The plaintiff in error urges, as one ground of reversal, that by the record, it appears, that the county court allowed an amendment, which, by law, could not be allowed. On this point I deem it unnecessary to express an opinion, as *246another question of great importance, decisive of the case, is macje, an(j mjjgt jjg settled, without reference to technical objections.
It is said, by the defendant in error, that a plea to the jurisdiction of the court should have been interposed; and that, having gone to issue on the plea of owe nothing, the defendant in the origina! suit, cannot allege, by way of objection to the sufficiency of the declaration, a defect of jurisdiction in the court. This suggestion is of no force, if the act, on which the original plaintiff brought his suit, so far as it attempts to confer jurisdiction on the county court, is void. To that point, then, and to that only, will the opinion which I am about to express, be directed.
By the 37th sect, of the act under consideration, the courts of the several states (and of course, the courts of this state) are declared to be vested with the power of holding jurisdiction of causes of action, arising under the act; and the same section enacts, that such “judiciary” shall take cognizance thereof. The Congress having thus attempted to confer jurisdiction, and enjoined the exercise thereof, the case is invested with great importance. Its importance is enhanced, by the fact, that very early after the government went into operation under the constitution, the legislature of the Union adopted the practice of endeavouring to vest the courts of the several states with judicial power ; and the practice has been followed, by successive legislatures, to this day.
It is worthy of particular attention, that the constitution and the laws of the United States, which shall be made inpursuance thereof, are the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state are “ bound thereby.” Const. U. S. art. 6. Thus, it is seen, that if the courts of this state refuse cognizance of causes when thus enjoined, it must be on the sole ground, that the law enjoining it is not made in pursuance of the constitution of the United States, and is therefore not binding on the judges of the several states ; and that this court, in the case under consideration, has a right to decide on the power of the legislature to pass such a law, and pronounce it either valid or void. In regard to the last position, the right of the court so to decide, there is now, whatever may have been the case heretofore, no doubt. High as the power may be of deciding on the constitutionality of a law of the Congress of the United States, it is believed, that it is now universally conceded to the courts of *247the United States, and to those of the several states, with the , only limitation that it be not exercised in declaring a void, without a sacred regard to the high authority enacting rt, and a th >rough'conviction of the correctness of the decision. The sole enquiry, therefore, is, was the law under consideration made in pursuance of the constitution of the United States ? Momentous as this question may be, it is the clear duty of the court to decide it, leaving to the party affected by the decision, the constitutional right of revising it in the supreme court of the United States.
It is an axiom, that in every well constructed government, the judicial power is coextensive with the legislative. The judicial department receives from the constitution, or the legislature, the power of construing all its laws. This axiom is an important part of the constitution of the United States. The third article declares, “ that the judicial power shall extend to all cases in law or equity, arising under the constitution, the laws of the United States, or treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ” Osborne v. United States Bank, 9 Wheat. 818, 19. It is difficult to imagine a more explicit and ample grant of power. In what courts is this power to be vested ? This question is definitely answered, by the first section of the third article. “ The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish.” It would be a violation of the constitution to vest any portion of the power vested in the supreme court, by the constitution, in any inferior court of the United States, and more clearly so, in any court of a state. A subsequent part of the third article declares the powers of the supreme court, by original jurisdiction, as in all cases affecting ambassadors, &c.; and in all other cases arising under the constitution, &c., the jurisdiction is appellate, “ with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.” The residue of the judicial power, coextensive, as we have seen, with the legislative, is “ vested in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish.” The courts of the several states are not the inferior courts mentioned in the constitution. They are inferior in the relation they sustain to the supreme court, as depositories of the judicial power of the United States. They are not, in any sense, inferior courts, ordain-*248e(] arL(i established by Congress. On the contrary, they are established by the constitution and laws of the states. The judges are appointed, the te nure of office fixed, and compensation and responsibility regulated, by the constitution and laws of the states. How, then, can it be insisted, that the law under consideration was made inpursuance of the constitution of the United States ?
Moreover, this point has been decided, and so conclusively too, that it can hardly be deemed an open question. It has been holden, by Judges Bland and Harrison of Maryland, Cheves of South Carolina, and by the General Court of Virginia, consisting of nine Judges, that Congress have no power to give to a state court jurisdiction over cases of a penal or criminal nature arising under the laws of the United States. 17 Johns. Rep. 265.
