is a settled rule in actions on statutes, that every circumstance in the description of the offence, contained in the body of the clause which creates it, and gives the penalty or forfeiture, must be set forth, so as to bring the defendant within the statute. (Spiers vs. Parker, 1 T. Rep. 141. Gill vs. Scrivens, 7 T. Rep. 27.) As the declaration does not negative the publication of the intention of the' marriage, the single question, therefore, is, whether the defendant incurred the penalty, by solemnizing the marriage without being certified of the consent of the parent, although publication had been duly made.
The first section of the statute prohibits intermarriages within certain degrees, and declares them null and void. The second section gives authority to solemnize marriages, to every ordained minister in the county in which .he is settled, and has his permanent residence, and to every justice of the peace within his proper sphere of jurisdiction. The third section provides, that previous to any marriage being solemnized, the intention thereof shall be published, in the manner therein prescribed; and it is made the duty of the person officiating in the publication, to make and deliver to the parties a certificate, that the intention of marriage between them has been published agreeably to law. Then follows the fourth section, which enacts, “that if any minister of the gospel, or justice of the peace, shall join any persons in marriage, without a certificate as aforesaid, or before such minister or justice is certified of the consent of the parents, guardians or masters, (if any there be,) if either party be a minor, or shall otherwise than is expressly allowed by this act, join any persons in marriage, they shall, severally, forfeit and pay, &c.” The argument on the part of the defendant is, that the statute must receive a strict construction, and that the word “or,” which connects the two first clauses, being taken in its appropriate disjunctive sense, the statute does not prohibit the joining of any persons in marriage', although one is a minor, without consent of parents, provided there has been a publication of the intention of the marriage; and that the concurrence of both circurm stances, publication and consent, which a copulative construction would require, is not necessary to authorize the act. One objection which at once arises to this construction is, that if it makes publication of the intention of marriage supersede the consent of parents, it must also make the consent of parents, in every case co.ming within the purview of the second clause of *44statute, dispense witb publication; and the consequence would be, either to involve the statute in repugnancy and inconsistency, or to render the whole of the second clause, which requires the consent of parents, nugatory and ineffectual. To allow the consent of parents to dispense with publication of the intention of marriage, in any case, would be repugnant to the express words of the 3d section of the statute,. which requires the intention of marriage to be published in ail cases; and if it cannot have this effect, and publication is indispensable in all cases, then the consent of parents cannot be necessary, or have any effect, in any case, and the second clause, which requires it, is idle and nugatory. A construction, involving such consequences, ought not to be admitted,'unless the import of the words is clear, and necessarily requires it.
The principle is recognized and distinctly admitted, and is by no means to be departed from in this case, that penal statutes are to be construed strictly, according to the intention of the legislature, as discovered by the import of the words used. It is a primary and leading rule, and at the same time a safe and salutary one, peculiarly adapted to the nature and genius of a free government, that a penal law is not to be construed by equity, so as to extend it to cases not within the correct and ordinary meaning of the expressions of the law. To determine that a case is within the law, the language must authorize the court to say so. If any of the words used, however, are in themselves ambiguous or equivocal, and the sense doubtful, they must of course be construed according as the context and subject matter require them to be, in order to make the whole consistent and sensible, and give them the effect which was intended. Where they are capable of different meanings, that meaning must be taken which will support the intention, and not that which will defeat it. The Court, however, are not to create ambiguity, or arbitrarily give the words a meaning different from their common acceptation. In the case before us, therefore, we are not to depart from the obvious import of the words of the statute, but are to give effect to the law, according to the intention as collected from the words employed. But on the plain sense of the words, and even adopting a strict grammatical construction, the meaning appears to be clear and consistent, and manifestly to bring the case within the statute. If the1 