1. This case comes before us on a motion in error, and also a motion for a new trial. It is claimed in support of the motion in error, that .the respondent was not bound to a specific performance of the contract, because one of its provisions required the petitioner to pay $25 of the purchase money for the land on the first day of April following the execution of the contract, and he had neither done it, nor furnished a reasonable excuse for his non-performance.
For all the purposes of this motion the writing must be held to contain the entire and precise contract between the parties, and the claim here insisted on raises the question whether that provision in the agreement, fairly considered in the light of the ascertained facts, is of such a character as to render the time named in it of the essence of the contract.
It is said by the respondent that the principle which should govern this case is not distinguishable from that declared in Potter v. Tuttle, 22 Conn., 512. The decision in that case did not turn upon this question, and the language of the court on this subject was confined to a brief and-very general statement of the law, rather than to its pertinency to the facts of the case then before the court, and we cannot determine what would have been their adjudication of the point in that case if its decision had been rendered necessary. They *24say, “ When parties hare deliberately by their agreements and covenants fixed a time for the performance of an act, a court of equity will be very cautious how it interferes in disregard of it, and thus in effect change the contract which the parties have made. It will' not do this unless by reason of mistake, or some other cause falling, within the legitimate powers of a court of equity, it shall see that essential justice demands the exercise of its jurisdiction irrespective of the lapse of time. 2 Story Eq. Jur., § 776, note. Kipwill v. Knight, 1 Younge & Coll., 415.”
It will be observed on examination of that case, that the respondent agreed to convey the premises in question within a certain time, and the petitioner on his part promised to pay the entire consideration for the same at the expiration of the specified time.
Whether a specific performance of a contract shall be decreed is in a great measure dependent upon the exercise of a sound judicial discretion, not arbitrarily or capriciously, but reasonably, according to the circumstances of the particular case, and therefore if the court had in that case strictly applied the principle which they laid down, it would not necessarily constitute a precedent which should control our determination of the case before us. The court seems not to have so much considered the question of the materiality of time, as the inequitable character of the claim of a party to enforce a contract against another which by his own inexcusable laches he has himself first broken, and their general views on that subject are unquestionably sound.
Every agreement as to time is not of the essence of the contract, and therefore every failure by the petitioner in a literal performance does not of necessity furnish a sufficient defence against a bill for a specific performance; and wo‘ think ho better or safer general rule on this subject can be prescribed than that the broken stipulation should be of such a character as to constitute a condition precedent to the petitioner’s right to enforce the contract, or be such as on its non-fulfilment without reasonable excuse to render in terms the contract void; or in some other manner to make it clearly inequitable, under circumstances of fraud, mistake, surprise, *25unreasonable delay, gross neglect, bad faith, or other manifest unconscientiousness, that the petitioner should have a decree.
If we turn to the facts in this case we shall notice that the contract is dated on the 20th of March, that the whole amount of the purchase money was $400 to be paid within a year, and that, the concluding sentence of the agreement is a promise 'by the petitioner to pay on the first day of April thereafter at least twenty-five dollars." The clear intention of the parties was, that a full year should be given for the completion of the payment of the entire sum. Ho condition is expressed that if the petitioner should make default of payment of the $25 at the time promised he should not upon payment of the full sum within the year be entitled to the land, or that the contract should be void in consequence of the non-payment of the $25 at the time named, or that the punctual payment of that sum should be a condition precedent to his right to require of the respondent a performance of the contract on his part upon the subsequent complete performance by the petitioner within the year.
The record discloses nothing from which we can* infer a design by the petitioner not to perform the contract in good faith, or that he intended to lie by, and by taking time speculate on the chances of a change in the value of the land, with a view to take advantage of it by finally performing or refusing to perform as should appear most for his interest. He was busily engaged on the first of April in removing his family and goods and changing his apsidence, and on the morning of the following day he informed the respondent that he was ready to pay him the amount which was due, and in the afternoon of the same day duly tendered that sum to the .respondent; and on the 15th of April, and on two other and different occasions not long subsequent thereto, lawfully tendered the respondent the full sum of $400, together with a proper deed for his execution, which the respondent refused to receive or execute. The petitioner had no knowledge till the occasion of his first interview with the respondent on the 2d of April, that the respondent had had any previous negotiation with another person for the sale of the premises. His *26intention to fulfil the written contract is demonstrated by the facts, and we are unable to perceive how the respondent, regarding nothing but the written contract, can be justified in considering the time, for the payment of the $25 as so material to the agreement as to warrant him in treating- the whole contract as void upon the petitioner’s failure under the circumstances to pay that sum on the precise day. The delay was but for a single day, and the time for the payment by the petitioner of seven-eighths of the purchase money was yet several months in the future, and his intention to execute and not to abandon the contract was manifest. Besides, the respondent could have suffered no appreciable injury by so slight a lapse of time, and in fact bargained the land to another person for the same price, and gave him an indefinite time for payment. We are satisfied this question was properly disposed of. 2 Story Eq. Jur., §§ 747, 771, 776; 3 White & Tudor’s Leading Cases in Equity, 75 to 78, and cases cited; Jones v. Robbins, 29 Maine, 351; Remington v. Irwin, 2 Harris, 143; De Camp v. Feay, 5 Serg. & Rawle, 328; Jackson v. Ligon, 3 Leigh, 161, 187; Viele v. Troy & Boston R. R. Co., 21 Barb., 381; Langworth v. Taylor, 14 Peters, 172.
