The opinion of the court was delivered by
Redfield, Ch. J.This case has been argued, to some extent, upon both sides, upon the ground of an analogy, or supposed analogy, between the case of land owned by a foreign railroad corporation, and that of lands held by aliens.
I. As a preliminary proposition, we may safely assume, we think, that the escheating of the lands of aliens to the State sovereignty, would be the very last remedy to which they would desire to resort, and that such a resort would only be made to avert some serious impending public calamity. Our titles are all allodial, in fact, if not in form, being a pure and absolute fee simple, and thus transferring an absolute title, which is impossible in England. The escheat of estates to the sovereign, in consequence of a conveyance to an alien, is a result of purely feudal character. It was so held, because an alien, owing a foreign allegiance, was regarded as incapable of performing the feudal military services to the king, as *439lord paramount of all the land in the realm. Hence the conveyance having carried the title out of the former proprietor, and the grantee being incapable of taking the estate, it was held to vest in the king, absolutely, at the death of the first grantee, as an alien could have no heirs to be invested with his bare possession, which was all the estate which ever existed in him; and which was always liable to be divested, at any moment, upon office found, as it was termed. Now none of these reasons exist in this country. There is no express prohibition, in the constitution of this State, against aliens holding real estate. But it has been supposed by some that there is such an implied prohibition contained in the thirty-ninth section, in these words, — “ Every person of good character, who comes to settle in this State, having first taken an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other just means, acquire, hold, and transfer lands,” &c.
The most, then, which could be claimed in favor of the right to declare the lands of such as are, in the strictest sense, aliens, es-cheated to the State, is that such a general implied prohibition against aliens holding real estate, does exist in the State constitution. There is no provision in the constitution, or the laws of the State, for declaring the forfeiture, or taking the escheat of such estates, and confessedly no such attempt has ever been made in the State, notwithstanding the acknowledged fact, that a large number of aliens constantly hold large quantities of land in the State. The most then which could be made out in behalf of such a proceeding, on the most favorable view, is, that it is strictissimi juris, a possible right of the sovereignty, but one which has always remained dormant, notwithstanding frequent occasions for its legitimate exercise.
n. In the next place, it seems to me that the right to interfere with aliens holding real estate in this country, strictly and appropriately belongs to the national, and not to the State sovereignty. It goes upon the basis of some defect in allegiance; and allegiance is a matter pertaining altogether to the national sovereignty. They have the exclusive control of all relations between this country and foreign nations, or their citizens. And the States are expressly prohibited, in the United States Constitution, from attempting any stipulations, treaties or compacts, upon the subject. And the national government have already assumed to enter into stipulations *440with some European nations upon this particular subject. In the consular treaty, lately concluded 'between France and the United States, it is, by the 7th article, stipulated that in all the States of the__ Union, whose laws permit, Frenchmen shall enjoy the right of possessing personal and real estate, by the same title and in the same manner as citizens of the United States. And the President engages to recommend to such States as do not permit aliens to hold real estate, to pass such laws as may confer the right. This shows in what light the national sovereignty is disposed to regard this matter. Indeed, after proclaiming ourselves the asylum of the oppressed, and the home of the homeless and the desolate, it would have certainly an ugly sound to declare aliens incapable of acquiring and holding real estate in time of peace, they approving themselves peaceable and quiet dwellers upon our shores. Indeed, I conjecture it would be found, in fact, altogether impracticable to exercise any such power in these States, at the mere option of the State sovereignty, as is done in England, by what they denominate an inquest of office. That is the appropriate remedy for divesting aliens, of real estate byway of escheat. It is a proceeding set on foot by the law officers of the crown, to try either the title or right of possession, or the extent of the limits of land claimed by the crown. It seems originally to have been an ex jparte proceeding, for the purpose of investing the king with the land, and then the subject was put to his petition, or monstrans de droit, as it was termed. But now, by statutes of 84 Ed. III. chap. 14; 36 Ed. III. chap. 13; and 2d & 3d Ed. VI. chap. 8, it is provided that the claimant may traverse the inquest, and thus have the right determined at once by the jury. And as this proceeding is in the nature of criminal procedure, and by consequence, in this State, the jury must be regarded as having, to some extent, the right to determine the applicability of such a common law proceeding to our situation and circumstances, it must, I think, be regarded as questionable how far any such procedure could ever be enforced, for the mere purpose of escheating to the State the lands of a quiet resident or non-resident alien, in time of profound peace, where no danger was apparent, imminent, or even remotely threatened.