phraseology of the statute had been somewhat different from what it is, as for instance, if the words had been “shall join any persons in marriage without a certificate as aforesaid, or consent of parents, &c.,” the grammatical construction, probably, would have been as the defendant now contends it is; and both publication of the intention of marriage and the consent of parents might not have been necessary, but either might have been sufficient to authorize the marriage. In such case, the conjunction “or” would connect words only, and show the relation which the words so connected have to other parts of the same clause or sentence; in the statute as it stands, it con*45nects sentences or clauses of a sentence, and not words merely, and shows the relation which the words so connected have to other branches of the sentence. In Fairfield vs. Morgan, 5 Boss. & Pull. 53, it was said, in arguendo, that a devise over, “if A. should die before attaining bis full age or day of marriage,” does not take effect by strict grammar, if A. either comes to age or is married; but change the expression to this form, “if A. shall die before attaining his full age, or before attaining his day of marriage, then in strict grammar, the devise over takes effect, unless both happen. This example is sufficiently illustrative of the- construction, which, in grammatical strictness, the statute requires in the case before us. Indeed, the language of the statute is more full, and both the sense and grammatical construction are more obvious and certain. The words are, “if any minister of the gospel, or justice of the peace, shall join any persons in marriage, without a certificate as aforesaid, or before such minister or justice is certified of the consent of the parents, guardians, or masters, (if any there be) if either party be a minor, or shall otherwise-than is expressly allowed by this act, join any persons in marriage, &c.” Here are three distinct clauses or sentences, connected together and united in one sentence by the word “or,” each giving a new sense and direction, and all governed alike by the words, shall join any persons in marriage." Though these words are but once used in respect to the two first clauses, and go to the whole of both, they are nevertheless two several sentences, and are to be construed in the same manner as if the words were again introduced after the word “or,” as they are in the third clause. A repetition of the words was unnecessary, and would have added nothing to the precision or perspicuity of the sense, or conveyed any other meaning than the words used themselves express. Each clause contains, a several prohibition by itself, neither superseding or taking place of the other, but each forming a distict substantive ground on which the penalty may be incurred. This is plainly indicated by the change of expression and taking up of new words in the second clause, before such minister or justice is certified of;” and by the repetition of the words, shall join any persons in marriage,” in the third clause. But it more plainly appears from the words following “parents, guardians, or masters,” in the second clause, “if any there be," and the words, “if either party be a minorf thus making the second clause not a substitute for the first, but a new and further provision, applicable to the marriage of minors only, and operative only where there is a parent, guardian or master. Th'ese all show three several clauses or sentences, containing three distinct provisions; and by the language and structure of the clauses, the offence is complete, by joining any persons in marriage contrary to the provision of either clause. The first, following up the enactment in the third section, provides for publication of the intention of marriage generally and in all cases; the second provides, not an alternative or substitute for the first, but an independent addi*46tional regulation, that where either party is a minor, the consent of parents, guardians, or masters, if any there be, shall be had ; an¿ tiie third provides, generally, that no marriage shall be solemnized otherwise than is expressly allowed by the act, and was intended, probably, to extend the penalty to the case of joining any persons in marriage, contrary to the provisions contained in the first and second sections of the act. The meaning of the act is, that it shall not be lawful to join a minor in marriage without the consent of the parent, guardian, or master, nor any persons without publication of the intention of marriage, or otherwise than is expressly allowed by the act.
Construing the act by itself, therefore, and without adverting to the policy of it, or the probable intention of the legislature, it plainly makes the fact of joining a minor in marriage, without the consent of parents, a distinct and substantive of-fence. It is solemnizing a marriage, unattended with one of several requisites, prescribed by the statute in a given cáse, and consequently is an act, constituted and declared to be an offence, which shall incur the penalty.
