The opinion of the court was delivered by
Redfield, J.By the referee’s report, it appears that the defendant signed a bank note with Charles Livermore, payable to the Ashuelot Bank, of Keene,'N. H., for 11500, at ninety days. On the face of the note, apparently, both were principals. In fact the defendant was surety for Livermore. The bank refused to discount the note without the name of some responsible citizen of New Hampshire. Livermore then applied to the plaintiff, a resident citizen of Keene, and told him that the bank had refused to discount said note, and asked the plaintiff “ if he would sign the note with him and Black ;” thereupon plaintiff signed the note, adding the word surety to his signature; and then supposed that he was signing said note as surety for Livermore and Black, regarding them both as principals in the note. This supposition arose from the manner he was asked to sign the 'note, and that, apparently, on the face of the note, both were principals. Liver-more negotiated with the bank for renewal; and when the note became due, he procured the signature of Black with him, to a like note, and sent it, with the money for the accruing interest, to the plaintiff, requesting him to sign it and deliver it to the bank, and take up the former note, which he did, adding, as before, to his signature the word surety. The bank about a year before had discounted a note signed only by Livermore and Black.
From this statement, it may be, as we think, justly assumed that the defendant entrusted the note for which this was substi*200tuted, with Livermore for discount, expecting to stand as the sole surety; and that, in fact, plaintiff undersigned Livermore and defendant as their surety, not knowing, and having no reason to believe that the defendant stood in any other relation than the note indicated, a principal in the note ; and he qualified the contract he entered into, by adding to his signature the word surety.
It is 'well established, and all the authorities concur, that an indorser or surety may, at the time of entering into the contract, qualify or limit his liability at his pleasure. The defendant sent his note into the market, to raise money by Livermore, promising with him, as joint principal, to pay the note; and as between him and Livermore, agreeing to pay the note in case Livermore failed to do so. Livermore failed to pay the whole note; and defendant is now called upon to do just what his contract required, and what he understood it required when he put Ms note upon the market to raise money ; his risk has not been enhanced, nor his duties changed.
Testimony aliunde is necessarily admissible to show the relation of the parties as between themselves; and that testimony shows in this case, that defendant had none of the money, and as between him and Livermore, was mere surety; and the same evidence discloses that the plaintiff signed, in fact, as surety for, and not as co-surety with, the defendant. Nad the plaintiff attached to his signature the words, “surety for the above,” or words of like import, it is not questioned that he would not be liable as co-surety, to contribute.
In Keith v. Goodwin, the court, Redfield, C. J., says:
“ When there is anything in the form of the contract or the nature of the transaction, to show that the subsequent sureties did not expect to be holden as co-sureties for all the former signers, they are entitled to full indemnity from each of the others, or all jointly; as, when the surety signs expressly as surety for all the above-signers; or when he signs, saying he is willing to be responsible for all of them. In such case he is not liable to contribution.” In that case the defendant Goodwin stood apparently a joint principal on the note, though in fact a surety as *201between the signers; and the court further says: “And by presenting the note merely, and asking a guaranty of the plaintiff, a virtual representation was made that defendant stood as joint principal.” “ If he could be allowed, afterwards, to falsify this representation thus held out on the face of the paper, it might certainly work great injustice to the guarantor.” In the leading case of Claythorne v. Swinburn, 14 Ves. 160, the declarations of the defendant at the time he signed the note were admitted, to show that he signed as surety for the former signers, and not as co-surety with them.
The case of Adams v. Flanagan, 36 Vt. 400, goes still further. The plaintiff signed the note as surety, and added the word surety to his signature. Afterwards, Flanagan signed it and added the word surety to his name. The defendants were permitted to successfully resist the claim for contribution by Adams, who had paid the debt, by showing that he told'Mills, the principal, at the time of signing the note, that he signed the note as surety for all, and not as co-surety with them. Flanagan, in this case, had distinct knowledge from the face of the paper, that Adams was surety. Opposed to this doctrine is the case of Whitehouse v. Hanson, 42 N. H. 9, and Norton v. Coons, 3 Denio, 130, and some others.
We have no occasion in this case, to approve or disapprove all that is said by the court in Keith v. Goodwin and Adams v. Flanagan. But we think that, as defendant signed the note apparently as principal, and authorized Livermore to go into the market with the note to raise money, and to accomplish the matter in hand, he ^procured the plaintiff to become surety for the two by virtually representing to him that the signers of the note were both principals. The fact that defendant was really the surety of Livermore, will not so operate as to make the plaintiff his co-surety. By the course of business, Livermore was authorized to do all that he has done ; and the defendant should be required to stand by it, for, it requires of him no more than he voluntarily agreed to do. If it were otherwise it would work a great fraud upon the plaintiff. This rule is entirely in accordance with the *202adjudged eases and long-settled doctrine in this state, and with fair dealing and justice.
Judgment reversed, and judgment for plaintiff on the report for the sum therein named, with interest.