The opinion of the court was delivered by
ROWELL, J.If, as matter of law, it was prima facie
negligence for the plaintiff to be riding on the platform or tlie steps, as shown by the case, and if his riding there contributed to his injury, then the burden was on him to show that 'lie was riding there for ' a reason ' that freed him from the imputation of negligence ; and if the testimony did not tend to show such reason, he had no case for the jury, and the court should have directed a verdict against him.
It is sometimes said that when the facts are conceded or undisputed, the question of negligence is for the court and not for the jury. But this must not be taken in its broadest sense and as universally true, but with limitation. When the law prescribes what shall constitute negligence, or when the act relied *114upon to show negligence is isolated, tlien negligence becomes a question of law.
But when the standard of negligence is not prescribed, and there is a combination of facts and circumstances relied upon to show negligence, the question becomes one of law only when those facts and circumstances are so decisive one way or the other as to leave no reasonable doubt about it — no room for opposing inferences. This is clearly shown by the adjudged cases.
Thus, in Briggs v. Taylor, 28 Vt. 180, it was regarded as so certain that carriages and sleds would be injured by standing out doors all winter, that the court ruled as matter of law that thus leaving them was negligence. But in Vinton v. Schwab, 32 Vt. 612, it is said, that although there is no conflict in the testimony in respect of negligence, yet, if it still rests upon discretion, judgment, and experience, it is matter of law and not of fact. And in Whitcomb v. Denio, 52 Vt. 382, it is said that whatever the rule may be in other States when the facts are undisputed, in this State, when the question is whether a thing has been done within a reasonable time or with reasonable care, or when any other fact is to be determined that involves the judgment of the trier upon an existing state of facts and circumstances, the almost universal practice has been to submit the question to the jury.
In Hunter v. Cooperstown &c. R. R. Co., 112 N. Y. 371, it was held that the plaintiff, who was sui juris and in the full possession of his faculties, with nothing to disturb his judgment, was guilty of negligence as matter of law in attempting to board a railroad train moving at the rate of from four to six miles an hour, and that the question did not become one of fact by the conductor’s calling out to him to get on. That it was a dangerous and hazardous attempt, the court said must be the judgment of all men ; that persons are taught from their earliest youth the great danger attending an attempt to board or to leave a train while in motion; and that there is no person of mature years and judgment but has the knowledge that such an attempt is *115dangerous in the highest degree. But the court said that there may be cases in which such an attempt would not be regarded as negligence as matter of law, and where the question of negligence upon all the facts in the case should be submitted to the jury, and referred to Filer v. New York Central R. R. Co., 49 N. Y. 47, as such a ease.
In Solomon v. Manhattan R. R. Co., 103 N. Y. 437, it is said that the rule established by the decisions is, that it is presumptively a negligent act for a passenger to attempt to alight from a moving train, and that it is not sufficient to rebut the presumption that the trainmen acquiesced in the action of the passenger, nor that the company violated its duty or contract in not stopping the train, nor that to remain on the train would subject the passenger to trouble or inconvenience, but that to excuse such an act and free the passenger from the charge of contributory negligence, there must be a coercion of circumstances that did not leave the passenger in the free and untrammeled possession of his faculties and judgment. And the court went on to say, that although negligence is usually a fact for the jury, yet that the inference of negligence in a given case may be so strong and convincing that the judge may direct. a verdict; that the conclusion that it is prima facie dangerous to alight from a moving train is founded on our general knowledge and common experience, and that it is akin to the conclusion now generally accepted, that it is in law a dangerous and therefore a negligent act, unless explained and justified by special circumstances, to attempt to cross a railroad track without looking for approaching trains.
In Morrison v. Erie Railway Co., 56 N. Y. 302, it was held that the question whether a person has been' guilty of contributory negligence in attempting to alight from a car in motion is not in every case a question of fact for the jury ; that when the facts are undisputed, the question of contributory negligence may become a question of law; and it was held to be such in that case. *116Bolger, J., in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “Can it be said that a person of ordinary care and prudence would have swung himself from a car in motion down to the ground in the dark, ladened with the weight of a child twelve years old, having but one hand and one arm to aid himself with, when there was no other danger to be avoided by meeting this, and no incentive to the act other than the inconvenience of being carried by his place of abode, and with a full apprehension of the danger he was about to incur ? I think not, and am of the opinion that it is so clear, that the law and this court should have answered without calling in the aid of the jury.”
