The general question which this court is called upon to decide, is, whether the ruling and charge of the judge on the trial were correct. 1. Was this record evidence that the plaintiff was in possession of the land, up to the time of his forcible expulsion by the defendant ? It is alleged in the complaint for the forcible entry and detainer, that, on the 4th day of April 1844, the plaintiff was well seised and possessed of the land ; that the defendant, on that day, while the plaintiff was so seised and possessed, forcibly entered and disseised and dispossessed him therefrom. That these allegations were material, and the want of them would have made the complaint insufficient, is very evident from the statute upon which the proceeding was founded, and was also decided in the case of Phelps v. Baldwin, 17 Conn. R. 209. As they were material, so of course, they must have been proved. And the judgment must, by statute, be a judgment of restitution. “ Such judge and justice shall render judgment, that the complainant shall be restored to, and reseised of, the premises, and shall award a writ of restitution accordingly.” Slat, p. 286. (ed. 1838.) It is hardly necessary to say, that to restore a party to possession of land which he never had, implies a direct contradiction ; as remarked by Hawkins, (1 P. C. 286.) “ It is a repug-nancy to award restitution of possession to one who was never in possession ; and it is vain to award it to one who doth not appear to have lost it.” The point, then, which the defendent wished to raise in this case, was the same which was necessarily involved in the action of forcible entry and detainer. The parties, also, it has been seen, were the same in both actions. In the former suit, it had been found, that the plaintiff was in possession of this land and that the defen-ant forcibly ejected and held him out ; and the assault complained of, appeared to be a part of the very force used to dispossess and hold out the plaintiff. Why, then, was not the record of the former judgment, evidence between the same parties in another cause, where the same facts, upon the truth of which that judgment rested, are incidentally involved ! It was the judgment of a court of competent *96jurisdiction over the matter then before it — jurisdiction ex- - pressly conferred by statute, and confined exclusively to this particular court. It comes, therefore, within the principle laid down by C. J. De Grey, in the Duchess of Kingston’s case, that, “ the judgment of a court of exclusive jurisdiction, directly upon the point, is, as a plea, a bar, or as evidence, conclusive upon the same matter coming incidentally in question, in another court, between the same parties, for a different purpose.” 11 St. Trials, 261. And it is to be observed, that no distinction is made by the C. J. between courts of record and courts not of record, nor between courts of limited and those of general jurisdiction, in respect to the admissibility of their records, or the effect of them, when introduced ; though he was, at the time, giving the advice of the twelve judges, as to the effect of the judgment of an ecclesiastical court.
We are aware that this doctrine, so far as regards the conclusiveness of a former judgment, where it is not pleaded in bar, or by wa of estoppel, has been much questioned ; and there are contradictory decisions upon it, both in England and in this country; but in regard to its admissibility^ as tending to prove the same facts, where they are involved in another cause between the same parties, we are not aware that there has been any contrariety of opinion, anywhere, since the opinion of the judges in the case referred to. We do not feel called upon, therefore, to do more than to refer to some of the books on the subject of evidence, where this will be found laid down as an elementary principle : and we think with Park, J. in Stafford v. Clark, 2 Bing. 377. (9 E. C. L. 437.) that the record in this case was admissible ; and to hold it otherwise would be to oppose all the decisions on the subject. 1 Phil. Ev. 321. 1 Stark, Ev. 202. 1 Sw. Dig. 752.