III. Finally, it is not even suggested in argument, that these corporations are absolutely aliens, owing a natural foreign allegi*441anee. And if they be, as is most probable, citizens of the United States, and thus entitled to all the privileges of citizens of this State, it would be a very remarkable proceeding to escheat their lands to the State, because they claimed to hold the fee in the name of their incorporation in the State of New Hampshire. It should certainly require a decided case of abuse of their legitimate powers, to justify such a proceeding.
IY. But it seems to the court, that this whole subject of the right of aliens to hold land in this State, has but a remote analogy to the usurpations which it is claimed this foreign corporation has perpetrated upon the sovereignty of the State. The right of this court to issue the writ of quo warranto, is recognized, in general terms, by our statutes. The occasions are left to be determined by the common law rules. And, by those rules, it is apparent the writ is the appropriate mode in which to try any alleged usurpation of offices, or franchises, inconsistent with the State sovereignty. And that seems to be the purpose of this proceeding.
The allegations in the information are not, that certain persons, without being incorporated, usurp and claim to exercise corporate functions, which is no doubt good ground for filing such information ; but, “ that there is existing, and doing business in the State of New Hampshire, a corporation, established, constituted and chartered by the'laws of said State, by the name,” &c., “and that said corporation, without any grant from this State, erected a railroad bridge across Connecticut Eiver, extending its stone abutments into Newbury, in this State, about ten rods, and ever since have occupied and used the same, and claim the right and franchise of so doing.” It is further claimed and charged, that this New Hampshire railroad has purchased, in this State, two pieces of land, between the Connecticut Eiver and the Passumpsic railroad, and the fee of another piece, across which the Passumpsic Eailroad have already laid their branch road to Connecticut Eiver; and the gravamen of the charge seems to be, “ That the Boston, Concord and Montreal Eailroad claim to hold said land in fee simple, as the absolute owners thereof; which right of taking, holding, possessing and enjoying the said land and railroad bridge, is a usurpation upon the State of Vermont.”
This case having gone to proof, it appears that the Boston, Concord and Montreal Eailroad, a corporation extending by its charter *442to- the line of this State at "Wells River, (and two Vermont railroads, by express statute of the State, having permission to unite with that road, or any other New Hampshire road at this point,) have erected a railroad bridge across Connecticut River, and purchased some fifteen acres of land adjoining the terminus of their road at the line of this State, which land will be convenient for the use of the company, in doing business at the line of the State, if they should not unite with any Vermont road, and almost indispensable if they do so unite. There is no evidence that this corporation have run their cars into this State, or that they purpose to do so, unless they effect an arrangement for a junction with one or more of the Vermont roads; but there is every reason to believe they have no such purpose.
By their charter, it is admitted, this corporation have permission to hold real estate, for the accommodation of their business, greatly exceeding what they now hold. The question then is, whether the having purchased and taken a conveyance of this land, in this State, is to be regarded as any usurpation upon the sovereignty of the State ? And it seems to us very obvious, that they have committed no such usurpation, that they have assumed no franchises which are strictly of a prerogative character. By that I mean, such acts as neither natural or artificial persons can exercise without special grant of the legislature. All the functions of a corporation are, in one sense, franchises. The right to hold property in the corporate name, to sue and be sued in that capacity, to have and use a corporate seal, and by that to contract, and some others, perhaps, are franchises, which constitute the very definition of a corporation. And whenever and wherever the corporation is recognized, for any purpose, the existence and exercise of those franchises must also be recognized. But the right to build and run a railroad, and take tolls, or fares, is a franchise of the prerogative character, which no person can legally exercise, without some special grant of the legislature. And we should not, of course, be expected to suffer a foreign railroad to usurp the exercise of any franchises of this character. This distinction exists in regard to some other classes of corporations. It is only the issuing of notes to be the representative of specie, and to form a portion of the currency, and the other local operations of banking — making discounts and receiving deposits, and the like — which are of a prerogative character. But there *443are many other franchises of foreign banks, and other business corporations, of which it is of daily occurrence to allow the exercise, in every State in the Union. They are allowed to sue and collect their debts, to levy their executions upon land, and' take land in payment of debts, when mortgaged, or otherwise. And of all this, no doubt is entertained. Mr. Justice McKinley was the only judge who ever had the boldness to hold the contrary, and his decision was speedily reversed by the Supreme Court.