If it were allowable, in a case of this nature, to enter into the reason and policy of the law, it would be found, that the construction we have adopted is as clearly required by the reason and policy, as it is by the words, of the act. Marriage is a contract of the highest importance, not only to the parties, but to civil society ; and it is unquestionably both wise and fit, to subject it to such regulations, as will stop all private and clandestine marriages, and thus prevent those which are unwarrantable or illegal. To this end, and to guard against fraud and surprise, publication of the intention of the parties is a salutary regulation, and is wisely made indispensable in all cases; and in the case of minors, whose judgments are not supposed to be matured, and whose feelings and passions expose them to acts of rashness and indiscretion, it is peculiarly fit that the consent of parents should also be required, not only as an additional security against fraud and surprise, but to preserve the peace and tranquility of families. In those governments which have been most distinguished for a well regulated system of laws, the consent of parents has been made an indispensable requisition. The civil law made the consent of the parent or tutor necessa-sary at all ages, unless the children were emancipated, or out of the parent’s powerl The same provision appears to have been adopted in France and Holland, with this difference, as Blackstone says, that in France the sons could not marry without consent of parents, till thirty years of age, nor the daughters till twenty-five; and in Holland, the sons were at their own disposal at twenty-five, and the daughters at twenty. It is true, that by the common law, if the parties themselves were of the age of consent, which was fourteen in males, and twelve in females, there wanted no other concurrence to make the marriage valid. But as early as the reign of William III, penalties *47of 100 pounds were laid on any clergyman who married a cou-pie without publication of banns, or a licence, to obtain which there was an oath that the parties were of age, or, if under age, that they had the consent of parents or guardians. At length, by the statute 26 Geo. 2, ch. 33, all marriages celebrated by licence, where either of the parties was under twenty-one, without the consent of the father, or if he were not living, of the mother or guardian, were declared absolutely void. (1 Blac. Com. 463,4— 1 T. Rep. 96.) It is true, that by this act, the consent of parents was not necessary, where the marriage was by banns; for as the act required all banns of matrimony to be published-, and all marriages to be solemnized, in the parish church of the parish in which the parties dwelt, notice to parents was supposed, and by the third section of the act, they might dissent to and prohibit the publication of banns, and thus prevent the marriage. This act, which thus in effect prohibited the marriage of minors, and rendered it void, without consent of parents, is supposed to have been drawn by Lord Hardwich, and is said to have been warmly contested, as being an innovation upon the common law', and an unnecessary and impoliticly restraint upon marriage. Several attempts were made to repeal it, all of which,'however, proved ineffectual, and it yet remains the law of England. Although the policy of annulling the marriage may well be doubted, yet no doubt can be entertained as to the expediency of prohibiting it by the imposition of penalties. To this extent, it appears, the regulation has been adopted, and exists, in Connecticut. There, it is not only necessary that the intention of marriage should be published, but the consent of parents or guardians of the parties under the control of parents or guardians must also be had ; and the joining of any persons in marriage without such publication and consent is made penal. (1 Swift’s Dig. 20, 42. Reeve’s Dom. Rel. 196, 7, 9.) in Massachusetts, a regulation in a similar form has existed from a very early period. By an act of 1692, justices and ministers were empowered to marry persons, having ihe consent of parents or guardians, and being, likewise, first published. In the revision of the laws in 1786, a. similar provision was introduced; and by both acts it was made penal to solemnize any marriage without such assent and publication. (2 Dane’s Abr. ch. 46, a. 5, p. 299. a. 2, p. 292.) It can occasion no surprise, that a regulation, thus adopted and sanctioned by the most enlightened governments, should have been introduced here. If there were no other argument in its support, the concurrent sense of other governments, thus expressed by their acts, would sufficiently attest its wisdom, and commend it to favour. But it has other grounds to rest upon. The right or authority which is thus secured to the parent, is founded in the relation' which subsists between him and his children, and results, like all other parental rights, from the duties which he owes them. It is his duty to maintain and educate his children ; to form them for a life of usefulness and virtue; to afford them protection during the de-*48fenceless period of minority; to guard them against rashness, folly, and indiscretion ; and to impose upon them whatever restraints, the accomplishment of these ends, and their true interest and happiness may require. In a matter of so much moment to the happiness of a child, and the peace of his own family, as marriage, it is not to be supposed, that a wise and provident government would be so regardless of the rights of the parent, that even his consent should not be required. Such, as we have already seen, is not the true construction of the statute. Upon the words, as well as the obvious intention, the solemnizing of a marriage, where either party is a minor, without consent of parents, is clearly prohibited; and if we were allowed to enter into the question of policy, we could not refrain from saying, that the regulation is founded in the clearest fitness and expediency. It has been said, that the general opinion, and the practice under the statute, have been otherwise in this part of the state; if so, it is an error and abuse which ought to be corrected and stopped as early as possible. The plaintiff’s declaration being sufficient, the consequence is, that the judgment of the county court must be reversed, and judgment entered for the plaintiff.
Benj. Swift and J. Smith, for the plaintiff. Bates Turner, Asa Alais and James Davis, for the defendant.Judgment for the plaintiff, accordingly.
Royce J. having been of counsel, did not sit on the trial.