[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
SEPT 30, 2008
No. 08-10605 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 93-00290-CR-UWC-RRA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DANIEL EDWARD SCOTT,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
_________________________
(September 30, 2008)
Before HULL, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Daniel Edward Scott, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of
his motion for resentencing, filed pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c)(7). After
review, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Criminal Trial and Appeal
In 1993, Scott was convicted of one count of bank robbery, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), and one count of using and carrying a firearm during
and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). The
presentence investigation report (“PSI”) showed that Scott had 10 criminal history
points, resulting in a criminal history category V. Three of those points in the PSI
were due to Scott’s 1977 federal convictions for bank robbery, conspiracy and
possession of a firearm.1 No objections were filed as to those convictions or the
criminal history category.
As a result, in April 1994, the district court sentenced Scott to 96 months’
imprisonment on the bank robbery count and 240 months’ imprisonment on the
firearm count, with terms to run consecutively. The district court imposed the 240-
month sentence on the firearm count because Scott had the prior 1977 federal
conviction for carrying a firearm in violation of § 924(c). In 1994, § 924(c)
1
In 1977, Scott was found guilty in federal court of bank robbery, conspiracy to commit
bank robbery and possession of a sawed off shotgun and sentenced to a term of 25 years’
imprisonment.
2
provided a mandatory minimum 20-year term of imprisonment, rather than a
minimum 5-year term of imprisonment, if the defendant had a prior § 924(c)
conviction. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (1994).2
The district court did not know when it sentenced Scott in 1994 that, in
1978, Scott’s 1977 § 924(c) conviction had been reversed and remanded with
instructions to vacate his sentence. See United States v. Stewart, 579 F.2d 356,
358 (5th Cir. 1978). This fact was not brought to the district court’s attention or
raised on direct appeal of the 1993 convictions and sentences. Instead, Scott’s
direct appeal raised two issues unrelated to the vacation of his 1977 § 924(c)
conviction. This Court affirmed his 1993 convictions and sentences on December
8, 1994. United States v. Scott, No. 94-6374 (11th Cir. Dec. 8, 1994).
B. Three Prior Post-judgment Motions
Almost four years later, Scott filed a letter in the district court asking to have
his 1994 sentence on his § 924(c) conviction amended pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §
3582(c)(2). In this letter, Scott argued for the first time that he should not have
received the enhanced 20-year mandatory minimum because his prior § 924(c)
conviction had been reversed in 1978. A magistrate judge construed Scott’s letter
2
In 1998, § 924(c) was amended to provide for a 25-year statutory minimum for a
defendant with a prior § 924(c) conviction. Pub. L. No. 105-386, § 1(a)(1), 112 Stat. 3469, 3469
(1998).
3
as a motion to vacate or set aside his 1994 sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and
recommended that Scott’s § 2255 motion be dismissed as time-barred.
Scott filed objections to the magistrate judge’s report, arguing that his
motion should be considered timely because he had ineffective counsel on direct
appeal, he had been unable to communicate with his attorney during the appeal
process and he only later learned his attorney died during the appeal. Scott also
stated that he sent a letter to his attorney asking him to raise on direct appeal the
issue of the vacated prior § 924(c) conviction. Over Scott’s objections, the district
court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation (“R&R”) and
denied Scott’s construed § 2255 motion.
Scott appealed the denial of his motion. In April 1999, this Court denied
Scott’s motion for a certificate of appealability (“COA”), concluding that he had
failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.
In March 2002, Scott filed an application with this Court for leave to file a
second or successive § 2255 motion, again raising the issue of his vacated prior
§ 924(c) conviction. In April 2002, this Court denied Scott’s application,
concluding that Scott’s claims were not based on newly discovered evidence or a
new rule of constitutional law.
In January 2003, Scott filed a motion for relief from the judgment under
4
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6) in which he raised the issue of his vacated
prior § 924(c) conviction. He also argued that his attorney’s death during the
direct criminal appeal tolled the one-year statute of limitations for filing § 2255
motions and constituted extraordinary circumstances justifying the reopening of his
§ 2255 proceedings.
In January 2006, a magistrate judge recommended denying the Rule 60(b)
motion because it was untimely and did not demonstrate extraordinary
circumstances. The R&R also noted that Scott previously had raised the issue of
his counsel’s death in his initial § 2255 motion and concluded that this argument
was insufficient then and now to overcome the time bar. The district court adopted
the magistrate judge’s R&R and denied Scott’s Rule 60(b) motion. Scott appealed,
and this Court construed his notice of appeal as a COA and denied it on June 12,
2006.
