The opinion of the court was delivered by
Tyler, J.The plaintiff brings this action against the defendant to recover the damages which he claims to have sustained in» consequence of the defendant having falsely and fraudulently represented to him that he was of the full age of twenty-one years, whereby the plaintiff was induced to sell the defendant-certain goods and merchandise and to take his promissory note therefor. The defendant pleads infancy, and the case comes to-this court on demurrer to the plea.
Oases involving substantially the same question that is here-presented have been decided by this court, and a full review of' the authorities is unnecessary. It was held in West v. Moore, 14 Vt. 447, and Merrill v. Aden, 19 Vt. 505, that to an action on the case for a false and deceitful warranty of a horse,infancy was a good defense, and in Gilson v. Spear, 38 Vt. 315, that an infant was liable in an action ex delicto for an actual and wilful fraud only in cases in which the form of action did not suppose-that a contract existed; but where the gravamen of the fraud consisted in a transaction that really originated in contract, the-plea of infancy was a good defense. In Doran v. Smith, 49 Vt. 353, the defendant falsely and fraudulently represented that he was the owner of certain property and had good right to sell; the same, and the plaintiff, confiding in such representations,,, bought the property and paid the defendant therefor. The-property was not, in fact, the defendant’s, and the plaintiff was-compelled to surrender it to the true owner, yet a plea of infancy-to a declaration in case was held good on demurrer.
The plaintiff’s ■ counsel insist that a legal distinction can be-drawn between the above cases and the one at bar, in that in the present case-the false and fraudulent representation was antecedent to and disconnected with the contract, although it was the inducement to it.
*503While it is true as a general proposition of law that infants are liable for their torts, yet the form of action does not determine their liability, and they cannot be made liable when the cause of action arises from a contract, although the form is ex delicto. A reference to the declaration in this case shows that the representations made by the defendant as to his age, using the concise language of Chief Justice Pierpoint in Doran v. Smith, supra, “ enter into and constitute an element of the contract itself; it is that that makes them actionable. The contract must be alleged and proved or there can be no recovery. The contract is the basis of the action.; the fraud is predicated upon the contract.”
Benjamin in his work on Sales, 22, lays down the general rule that an action at law will not lie against an infant for fraudulently representing himself of full age and thereby inducing the plaintiff to contract with him, and cites ñiany authorities in support of the rule ; but in his note on page 442 he says that an infant may be held liable for a false statement as to his age, if he afterwards successfully refuses to pay on the ground of infancy.
The decision in Fitts v. Hall, 9 N. H. 441, which is referred to approvingly by Redfield, J., in Towne v. Wiley, 23 Vt. 355, is relied upon by the plaintiff’s counsel in this ease; but that decision was not an authority in point in Towne v. Wiley. In the latter case, an infant, who had hired a horse of a livery-stable keeper to drive to an agreed place twenty-three miles distant, returned by a circuitous route, nearly double that distance, left the horse standing out of doors during the night, and it died from overdriving and exposure. It was held that the infant was liable in trover for a conversion of the property by departing from the object of the bailment the same as if he had taken it in the first instance without permission. In his opinion in that case Judge Redfield said: “In all the cases, then, upon this subject, it will be found that the courts profess to hold infants liable for positive, substantial torts, but not for violations of contract merely, although, by construction, the .party claiming *504redress may be allowed, by tlie general rules of pleading, to declare in tort or contract, at his election.”
In Fitts v. Hall, the infant' had rescinded the contract by which goods had been sold to him and his note taken therefor, ■ on his false representation that he was of age, and had refused, on demand, to return the property. Parker, Ch. J., who delivered the opinion, said in the subsequent case of Burley v. Russell, 10 N. H. 184: “ That decision is that an infant is liable in. case, for a fraudulent affirmation that he is of age, whereby another is induced to enter into a contract with him, if he after-wards avoids the contract by reason of his infancy.”
We think no distinction in principle can be drawn between this case and former cases referred to, decided by this court, and the judgment of the County Court is affirmed.