Gavett v. Manchester & Lawerence R. R. Co., 16 Gray, 501, is to the same effect. There it appeared that after the train started and was in motion, the plaintiff either passed out of the door and was on the platform of the car for the purpose of attempting to' leave it or was actually stepping from the platform of the car upon that in front of the station. While thus situated she was thrown from the car and injured. The court said that it could not be doubted that the well-known hazards of traveling-on railroads and the unprotected and exposed situation of persons standing on the platform of a car or attempting to leave it when the train is about to start or is actually in motion, render it unsafe for passengers to place themselves in such a position, and preclude the idea that due care can be exercised under such circumstances.
So,. riding with an arm projecting out of the car window, whereby it is injured, is negligence per se, and precludes recovery. Todd v. Old Colony &c. R. R. Co., 3 Allen, 18; 80 Am. Dec. 49.
In Indianapolis &c. R. R. Co. v. Watson, 114 Ind. 20; 5 Am. St. Rep., at page 591, it is said that if from the facts only one inference can be drawn, and that is that there was negligence, it must be adjudged as matter of law; or conversely, if it can be clearly affirmed as matter of law that there was no negligence. *117the court must so declare. In Seefeld v. Chicago &c. R. R. Co. 70 Wis. 216, (5 Am. St. Rep. 168,) it is held that when the facts are undisputed and admit of no doubtful nor opposing inferences, the question of negligence is one of law.
Many other cases of like import might be cited, but these ••are quite sufficient to establish the proposition above laid down, namely, that when the standard of negligence is not prescribed, and there is a combination of facts and circumstances relied upon to show negligence, the question becomes one of law only when those facts and circumstances are so decisive one way or the •other as to leave no reasonable doubt — no room for opposing inferences.
This brings us to consider whether, as matter of law, it was prima facie negligence for the plaintiff to be riding on the platform or the step as shown by the case. He was standing either •on the second step or on the edge of the platform, with his back to the saloon window, holding on to the iron on the end of the •car. There were notices on the car doors, forbidding persons to stand on the platform. The platform was full, and two small boys stood on the steps below him. The train was running at the rate of about thirty miles an hour at the lowest estimate; plaintiff’s testimony tended to show that it was running much faster than that, and was swaying and jolting badly. There is nothing to show that the plaintiff was not an intelligent man, •and in the full possession of his faculties. Add to this the well known fact that in this State railroads must be built with many and sharp curves, which cause fast-running trains to sway and lurch considerably, however good the track, thereby greatly increasing the danger to one riding on the platform or steps •of being jolted and thrown off, — and can it be doubted that the position the plaintiff occupied was, in the circumstances, one •of danger and hazard ? We think not. And because it was one •of danger and hazard, it was prima facie negligence for him to occupy it.
*118But the plaintiff claims that the cases, especially in New York, are to a different intent, and hold that it is not prvma facie negligence to ride on the platform of steam cars, and, among others, refers to Willis v. Long Island R. R. Co. 34 N. Y. 670, and Werle v. Same, 98 N. Y. 650. But we hardly think it is the law of New York that in no circumstances is it prima facie negligence for a passenger to ride on the platform of steam cars-To be sure in those cases it was held not to be such negligence for the plaintiffs to ride on the platform in the circumstances disclosed. In Willis’s case it was not necessary to say anything about it, for his position neither caused nor contributed to his injury. But still the court said it was not prima facie negligence for him to be riding on the platform. And in Nolan v. Brooklyn City &c. R. R. Co., 87 N. Y. 63, it is said, obiter, that the rule is settled that it is not, even in the case of steam cars, negligence per se for a passenger to stand on the front platform of a moving car. In Werle’s case the court said that while the evidence as to many of the facts was conflicting, it thought there was nothing proved from which the court had a right, as a question of law, to attribute contributory negligence to the deceased, and that the whole case presented simply questions of fact for the consideration of the jury. The fair inference from this is, that the court thought there might be a state, of facts shown in such 'a case that would make the question of negligence one of law.