In The United States v. Lathrop, 17 Johns. Rep. 4. the question was considered very fully, by the supreme court of New-York, and an able and satisfactory opinion delivered by Ch. J. Spencer, against the jurisdiction of the court of the state, in a case in principle precisely similar to that under consideration.
Marshull, Ch. J says : “ The state courts are not in any sense of the word inferior courts, except in the particular cases, in which an appeal lies from their judgment to this court.” “ They are not inferior courts, because they emanate from distinct authority, and are the creatures of a distinct government.” 4 Cranch 97.
In Martin v. Hunter’s lessee, 1 Wheat. Rep. 330. in an irresistible argument of the supreme court, by Mr. Justice Story, it is declared, that “ Congress cannot vest any portion of the judicial power of the United States, except in courts ordained and established by itself.” Again, (in 1 Wheat. Rep. 337.) the court say : “ No part of the criminal jurisdiction of the United States can, consistently with the constitution, be delegated to state tribunals. It can only be in those cases, where, previous to the constitution, state tribunals possessed jurisdiction, independent of national authority, that they can now exercise a concurrent jurisdiction.”
Thus, decisions of the highest authority, bearing directly on the point, are opposed to the jurisdiction of the county court in this case.
No less conclusive is the acknowledged law, that the courts *249of'one state cannot enforce the penal laws of another The courts of Connecticut, for example, cannot hold jnrisdiction of a suit on a penal law of Massachusetts or New-York. To this point there is an express decision of the supreme court of the latter state. Scoville v. Canfield, 14 Johns. Rep. 338. And, without the aid of that case, the principle is every where recognized, as established by universal law. Not to speak of the deplorable weakness, necessarily implied in the dependence of a sovereign power on a foreign government to punish violations of penal laws, there are numerous difficulties easily suggested to a reflecting mind. To what treasuries are the forfeitures to belong ? What gaols are to receive those who are to be imprisoned ? To what tribunals are sheriffs amenable for neglect or violation of duty ?
But it may be asked, are not the laws of the United States of binding authority on the court* of the several states ? Doubtless they are, when made in pursuance of the constitution. A collector of the port of New-London has seized ten hogsheads of sugar for having been landed without a permit, and in violation of the revenue law of the United States. In an action of trespass brought before a court of the state for taking the sugar, he justifies by virtue of his office, and the law of the United States The court is bound to give full effect to that law.
So, a suit is brought on a promissory note, executed in Massachusetts, before a court in Connecticut. The defendant shows, under a proper plea, that the note, by the law of Mas. sachusetts, is usurious, and therefore void. The court must regard the law of Massachusetts, and refuse to enforce the contract. But had the note been paid, and the usurious interest received in Massachusetts, could a qui tam action be sustained in Connecticut for the penalty annexed to their law against usury ? Now, in relation to crimes, made so by the laws of the United States, the government of the United States is to be regarded in Connecticut as foreign to and independent of the government and laws of Connecticut. A person cannot be punished, by a court in Connecticut, under the statute of the United States, for robbing the mail of the United States ; nor for an act of piracy on the high seas ; nor can the courts of the United States hold jurisdiction of an indictment for burglary or rape, committed within the jurisdiction of Connecticut.
Should it be said, that it is a matter of convenience to sustain jurisdiction in cases of this nature : that courts and magis*250trates are not appointed by the United States, to hear and de-termjne t[iese apparently trivial offences ; nor has Congress ordained and established such inferior courts as could, with propriety, take cognizance of these offences ; an easy reply can be made. The Congress have the power. Let them occupy, with their courts, the whole judicial ground. If from any motives, (and we are not at liberty to enquire at all on that subject) they omit to ordain and establish inferior courts, or to vest judicial power in courts already established ; that cannot justify a court in Connecticut in exercising judicial power of the United States, never vested in them by the constitution, nor in obeying a law not made in pursuance of the constitution.
It seems there is a broad distinction between suit» on bonds given to the United States, suits for seamen’s wages, &c. &c. where the courts of the state have a common law jurisdiction, and actions for penalties for the violation of the penal laws of the United States. These distinctions are well sustained in The United States v. Lathrop, 17 Johns. Rep. 4.
The superior court is advised, that the judgment of the county court be reversed.
In this opinion the other Judges concurred, except Brain-akd, J., who was absent.Judgment to be reversed.