This point is expressly decided in the State of New Hampshire, in the case of Lumbard v. Aldrich, (8 N. H. 31,) where it is held that “ A corporation, created by the laws of another State, has power to take and hold lands, in this State.” Parker, J., says: “ If they may sue, they may satisfy their judgment, by levy upon lands;. and of course hold the land, and convey it. And if they can do this, they may take title by deed, in satisfaction of a debt, by agreement, or upon any other consideration.” The same point is decided in The Silver Lake Bank v. North, (4 Johns. Ch. R. 370,) and in most of the American States. Our own reports are filled with cases in favor of, and against, foreign corporations. Day v. The Essex County Bank, (13 Vt. 97;) Grafton Bank v. Doe, (19 Ib. 463;) Claremont Bank v. Wood, (10 Ib. 582;) North Bank v. Wood, (10 Ib. 194;) occur to me, at the moment, and there are doubtless twenty other cases of the kind. All the' chartered bridge companies across Connecticut River are of course in-corporations, in most cases the charters having been granted by the legislature of New Hampshire; and it was shown to us, in the trial of this cause, that in very few instances has any grant been obtained from this State. But these bridges, like the railroad bridge in question, must rest at their western termini upon the soil of this State. And all this has been acquiesced in, for fifty years and more. This will not indeed settle the rights of this railroad corporation, by prescription, as their own existence is of a more recent date. But it goes very far, in my apprehension, towards settling the law of the- State, in regard to road and bridge corporations in the States conterminous with this State; and especially when corporations have been created in this State, with express permission to unite with this railroad, or any other New Hampshire road at this point, should I regard it as decisive of the right of the New Hampshire corporation to build their road to the very *444line of the State, if they could obtain the land for that purpose,' without coercive measures. They could not, perhaps, compel the land owners to yield them the right of way, or even space to sustain the western abutment of their bridge, without a grant from the legislature, of the prerogative power to exercise the right of eminent domain over lands in this State.
But, having obtained the permission of the land owners, I should not regard the bringing of their road to the very limits of this State, under the circumstances, as any infringement of the sovereignty of the State, or as any exercise of a prerogative franchise. It is the settled law of England, in regard to aliens even, that if they purchase land by royal license, they may hold it. And in the present case, we could scarcely regard the permission given the Vermont roads by their acts of incorporation, or acts amendatory of such acts, to unite with this or any other New Hampshire roads at the line of the State, at this point, as anything less than an implied permission to the New Hampshire roads to build their superstructure to the very line of the State. And as this line, at this point, is the “ westernmost bank of the Connecticut River,” the bridge must, of course, in order to bring the rails to the line of the State, rest more or less upon Vermont soil. Allowing them then, no prerogative right to eminent domain in the soil, we cannot regard the long practice of bridge companies across the Connecticut River, the actual licence of the Legislature, and the reason of the case, as justifying any interference with their quiet possession of the land, for the purpose of erecting a bridge, by permission of the owners of the fee of the land, or by means of obtaining the fee in themselves.
The obtaining the fee of some fifteen acres of land in the vicinr ity of the abutment of this bridge, by the respondents, would doubtless have been regarded as a very harmless operation, by the State sovereignty, and would scarcely have attracted much public notice, had it not been for the rival interests of the Vermont railroads. And it was certainly not improper for them to assert any exclusive claims which they might have, or might suppose they had, in any counter movements made by others. But if the Passumpsic Railroad should unite with the New Hampshire roads at this point, (and as both roads are already in operation to this point, there is nothing to hinder such a union,) and especially if the Montpelier *445road should he ultimately built to this point, thus bringing two New Hampshire and two Vermont roads to a junction, it is not suggested that in such an event, this land would not be useful for the accommodation of the probable prospective business of all these roads at this point. And as it seems probable that in the event of such a junction, the erections to accommodate the business must probably be upon the Vermont side, to a considerable extent certainly, it is thus made highly desirable to secure this land, no doubt. And as the New Hampshire roads have a common interest in the matter, we cannot comprehend why they should not have a common right to take early measures to secure the means of their joint accommodation. We certainly should not feel bound to interfere, to hinder anything which they have thus far attempted.
We take it for granted, from what has been already said, that the respondents are, at present, regarded as holding most, if not all of this fifteen acres, certainly beyond what is indispensable to the accommodation of their legitimate business at the line of the State, as any other proprietor holds land in the State, subject to the public reserved right of eminent domain. And beyond the actual present necessities of the respondents, if the Vermont roads require any portion of the land held by the respondents, for the necessary accommodation of their own business, they may still take an easement in this land, for such purposes, the same as if it were held by any other proprietor.
It is considered, therefore, that the prosecutor has shown no case requiring the exercise, by this court, of the writ of quo warranto, and the information is dismissed. And as the proceedings have been in the name of the State, no costs can be awarded.