It is also insisted by the respondent that such a change in" circumstances occurred, as the result of the petitioner’s delay in the payment of the $25, as to constitute a defence to the bill. The circumstances relied on are, that on the morning of the 2d of April, the respondent, treating the contract as void in» consequence of the petitioner’s default and claiming it to be void, bargained the land by parol to one Bulkeley, his brother in law ; and the claim is made that thereby a third person had acquired an équitable interest in the premises, and the condition of the parties and the land had become so far changed that the respondent could riot properly perform his agreement with the petitioner.
The record shows that the respondent did not execute a deed of the land to Bulkeley until a considerable time after the petitioner had tendered both the partial and the full amounts of the purchase money, had recorded his contract with the respondent in the land records of the town in which *27all the parties resided, and had instituted the proceedings in this case ; and Bulkeley had not otherwise paid the respondent for the land than by giving his note therefor, which is still unpaid. The respondent acted hastily, in so soon bargaining the land to another after the petitioner’s default without notice to him, and erroneously, in treating the written contract as void for such default. And we discover no such change in circumstances, either in the condition of the parties or of the property, as ought in our judgment to make this defence available against the petitioner’s bill.
We think there is nothing in the assignment of errors which entitles the respondent to a reversal of the decree passed by the Superior Court.
2. The motion for a new trial presents the single question, whether parol evidence offered by the respondent was admissible to prove that the written contract between the petitioner and himself was so varied, before it was entirely reduced to writing and executed, as to have verbally interpolated into it the provision that, if the petitioner failed to pay a stipulated installment of the purchase money on a particular day, the contract should thereupon be void. The bill seeks to compel the respondent to specifically perform the agreement as expressed in the writing alone, and parol evidence of such verbal variation was offered to be introduced by the respondent by way of defence against the bill, and was excluded by the* Superior Court.
The petitioner’s first objection to this motion is, that it does not appear from the record that when the evidence was offered the purpose for which it was tendered was disclosed, and that no point with reference to its admissibility was presented to and decided by the court. Rules of Practice, ch. 16, sec. 2, (18 Conn., 574.) It simply appears from the finding that the evidence was offered by the’ respondent and excluded, but it was conceded before us on the argument that it was received without prejudice, subject to the objection made to it, and to the future consideration and disposition of it by the court, and ultimately rejected. It is frequently the case- that testimony is offered in the progress of a cause, the *28precise object of which is not at the time distinctly apparent, and if its admissibility is questionable, opposing counsel, or the court, very properly inquire the purpose for which it is sought to be introduced; but that course was entirely unnecessary here, because the testimony presented bore upon its face the certain object of its introduction. It was so obvious as to be susceptible to no possible misunderstanding or misconstruction, and no point could have been more clearly made respecting it than by the simple offer of its introduction. Again, the respondent’s answer to the.bill filed in due form had fully apprised the petitioner that on the trial of the cause the claim would be made and insisted on by the respondent, that precisely such a verbal variation in the written contract had been made by the parties as this evidence' pointedly-tended to establish. The object of the rule was to afford an additional safeguard against surprise, and protect counsel from liability to be required to answer claims in a motion, which without a previous explicit statement they might misapprehend. In this case however the reason of the rule entirely fails, and although the exception taken is literally within its terms, it ought not to prevail.
The remaining objection is to the admissibility of the evidence on any ground, and therefore pertains directly to the merits of the question, and will be considered in the general discussion of the subject matter of the motion.
The ordinary ground on which a court of equity allows the introduction of parol proof to add to or affect a written instrument, is to provide relief in cases of fraud, mistake and surprise, and prevent a party who has obtained an instrument under such circumstances from deriving to himself an unfair and ineqixitable advantage from it, to the injury of the person from whom it was so obtained. This doctrine finds its sanction in the truest promptings of conscience, and while it is-not of so general applicability in other cases it is not confined to those mentioned; and it is claimed by the respondent that, though operating within more circumscribed limits, it is recognized with similar certainty and clearness in the case we are considering, and that such evidence is equally admissible *29for tlio purpose for which it was here offered as it would have been to prove either fraud or mistake.
Taking this case as we find it on the record, the evidence was offered, not for the purpose of proving a fraud in the petitioner in withholding the verbal stipulation from the writing, nor any accident, mistake or fraud in not embodying it in the written instrument. We understand the verbal provision not to have been designed to be incorporated into the writing, but to stand as an independent variation of it, and that the respondent claims it was intended, if not strictly performed by the petitioner, to render void the -entire agreement ; and that such performance by the petitioner was in effect to operate as a precedent condition to his right to a conveyance of the land. So considering it, we are to decide whether by way of defence against the petitioner’s bill the evidence ought to have been excluded.
