The opinion of the court was delivered by
Redfield, J.1. The statute of frauds in this State, contains no exception of leases, or contracts for leases in futuro, as is found in the English statute, and in some of the other States. This case falls, therefore, within the statute.
2. Part performance has not been regarded as any ground of relief at law; and it has not been considered that part payment merely amounted to such part performance, as to entitle the party to enforce the contract in equity even, or not generally.
3. The only question then is in regard to the part payment. It seems to be well settled, that the party repudiating the contract cannot recover for part payment under it ever, but that the other party may. Shaw v. Shaw, 6 Vt. 69.
To this extent, the counsel seem to understand the law alike, and that would settle the rights of the parties sufficiently, were it not that they seem to stand upon ceremony as to the mode, wheth*606er the party making the payment in a specific thing, is bound to take back the same thing, when the contract is repudiated by the other party.
There can be no doubt the property passed by the sale and delivery to the defendant, the only question is, as to the effect of defendant’s refusal to fulfil the contract. If the contract could be regarded as originally void, like a Sunday contract, then no property would pass, until a reaffirmance on some other day.
But here |he contract is not void, as was expressly held by this court in Philbrook v. Belknap, 6 Vt. 383.
It has always been so held, whenever the question has arisen, notwithstanding the elementary writers, in a loose way, often speak of this class of contracts as void, meaning thereby, contracts upon which no action will lie. That is all the statute provides, “ That no suit in law or equity shall be maintained upon them.” But to all intents they are contracts, and perfectly valid for all purposes except actions, so long as they are acted under. There can be no doubt the property in this watch passed to defendant, and might have been sold by him, or legally attached upon his debts.
I. The only remaining inquiry then, is as to the effect upon the title of the watch, of defendant’s refusal to complete the contract. If this were to be regarded like the case where one is induced to purchase property, by fraudulent representations, and where, upon the discovery of such facts, he elects to rescind the contract, as he may, then the property.would revest. But here is no fraud in the contract, neither is it the object of the statute to attach to this class of contracts any mark of reproach.
The contract is innocent enough, if each party chooses to trust to the honor of the other party as to its performance. If that were not so, one could not recover for payments made under it. The contract is not void, or affected with any taint or turpitude, ' nor is it rescindable at the election of either party.
Either party, if he choose, may repudiate it, but that only ope- ■ rates upon jso much of the contract as remains executory at the time, and does not repeal any thing done under it. For these purposes it remains in full force. And the party repudiating must be content to lose what he.has done under it, as,the contract remaining in force, the other party may defend under it.
But if the party repudiating the future performance has himself received advances which he declines to pay for in the mode *607stipulated, it is regarded as equitable that he should refund in the usual mode for money had and for goods sold, and it is not in his power without the consent of the other party, to revest the title of the specific things received.
This seems to us the only view consistent with general principles applicable to the subject, or with the decided cases, and manifestly just and equitable. If the party has bought goods which he declines to pay for in the mode stipulated, and which, but for his own act he might do, he ought and he must be content to pay in the usual mode of paying for goods sold and delivered, and this recovery may be had under the general counts. Gray v. Hill, 1 R. & M. 420. Chit, on Con. 305.
As the former cases upon this subject have adopted no principle at all analogous to allowing either party the power of recision of the contract, we feel reluctant to push ourselves upon an unexplored field, without some obvious and pressing necessity, in order to warp justice, which we think is not this case.
By the adoption of this new feature, even if it were more consonant with justice in the particular case, which we think it clearly is not, we should be fearful of ultimately encountering evils which are not apparent, at the moment. And there are some which we could easily foresee might arise. The specific things received in payment, might have been more or less put to use by the party receiving them, for which he ought to be accountable.
They might have been sold and transferred in different modes, and thus new rights and interests intervene. And if we adopt the principle of recision, we do not see, but in principle, it will cut off by the roots, all rights accrued under the contract before repudiation, which would certainly be unjust to the innocent party.
And as the repudiating party is always clearly in the wrong, it can be no hardship upon him, to’pay in currency for what he has received in advance upon the contract.
If one party has the power of recision, then the other, and especially the innocent party, should have the power. The result of which must be, that however many times the property has changed hands, or under whatever circumstances the innocent party may pursue it and recover of the last proprietor, if not of each intervening one, which would often be attended with serious embarrassment and probable wrong.
Judgment reversed and case remanded for new trial.