In Graville v. Manhattan R. R. Co. 105 N. Y. 525, it is said to be unsafe as matter of common knowledge for a passenger to ride on the platform of a running train, and in Clark v. Eighth Avenue R. R. Co. 36 N. Y. 135, it was held to be prima facie negligence for a passenger to ride on the steps of a horse car; and it was laid down as a principal of law, that when it appears that a passenger was riding upon a car in a place of danger, his negligence is prima facie proved, and that the onus is on him to rebut the presumption. In Nolan’s case it is said, referring to the case *119last cited, that riding on the steps of a horse car is a position palpably more dangerous than riding on the platform. But we submit that it is no more dangerous than riding on the platform of a steam ear when the train is in rapid motion. And in Connolly v. Knickerbocker Ice Co. 114, N. Y. 104, it is said that the fact that a passenger on a horse car stands on tlie outer platform when there is opportunity to take a seat in the car, might, in an action against the railroad company to recover damages for its negligence, constitute a defence in ordinary circumstances. ITence we conclude that in some circumstances it might be held in New York that riding on the platform of steam cars wasprima facie negligence. But i-f the law of that State is otherwise, we are not disposed to follow it.
In Massachusetts the law is, as a general proposition, that standing on the platform of steam cars when the train is in motion is prima facie negligence. In addition to Gavette’s case, already referred to, we refer to Hickey v. Boston & Lowell R. R. Co. 14 Allen, 429. That was a much stronger case for recovery than the one at bar, and yet the defendant had judgment. There the deceased'had been riding in the smoking-car, and just before it was uncoupled to let the rest of the train run slowly into the station, he left it and, with other passengers, stepped upon the platform of the passenger car in the rear of it, with the intention of riding to the station in that position. The passenger car was going about five miles an hour, and ran against the smoker, which had been thrown across the track by a misplaced rail and switch, whereby the deceased received injuries from which he died. The court said that if an injury happens while the passenger is occupying a place provided for the accommodation of passengers, nothing further is ordinarily necessary to show due care ; but that when the plaintiffs own evidence shows he had left the place assigned for passengers, .and was occupying an exposed position, and that the injury was due' in part to the fact of such position, he must necessarily fail un*120less he can also make it appear, upon some ground of necessity or propriety, that his being in that position was consistent with the exercise of proper care and caution on his part; and as the plaintiff in that case had no testimony tending to show proper care *on the part of the intestate, a nonsuit was entered. Although the court does not say in so many words that the deceased was prima facie negligent as matter of law, yet that is precisely what the ease comes to'; and the fact that there was room inside does not touch that question, because tlie presumption of negligence arises from the position itself, as it is a dangerous position, and one not provided for passengers to occupy while the train is in motion. The necessity or propriety of his being there is an element that comes in later, and for the purpose of rebutting the presumption of negligence ; but if it cannot be shown, the presumption remains and precludes recovery, if the negligence was contributory.
In Treat v. Boston & Lowell R. R. Corp. 131, Mass. 371, the plaintiff, on the whole case did not appear to be one who at his own risk had voluntarily assumed an exposed position not intended for passengers, and therefore the question of contributory negligence was properly left to the jury. Zemp v. Wilmmgton & Manchester R. R. Co., 9 Rich. Law, 84, 64 Am. Dec. 763, referred to by plaintiff, is not authority for him. There the plaintiff was standing on the front platform of the rear passenger car at the time of the injury, which was occasioned by the overturning of the engine when the train was moving from five to eight miles an hour. The whole case depended upon whether the injury was attributable, to plaintiff’s want of care. The court said that plaintiff’s position at the moment of the accident was wrong, but that the proximate cause of the injury was the overturning of the engine; that plaintiff’s being on the platform did not necessarily subject him to injury in an overturn any more than if he had been in the car; but that if he had fallen off the platform when the train was in motion, then he would have been obliged *121to bear his injury, for then his own act would have been as much the proximate cause as the defendant’s negligence.