The admissibility of the particular species of evidence here offered is restricted to the defence of bills brought for a specific performance, and the courts, in admitting it to repel the attempt of a purchaser or seller of land to oblige the other party to a contract to perform his part specifically, have proceeded upon the just ground of inequitableness in tlio petitioner in striving to enforce the execution of a written contract with parol variations by regarding only the written provisions and entirely disregarding the verbal variations. This is in strict accordance with the spirit of equity, which requires of a party seeking the aid of a court of chancery to come with clean hands and a willingness to do equity; and the most flagrant fraud, though grosser in degree, is nota more certain violation of this spirit, than a deliberate attempt to enforce only the written portion of a contract which contains verbal variations essentially changing its character and rendering it less favorable to' the petitioner.
The law seems well settled that if a party to a contract for the conveyance of land desires the enforcement of the performance of it, such enforcement must be of the precise contract in terms which the parties in fact made, and it is generally true that he will not be permitted to enforce one resting *30partly in -writing and in part in parol, and if he attempts to compel the performance of a written contract which contains collateral verbal alterations he cannot be allowed the benefit of the written portion without also accepting such parol modifications of it as exist. It is equally well established that a petitioner who brings his bill for a sp'ecific performance, is not entitled to the same indulgence in the introduction of parol proof as the respondent may be, who defends against it and offers to prove the existence of verbal stipulations inconsistent with, and varying, and operating as conditions of or limitations to, the writing.
A written contract for the purchase and sale of land confers upon the parties vested rights from the moment of its execution, because equity considers that as done which has been agreed to be performed, and when one relying on that equity seeks a specific performance of the agreement, the respondent, to rebut the equity, may show by parol that it was assumed and unreal, and that the contract was in fact entirely variant from that which is being attempted to be enforced, and that the variation consists in a condition resting entirely in parol,
The evidence offered in this case was for the purpose of proving that, before the writing was completed and signed, the parties verbally agreed that unless the payment by the petitioner of $25, parcel of the purchase money, was made on the first of April, the contract was thereupon to be void; in other words, to show that the payment of that sum at that time was to be a condition precedent to the petitioner’s right to claim a conveyance of the land. This was a stipulation in which the time mentioned was vitally essential, and if it had been proved to have been made, and broken, by the petitioner, would, have constituted a successful defence to his bill for performance.
Clear proof is very properly required in support • of the claim of a material verbal alteration of a written contract, to justify the dismissal of the bill on that ground; and whether, if this evidence had been received, it would have fully satisfied the mind of the court, we of course ' caimot determine, *31and it is unnecessary that we should. We are not required to deal with the question of the absolute sufficiency of the proof presented, but to simply say whether evidence which was strictly pertinent, and which strongly tended to establish a material fact, was properly excluded. As I have already suggested, if it had been admitted, and had clearly established the faot to the proof of which it was offered, a perfect defense to the bill would thereby have been interposed, and as evidence of this-character was proper to show what the entire contract was, its admissibility in this instance follows as a necessary legal consequence.
Another class of cases has been determined upon the ground that the agreement by the petitioner to the 'parol variation operated to induce the respondent to sign the written contract. The case is not placed by the record op that ground, though it might with some plausibility have been. The fact appears, that while the writing was being drawn, its completion was temporarily suspended to await the result of a negotiation between the parties with reference to the parol variation, and after the negotiation had resulted in the petitioner’s agreement to that variation the writing was executed by the respondent. In view of these circumstances, which the respondent claimed to be true and asked permission to prove, the conclusion that the respondent was materially influenced to execute the writing by the petitioner’s previous assent to the verbal stipulation, would appear to be neither labored nor unnatural.
Another reason might well have been urged why upon principle this evidence should not have been rejected. While no pretence of fraud is made in connection rvith the drafting or execution of the writing, yet proceeding upon the respondent’s claim which he desired an opportunity to prove, and in regard to which we cannot say he would not have been successful, the effort by the petitioner to enforce only the written, and entirely disregard and avoid the verbal, provisions of the contract, was an attempt to compel the respondent to perform a different agreement from what was in fact made, and one which in consequence of the variation, and the peti*32turner’s subsequent default with respect to it, was void. Such an attempt if made was unfair and unconscientious. It was an effort to make an unjust and fraudulent use of the' written part of the contract, which might properly have been resisted by the introduction of the offered evidence. 2 White & Tudor’s Leading Cases in Equity, 659, 662, 689, 690; 2 Story Eq. Jur., §§ 770, 770a; 1 Sugden on Vendors, 137 to 151; 2 Swift’s Digest, 29; Clark v. Grant, 14 Yesey, 520; Winch v. Winchester, 1 Ves. & B., 375; Dwight v. Pomeroy, 17 Mass., 328; Brooks v. Wheelock, 11 Pick., 440; Osborn v. Phelps, 19 Conn., 73; Cathcart v. Robinson, 5 Peters, 262; Stoutenburg v. Tompkins, 1 Stockton’s Ch., 332; Ferussac v. Thorn, 1 Barbour, 42; London & Birmingham Railway Co. v. Winter, 1 Craig & Phill., 57.
A new trial is advised.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.