The court below found the following facts : Prior to Oct. 15, 1891, the plaintiff and one George were copartners under the firm name of George & Beede, in the business of quarrying and selling granite at Barre, and the defendants, as copartners under the firm name of P. B. Fraser & Co., were engaged in manufacturing granite into monuments, etc. The former partnership was dissolved about Sept. 1, 1891. Prior to that time it had sold and delivered to the defendants a quantity of granite for which the defendants owed George & Beede, and the debt, by the con*116tract of dissolution, became the property of Beede. The defendants were so notified before this suit was brought and thereupon promised to pay the plaintiff the amount of said debt, and afterwards did pay him fifty dollars, leaving a balance due of four dollars and sixty-two cents.
Oct. 15, 1891, the plaintiff and the defendants entered into copartnership under the firm name of Beede & Co., and that firm carried on the business of quarrying and selling granite, and prior to Dec. 4, 1891, sold the defendants granite to the amount of ninety dollars, which was due from the defendants to Beede & Co. on that date, when the firm of Beede & Co. was dissolved. The firm of Fraser & Co,, composed of Fraser and Smith, owed the ninety dollars to the other firm, which was composed of Beede, Fraser and Smith. The plaintiff was not a member of the defendant firm.
The court found that, as a part of this contract of dissolution, the plaintiff became the owner of all debts due to Beede & Co., and that concurrently with the making of the contract the defendants promised the plaintiff to pay him the demand of ninety dollars, but it certifies that these facts were found solely from “ Paper A,” which is as follows :
“This is to certify that the copartnership hereto existing by and between F. A. Beede, P. B. Fraser and G. W. Smith, all of Barre, in the county of Washington and State of Vermont, under the firm name and style of Beede & Co., is hereby dissolved by mutual agreement.
“And it is further agreed by and between said Beede, Fraser and Smith, that the said F. A. Beede is to and hereby agrees to assume and pay all of the debts of the said firm, and to have and collect all of the debts due and owing said firm.
“Witness our hands and seals, and dated at said Barre, this 4th day of December, 1891.
F. A. BEEDE, [l. s.]
P. B. FRASER, [l. s.]
G. W. SMITH, [l. s.]”
*117Before the dissolution the defendants owned the demand jointly with the plaintiff, and Beede and Co. could not have maintained an action upon it against the defendants because Fraser and Smith would have been both plaintiffs and dedefendants, and “no one can be interested as a party on both sides of the record.” Where two companies are composed in part of the same individuals no action at law can be maintained by one against the other. Green & Roberts v. Chapman et als., 27 Vt. 236, citing Mainwarring v. Newman, 2 B. & P. 120, and Bosanquet v. Wray, 6 Taunt. 597; Dicey on Parties, rule 22.
It is a general rule that all the partners must join as plaintiffs in an action at law to enforce a partnership claim, whether the action is brought before or after the dissolution of the partnership. Therefore two partners cannot maintain a suit against a third to recover for goods charged to him on the partnership books although by the contract of dissolution the two were to have all the debts due the firm, there being no promise by him to pay the other partners. Judd & Harris v. Wilson, 6 Vt. 185. One partner cannot recover of another an unliquidated and unsettled balance of a partnership business. Spear v. Newell, 13 Vt. 288.
But when, on the dissolution, one retained a portion of the partnership assets sufficient to pay a particular partnership debt, and agreed with his copartner to pay it, and the co-partner was afterward obliged to pay it, it was held that he could recover in assumpsit the amount so paid. Hicks v. Cotrill, 25 Vt. 80.
As a rule assumpsit will not lie by one partner against his copartner, in respect to any matter connected with the partnership transactions, or which would involve the consideration of their partnership dealing; yet one may sustain an action against his copartner on an express contract or covenant to do or omit any particular act not involving any question as to the general accounts. And when the parties, *118by an express agreement, separate a distinct matter from the partnership dealing, and one expressly agrees to pay the other a specified sum for that matter, assumpsit will lie on the agreement, though the matter arose from the partnership dealing. Collamer v. Foster, 26 Vt. 754.
It is quite clear, says Parsons on Partnership, s. 190, that certain particular and distinct transactions may be separated from the affairs or business of the partnership by the agreement of the partners. Then those persons who are concerned in this separated matter are not as partners to each other, although in all other business' relations they remain partners. ' Where partners agree to divide a partnership debt, and the debtor assents to it and promises one of the partners to pay him his moiety, such partner may maintain an action for his moiety against the debtor. 1 Lind, on Part. 265, citing Blair v. Snow, 10 N. J. L. 153. After a dissolution and a balance has been struck and agreed upon by the partners, one maj'- maintain assumpsit against the other to recover his balance upon an implied promise. Spear & Carlton v. Newell 13 Vt. 292; Warren v. Wheelock, 21 Vt. 323; Gibson v. Moore, 6 N. H. 547; Wilby v. Phinney, 15 Mass. 121; Wheeler v. Wheeler, 111 Mass. 247. Assumpsit lies where, after dissolution and settlement, one partner received more than was his due. Bond v. Hays, 12 Mass. 33; Clark v. Dibble, 16 Wend. 601.