Camden & Atlantia R. R. Co. v. Hoosey, 99 Pa. St. 492, is much in point. There the plaintiff below was a passenger on an excursion train of many cars, which were overcrowded, and the plaintiff and many others were unable to find seats. After searching for a seat and finding none, plaintiff took a position quite near the edge of the rear platform of one of the cars, and stood with his back to the end window of the car, and rode there, the cars being in rapid motion, till he was jolted off and injured. The court said that he was not only in a position of known danger, but was there voluntarily and against the rules of the company ; that having shown by his own testimony that at the critical juncture he was in a position where no one of ordinary prudence should have placed himself, it was incumbent on him to show that he was .there from necessity and not from choice; that the dangerous position on the platform in which he voluntarily placed himself while the cars were in rapid motion, was undoubtedly the immediate cause of his being jolted off; that if there had been any testimony from which it could have been reasonably inferred that he was there from necessity and not from choice, it would have been a question for the jury; but that in the. absence of such evidence it was error to leave it to the jury to determine whether he was or was not guilty of contributory negligence. The plaintiff was the only person on the train who was injured, and the court said that he ought to have submitted to the inconvenience of standing in the cars.
Thus it is seen that on the authorities it is clearly maintainable that riding on the platform of steam cars in the circumstances ■disclosed in the case in hand is prima fade negligence as matter of law.
The plaintiff was the only person on the train who was injured ; and that the position in which he was riding materially contributed to his injury, is not, and cannot be, questioned.
*122It remains to consider whether the testimony tended to show that the plaintiff was riding on the platform or the step, whichever it was, for a reason that freed him from the imputation of negligence. His claim was, as shown by the charge and his testimony, that the passage where he stood after giving up his seat was crowded ; that most of those in his vicinity were ladies j that the swaying and the jolting of the cars were such that his position was one of discomfort to himself and of evident discomfort and annoyance to others ; and that in consequence of this lie concluded to go to the smoldng-car. He testified that after taking his position on the platform or the step, he thought he worrld stay there a few minutes and then go back into the car he had left.
Tims it appears that the plaintiff had standing room in the car, which he might have continued to occupy, but which he chose to leave in order to free himself from discomfort and annoyance, and that he remained on the platform or the step in order to obtain temporary relief from that discomfort, intending in a short time to resume his former position in the car, which he might have done.
But passengers, especially on excursion trains, must expect more or less discomfort, and must endure it, rather than assume positions of danger'and hazard not provided for their occupancy, for the purpose of avoiding it. Necessity alone can warrant the assumption of such positions. If they are assumed as matter of choice, and they contribute to injury, there can be no recovery> But what would constitute necessity in such cases, it is not easy to say. It may, perhaps, be safely said in a ease like this, when nothing is said nor done by those in charge of the train to control nor influence the conduct of the passenger, that the attendant circumstances must be such as not to leave the passenger free to choose — such as to coerce his action, and to compel him to assume the position as the best he could do at the time, acting as a careful and prudent man.
*123Tlie testimony in this case did not tend to show any such coercion of circumstances —any such compulsion; and therefore the case is, that the plaintiff was riding as matter of choice and not of necessity, in a dangerous place not provided for the occupancy of passengers, which contributed to his injury ; hence the court should have directed a verdict against him.
The record discloses another error. The court submitted to the jury as one element bearing on the question of defendant’s negligence in operating the train, the fact that there were but two brakeman upon it, although there was nothing tending to show that the train was in any respect improperly operated for lack of brakemen. It is a familiar rule that it is not proper to submit to the jury an issue that the testimony does not raise. Their are no other points of exception that we deem it important to consider.
Judgment reversed and cause rema/nded.
TAFT, J.,would render a final judgment for the defendant. But the rest of the court would remand, as the issues joined to the jury stand undisposed of on the record, and upon them the plaintiff has a right, and .may desire, to introduce additional evidence, and we cannot say that no such evidence exists.
Start and Thompson JJ., did not sit, having been of counsel.