C. Motion on Appeal Now
On April 6, 2007, Scott filed the motion at issue in this appeal, titled
“Motion for Resentencing Under Title 18 USC § 3559(c)(7).” Scott argued that he
should be resentenced because the district court relied on his vacated prior § 924(c)
conviction to impose the 240-month sentence. As with prior motions, Scott
contended he was unaware that his 1977 § 924(c) conviction had been vacated at
5
the time of his 1994 sentencing. He also maintained that he sent a letter to his
attorney in October 1994 asking that the § 924(c) issue be raised, but received no
response. He did not learn until 1998 that his attorney died after filing a direct
appeal brief and that this Court had affirmed his firearm conviction.
The district court denied Scott’s motion, concluding that it raised the same
issues Scott previously raised in his Rule 60(b) motion for relief from the judgment
and that the court and this Court already had disposed of those issues. Scott filed
this appeal.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Section 3559(c)(7)
At the outset, we note that 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c)(7) does not afford a basis for
resentencing Scott. See United States v. Diaz-Clark, 292 F.3d 1310, 1315-18 (11th
Cir. 2002) (explaining that district courts do not have authority to modify a
prisoner’s sentence, except to the extent provided by federal statutory provisions
controlling sentencing and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure); see also 18
U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B).
Known as the federal “three strikes” law, § 3559 became effective on
September 13, 1994. See Pub. L. No. 103-322, § 70001, 108 Stat. 1796, 1982-84
(1994). Under § 3559, a defendant is subject to a mandatory life term of
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imprisonment if he has certain prior convictions. See 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c).
Pursuant to subsection (c)(7), a defendant may be resentenced if a prior conviction
that “was a basis for sentencing” under § 3559 is overturned as unconstitutional.3
Scott’s prior § 924(c) conviction was the basis for a penalty enhancement
under § 924(c), not for a life sentence under § 3559(c). Indeed, Scott was
sentenced in April 1994, before the three-strikes law became effective, and could
not have been sentenced under that law. Therefore, the district court did not abuse
its discretion in denying Scott’s § 3559(c)(7) motion. See United States v. White,
305 F.3d 1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 2002) (reviewing a district court’s denial of a
motion filed pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for an abuse of discretion).
B. Other Post-Conviction Relief
Federal courts have “an obligation to look behind the label of a motion filed
by a pro se inmate and determine whether the motion is, in effect, cognizable under
a different remedial statutory framework.” United States v. Jordan, 915 F.2d 622,
624-25 (11th Cir. 1990). In Scott’s case, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35
3
Section 3559 provides in relevant part:
If the conviction for a serious violent felony or serious drug offense that was a basis
for sentencing under this subsection is found, pursuant to any appropriate State or
Federal procedure, to be unconstitutional or is vitiated on the explicit basis of
innocence, or if the convicted person is pardoned on the explicit basis of innocence,
the person serving a sentence imposed under this subsection shall be resentenced to
any sentence that was available at the time of the original sentencing.
18 U.S.C. § 3559(c)(7) (emphasis added).
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does not provide authority for modifying Scott’s sentence because (1) Scott’s
motion was not filed within seven days after sentencing and (2) the government
has not filed a motion to reduce Scott’s sentence based on substantial assistance.
See Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(a), (b). Additionally, none of the conditions for reducing
an inmate’s sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582 are met. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A), (c)(2) (permitting a district court to modify a prison term if the
Director of the Bureau of Prisons moves for a sentence reduction or if the
defendant’s guidelines range has been lowered by the Sentencing Commission
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 994(o)).
Even construing Scott’s motion as one filed pursuant to § 2255, Scott would
not be entitled to relief because his motion is time-barred.4 The district court
already rejected Scott’s argument that his attorney’s death and his failure to receive
notice of the disposition of his direct appeal prevented his 1998 letter motion from
being time-barred.5 Furthermore, that result is correct and would apply with equal
4
Neither the magistrate judge nor the district court warned Scott of the potential
consequences of construing his 1998 letter as a § 2255 motion. Shortly after the district court
denied Scott’s construed § 2255 motion, the Supreme Court concluded in Castro v. United States
that a court cannot recharacterize a pro se litigant’s motion as a first § 2255 motion unless the
court first informs the litigant of its intent to do so and warns the litigant of the restrictions on
second or successive § 2255 motions. 540 U.S. 375, 377, 124 S. Ct. 786, 789 (2003). This
raises the issue of whether Castro applies retroactively to preclude triggering the restriction on
successive motions. However, we need not answer this question because, even if Scott’s 2007
motion is construed as a first § 2255 motion, it is time-barred.
5
In his objections to the August 1998 R&R concluding that Scott’s letter motion was
time-barred, Scott argued what he argues now – that his attorney’s death prevented him from
8
force to Scott’s 2007 motion at issue here.
A § 2255 motion is subject to a one-year statute of limitations that begins to
run from the latest of four events, the relevant trigger in this case being the date on
which Scott’s judgment of conviction became final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1).