The defendants contend that the evidence of a promise is in the express terms of “Paper A,” “to have and collect all debts due and owing the firm,” and that the paper being under seal no action at law but covenant will lie. But the paper contains no express promise. Before the contract was executed the debt belonged to the plaintiff and defendants. By the contract the interest of the p artners therein was separated and the demand became the sole property of the plaintiff. Its covenants are that the partnership should be dissolved, that the plaintiff should pay the debts owed by *119the firm and have the debts owing to it. Of these covenants the paper was proper evidence. The promise to pay the ninety dollars arises by implication of law from the fact of the assignment by the firm of all the debts to the plaintiff, with the right to collect them. The caséis distinguishable from McKay v. Darling, 65 Vt. 639, where the plaintiff sued to recover for services in sawing and drawing lumber and for damages occasioned by defendant’s failure to furnish slabs pursuant to an agreement under seal. In that case and in the other cases cited by defendant’s counsel on this point it was held that assumpsit would not lie where the damages claimed were caused directly by a breach of covenant.
In the notes to Cutter v. Powell, 2 Smith’s Lead. Cas. 17, it is said that where the special contract remains open, unperformed, and there has been no fault or omission on the part of the defendant, indebitatus assumpsit will not lie. But if it has been wholly executed on the part of the plaintiff and the time of payment on the other side is passed, a suit may be brought on the special contract, or a general assumpsit may be maintained. See cases there cited.
In Moulton v. Trask, 9 Met. 577, Shaw, C. J., said:
“When a special contract is open and unexecuted, and the plaintiff proceeds for a breach of it, he must declare specially and set it out and aver a breach, and indebitatus assumpsit will not lie. But when a contract is at an end, either by its own original terms, or by the subsequent consent of the parties, or by the unjustifiable act of the defendant, and nothing remains but to pay money, indebitatus assumpsit will lie, although the debt accrued under a special contract; and such special contract may be proper and necessary evidence in support of the action.” Canada v. Canada., 6 Cush, 15; 2 Green. Ev., s. 104.
In Bank v. Patterson, 7 Cranch 399, Judge Story said :
“It is undoubtedly true that a security under seal extinguishes a simple contract debt, because it is of a higher nature. But this effect never has been attributed to a sealed *120instrument which merely recognizes an existing debt and provides a mode to ascertain its amount and liquidation.”
' This subject is lucidly discussed in the notes to Cutter v. Powell, page 61, as follows :
“ The confusion and obscurity which exist in the books, in relation to this matter of special and general assumpsits, have arisen from an erroneous impression that, when there has been a special contract, and the plaintiff brings general assumpsit, the special contract of the defendant is in some degree or to some extent the ground of the plaintiff’s recovery. This impression arises from an error as to the legal nature and ground of general assumpsit, which rests only on a legal liability springing out of a consideration received ; and the difhulty clears away if it is kept always in mind that in no case in which general assumpsit is brought, though there may have been a special agreement, does the plaintiff legally ground his claim at all upon the special agreement or promise, nor derive any right from it, nor make it any part of his case ; he proceeds exclusively upon the implied legal engagement or obligation of the defendant to pay the value of services ordered or received by him. In special assumpsit, the express promise of the defendant is an integral essential part of the plaintiff’s right and of his declaration, because it fixes the measure of damages to which he is entitled; but in general assumpsit he claims, not the conventional but the legal measure of damages belonginging to the consideration which he proves, and that is the actual value of the consideration; and the promise or express contract can have no weight in the proceeding except as evidence of the fact of consideration or of its value. Whenever, therefore, the plaintiff brings general assumpsit, he grounds his claim, not upon the special contract, but, the rule of law is, that if the defendant can show that there has been a special contract in relation to the matter, he will defeat the plaintiff’s general assumpsit, for the law will not imply a promise where there has been an express one ; that is to say, where there has been a conventional measure of damages, foresettled by mutual agreement, the plaintiff shall not cut loose from it, and claim the legal measure of damages.”
In this case no covenant in “ Paper A” was broken. It *121contained no promise by the defendants to pay the ninety dollars to the plaintiff.' The plaintiff’s right of action arises by implication from the fact of the assignment of the demand to him and not from an express promise to pay it. Upon this ground general assumpsit is maintainable.
Judgment affirmed.