2. W as the record conclusive evidence of the plaintiff’s possession of the land, at the time of the forcible entry ? There certainly are some apparently contradictory cases, in regard to the effect of a former judgment between the parties, when shown in evidence, in subsequent proceedings between them, on some collateral fact, coming incidentally in question in such subsequent proceedings : and some confusion has probably arisen, from the courts not always dia-*97tinguishing the cases, where a former judgment is offered as proof of some collateral fact or point, which comes incidentally in question in the second suit, from that class of cases where the former judgment might be pleaded as a bar, or as an estoppel, to the second suit, or some fact involved in it, but the party omits to do this, and goes to trial upon the general issue, and offers the judgment as evidence to the jury of the facts found in it. In the latter class of cases, it has been much doubted, whether a party who has omitted to plead a former judgment as a bar, or as an estoppel, ought not to be taken to have waived the conclusiveness of the judgment before the jury. But in the case under consideration, the record was offered in proof of the fact, that the plaintiff was in possession of a piece of land, at the time his alleged injury was received : this was a fact wholly collateral to the issue formed in the case. The defendant had pleaded the general issue ; and the justification he set up was by way of notice of certain facts he intended to prove, under the plea of not guilty. The plaintiff, therefore, never had an opportun.ty to plead or reply the former judgment, as an estoppel, against the defendant’s claim, that he was in possession of the land, at the time of the assault. Upon the authority, therefore, of Shelton v, Alcox, 11 Conn, R. 240. the plaintiff ought to be permitted to take advantage of the estoppel, by way of evidence. He was placed in this condition too, by the manner in which the defendant chose to take advantage of his justification. Surely, it is not for a party to complain, that a former judgment has had the same effect, as evidence, that it would have had, if he had so pleaded the special matter, as to have enabled the other party to reply the estoppel. Matter of estoppel ought, no doubt, generally, to be pleaded ; but when the party who relies upon it, has no opportunity to plead it, he may show it in evidence. 1 Sw. Dig. 622. Shelton v. Alcox, 11 Conn. R. 240. Adams v. Barnes, 17 Mass. R. 365. Young v. Rummell, 2 Hill, 478.
Although this is entirely decisive of the question, as it is presented in the motion, yet the parties seem to have thought it necessary to determine, whether, generally, a judgment has the same conclusive effect, when shown in evidence, as when pleaded as an estoppel, or as a bar to the suit; and as we think the plaintiff correct in the ground he has taken, *98we have no hesitation in expressing our opinion upon this question, though it is not necessarily involved in the decision of the ease. In this aspect of it, the point will not often arise, except in those cases where a former judgment recovered, may be given in evidence under the general issue, or pleaded in bar, at the election of the party wishing to take advantage of it, as in the action of assumpsit, and the like.
In cases of this description, where nearly every thing that shows the plaintiff has no subsisting cause of action, may be given in evidence under the general issue, there can be no good reason, why a former judgment reversed, for the same cause of action, should have any greater effect, when pleaded, than when shown in evidence. Judgments, it is said, ought to be final; because it is for the public interest that there should be an end to litigation ; and a man ought not to be twice vexed with the same cause of action. But to make the weight of the evidence to depend upon the form of the issue, is to disregard these reasons, in all cases where a judgment is held not to be conclusive : and if it is not conclusive, upon what principle is it admissible at all? Can it be vindicated upon any ground, except that taken by Gilbert, in his Law of Evidence, in regard to the admissibility of a former verdict? He says, (p. 29.) speaking of a verdict: “ It is a very persuading evidence ; because what twelve men have already thought of the fact, may be supposed fit to direct the determination of the present jury.” And again, “ There is that common credit to be given to twelve men of the country, discerning of any fact upon their oaths, that no second jury ought rashly to depart from their judgment.” These reasons were not perhaps destitute of weight, at a time when jurors were summoned from the neighbourhood; because “they best knew the truth of the matter,” and were rather in the nature of witnesses, than judges of facts from the evidence given in court: but they can have little, if any, influence, at the present day, even in the case of verdicts, and none whatever, in the case of judgments. Why should the opinion of a former jury have any more weight, than the opinion of any twelve men of equal intelligence and honesty, who were present at the trial ? Or why exclude the opinions of individual jurors, if the only effect given to a verdict is such as the united opinion of twelve honest men is entitled to ?
*99It is not intended, however, to question the law as laid down by Chief Baron Gilbert, but only his reasons for it. There are cases, no doubt, where a verdict is evidence; as where offered to prove reputation. And Bristol, J. in Betts v. Starr, says, “ the belter opinion is, that it is merely evidence to be weighed by a jury.” Perhaps from its very nature, it cannot, as evidence merely, be conclusive. It only finds facts. But not so with a judgment: that is the final sentence of the law upon facts found ; and ought, therefore, to conclude parties, or there would be no end to litigation.