Scott’s conviction became final 90 days after this Court affirmed his conviction on
December 8, 1994. See Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522, 527, 123 S. Ct. 1072,
1076 (2003). Because Scott’s conviction became final before the effective date of
the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), he had until April
23, 1997, to file his § 2255 motion. See Goodman v. United States, 151 F.3d 1335,
1337 (11th Cir. 1998). Scott filed the motion now on appeal almost 10 years after
the limitations period expired.
The one-year statute of limitations in the AEDPA “can be equitably tolled
where a petitioner untimely files because of extraordinary circumstances that are
both beyond his control and unavoidable even with diligence.” Outler v. United
States, 485 F.3d 1273, 1280 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted), cert.
denied, 128 S. Ct. 1443 (2008). “The burden of establishing entitlement to this
extraordinary remedy plainly rests with the petitioner[ ].” Id. (quotation marks
learning that his conviction had been affirmed on appeal without the § 924(c) conviction issue
being raised. The district court overruled Scott’s objections and adopted the R&R, thus rejecting
Scott’s tolling argument.
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omitted).
Even assuming Scott’s allegations are true, he has not demonstrated
extraordinary circumstances that were “unavoidable even with diligence.”
According to Scott, at the time of his April 1994 sentencing, he was unaware that
his 1977 § 924(c) conviction had been vacated. On August 1, 1994, Scott wrote to
his attorney asking for a copy of the appeal brief filed on his behalf and other
materials relating to his case. On August 23, 1994, Scott’s attorney responded,
advising Scott that he had just filed the appeal brief and that he would send copies
of all briefs filed once the briefing schedule had been completed. The attorney also
stated that he would be in touch as soon as he heard anything.
By October 25, 1994, Scott apparently had learned that his 1977 § 924(c)
conviction was vacated because on that date he wrote to his attorney asking that the
issue be raise in his direct appeal. The attorney did not respond to Scott’s letter or
Scott’s other attempts to contact him. Scott did not receive a copy of the appeal
brief filed on his behalf and did not know whether his attorney had raised the 1977
§ 924(c) conviction issue in his appeal. Scott heard nothing further from his
attorney.
After waiting almost four years, in July 1998, Scott asked his daughter to try
to locate his attorney. After making a series of phone calls, Scott’s daughter
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reported that Scott’s attorney died on October 13, 1994, and that this Court
affirmed his convictions and sentences on December 8, 1994.
The extraordinary circumstances Scott points to are his attorney’s death,
which resulted in Scott failing to learn that the § 924(c) conviction issue had not
been raised on direct appeal and that his conviction had been affirmed. Even
assuming these circumstances could be considered “extraordinary,” Scott has not
alleged facts showing that he acted with the requisite diligence. See Downs v.
McNeil, 520 F.3d 1311, 1323 (11th Cir. 2008) (stating that in addition to
extraordinary circumstances, the petitioner also must show that he exercised due
diligence to ensure his petition was timely filed); Johnson v. Florida Dep’t of
Corrs., 513 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2008) (explaining that “attorney negligence
is not a basis for equitable tolling, especially when the petitioner cannot establish
his own diligence in ascertaining the federal habeas filing deadline” (quotation
marks omitted)). Although the diligence requirement “does not require a prisoner
to undertake repeated exercises in futility or to exhaust every imaginable option,” it
does require him to “make reasonable efforts.” Downs, 520 F.3d at 1323.
If the facts Scott has alleged are true, Scott knew by October 25, 1994, that
the 1977 § 924(c) conviction supporting his sentencing enhancement had been
vacated. He also knew that his attorney already had filed his appeal brief in
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August 1994 and had promised to send him copies of the briefs once briefing
concluded. Yet, when he did not hear from his attorney or receive copies of the
briefs, Scott did nothing for over three-and-a-half years. During that period, the
AEDPA took effect, and the one-year limitations period expired on April 23, 1997.
Only a year-and-a-half after the limitations period expired did Scott ask his
daughter to locate his attorney and determine the status of his direct criminal
appeal. Thus, Scott did not make reasonable efforts to ascertain in a timely manner
the status of his direct criminal appeal or his federal habeas filing deadline and is
not entitled to equitable tolling of the limitations period. Accordingly, Scott’s
2007 motion, filed almost ten years after the one-year limitations period expired, is
time-barred.6
AFFIRMED.
6
Scott’s motion cannot be construed as a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 motion filed under the
“savings clause” in 28 U.S.C. § 2255 because his claim is not based on a retroactively applicable
Supreme Court decision. See Wofford v. Scott, 177 F.3d 1236, 1244-45 (11th Cir. 1999). Nor
would Scott be entitled to relief pursuant to a writ of error coram nobis or a writ of audita
querela.
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