We think, also, the weight of authority is in favour of the conclusiveness of a former judgment before the jury. That such was the opinion of the judges, in the Duchess of Kingston’s case, is very evident from the remarks of the C. J. already quoted. And Lord Mansfield, in Bird v. Randal, 3 Burr, 1345. while he holds that a former recovery need not be pleaded in an action on the case, makes no distinction, as to its effect, whether pleaded, or given in evidence. And, although the judges waive an opinion upon this point, in Stafford v. Clark, (9 E. C. L. 437.) yet we find Park, J. significantly saying, that Lord Mansfield thought such evidence conclusive ; and Best, C. J., when the case was before him, did not approve of the case of Vooght v. Winch, in which the contrary doctrine had been advanced. We think it evident, therefore, that had the case called for an opinion, as to the effect of the evidence, it would have been held to be conclusive. So, Lord Ellenborough, in Hancock v. Welsh, 1 Stark. Ca. 347. (2 E. C. L. 420.) thought such evidence conclusive: and again, in Strutt v. Bovingdon, 5 Esp. 50. the same judge said, “ the record of the former cause could not be deemed a legal estoppel, so as to conclude the rights of the parties, by its production ; but it was binding, so far that he should think himself bound to tell the jury to consider it conclusive. But this question was fully considered, in the case of Betts v. Starr, 5 Conn. R. 550. And, so far as this state is concerned, we had supposed it put at rest, by the decision of that case. It is unnecessary, therefore, to review the decisions elsewhere. There, in an action of ejectment, in which the plaintiff’s title was a mortgage deed, given to secure the payment of a note, claimed, by the defendant, to have been given on an usurious consideration; the court held, that a *100^0rmer judgment upon the note — (it appearing that the de-fence of usury had been unsuccessfully made to the suit upon it, before the judgment was rendered,) was conclusive evidence that the note was not usurious. The question was directly made and decided, in that case. We should, therefore, be bound by the decision, even if we thought the point a doubtful one. But we believe it to have been correctly settled, in that case : and do not therefore feel called upon to reexamine it. Most of the cases on this subject are collected in Cow. & Hill's notes to Phil. Evid. p. 804 to 810. ; and the question is also very fully examined, by Mr. Greenleaf. 1 Greenl. Ev. sec. 522 & 535. inclusive. And the same result to which we have come, is arrived at, by both these writers.
It is further claimed, that the record was not admissible, because of the character of the court. And an argument is gone into, to show, that it was a court organized for a particular purpose only; in other words, that it was a court of limited jurisdiction. There can be no doubt of this : no argument is necessary to prove it. It is impossible to look at the statute under which such courts are empowered to act, without seeing it. But the question is not, as to the character of the court, but as to the effect of its proceedings. Is there, then, any distinction between courts of limited and those of general jurisdiction, in regard to the admissibility of their judgments as evidence, or the effect of them, when proved ? No such distinction has been pointed out to us. It is said, the powers of the court were limited to the particular occasion on which they were exercised. But so are the powers of arbitrators; and yet this court held, in Shelton v. Alcox, that they could decide in whom was the title to real estate, and it would conclude the parties from again contesting it. So, a decree in chancery, which, in England, is not a court of record, is admissible evidence between the parties of the facts found in it. It has already been noticed, that the judgments of ecclesiastical courts are also held to conclude parties: and in Bateman v. Goodyear, 12 Conn, R. 575. the judgment in a summary process to recover possession, was held to be admissible. The manifest distinction between superior and inferior courts, as to what may be presumed to be within their jurisdiction, has nothing to do with this question. The jurisdiction of this special court is not denied. *101As, then, no authority has been cited, in support of this claim, and we are not aware of any that could be shown to sustain it; we think there was no error, in admitting the record as evidence, or in the charge of the court as to its effect.
It was suggested, that the jury might have founded their verdict upon the forcible detainer only ; and that a forcible entry was not necessarily involved in the finding. This question has been settled, in the case of Raymond v. Bell, (ante, 81.) the present term ; and we see no occasion to change the view we took of it, in that case. A forcible entry, by the defendant, against the lawful possession of the plaintiff, and a continuing detention, consequent thereon, were both involved in the former verdict and judgment. Besides, the statute requires, in the case of a forcible detainer, as well as in the case of a forcible entry, that it must be against the consent of the “ actual possessor.” In any event, therefore, it was necessary for the plaintiff to allege and prove, that he was in the actual possession of the land, at the time of the defendant’s entry. Phelps v. Baldwin, 17 Conn. R. 209. 1 Hawk. P. C. 286.
We do not advise a new trial.
In this opinion the other Judges concurred.
New trial not to be granted.