By the Court,
Carey, J.The first question presented is: Did the court below properly refuse to permit the plaintiff in error to introduce on the trial as evidence an affidavit for continuance, that theretofore had been made by the witness Ivinson, agent for the defendant in error, and filed in the case? This affidavit could only have been introduced on the trial for one purpose; namely, to show that the said Ivinson, as a witness for the defendent in error, had made statements in the affidavit for continuance, contrary to those testified to on the trial, and thereby impeach the testimony of the witness. To impeach the testimony of a witness, it is necessary to call the attention of the witness to his previous statements, by fixing the time, place and circumstances. This rule is a wise one and. should be followed. *266It is simple justice to the witness. If his mind is directed to the particular circumstances and occasion, he may not only recollect but satisfactorily explain his previous and apparently contradictory statements. In this case the foundation was not laid to impeach the testimony of the said Ivinson, and the court properly ruled out the affidavit: 1 Green-leaf’s Evidence, sec. 462. Another error assigned, is that the court below permitted the witness Charles Hutton, called by defendant in error in rebuttal, to answer the following question: “Did Brammel point out to you two piles of wood; if so, what did he say?” This question we consider objectionable. Brammel was not a party to the suit, and whatever statements he made to Hutton were hearsay. Since Brammel had been called as a witness by the plaintiff in error, the statements made to Hutton might have been related by Hutton to impeach and weaken the testimony of Brammel, if the foundation for such impeachment had been made, but as no such foundation was laid, the question should have been ruled out.
The court, at the request of the defendant in error, instructed the jury: “That the sheriff must establish by clear proof every fact requisite to give him the right to attach, to wit: 1. That he is the duly qualified sheriff of the county; 2. That a just debt existed in each of the attachments; 3. That a legal ground for an attachment existed; 4. That he made and kept by a legal possession a ■ bona Jide levy; 5. That the attaching creditors can get only such title as Brammel had at the time of the attachment, and if he had sold the wood either to the railroad company or the bank, and got his pay for it, the officer had no right to take it.”
We are of the opinion that the foregoing instructions should have been refused by the court. While under a different state of circumstances they might have .been applicable, we do not consider that they should have been given under the pleadings and evidence in the case without qualification. None of the propositions contained in the said instructions were raised by the pleadings, as no replication *267was filed denying the special answer of the sheriff in reference to his holding the property in question on certain writs of attachment.
These» instructions, without qualification, shifted the affirmative of the case from the plaintiff to defendant, and could not have done otherwise than have misled the jury. It is not necessary for an officer to produce the certificate of election or commission of appointment to show his official character. Proof that he has acted notoriously as such officer is prima facie evidence of his official character. All who have proved that they have acted as public officers are presumed to have been duly appointed or elected until the contrary appear: 9 Wend. 17; 1 Green. Ev. secs. 88, 92. Whether the debts in the attachment suits were just, or whether the ground upon which the attachment writs issued were legal, were not questions raised by the pleadings.
Another instruction given by the court below and assigned as error is as follows: “That payment of the purchase-money perfects a contract of sale as effectually as delivery of goods.” This is the law as to the parties to the contract, but not as to third parties. Section 2 of “an act to prevent frauds and perjuries,” Laws 1871, p. 77, expressly provides that the payment of purchase-money for personal property makes such contract a valid one; but we are of the opinion that the statute did not change the law as it existed previous to its passage, so far as the rights of third parties are concerned, and that the law in reference to the sale of chattels where the possession does not accompany the sale, so far as the rights of third parties are concerned, is the same as it existed under the statutes of frauds of England. The laws of this territory in reference to chattel mortgages (Laws 1869, chap. 66) provides, it is true, that personal property may remain in the possession of the mortgagor for the period of one year after the mortgage is recorded if the mortgage shall so provide, but the law only applies to mortgages and other conveyances that have the effect of mortgages and not to absolute sales. *268The law in reference to absolute sales, when the possession does not accompany the sale, has given rise to different opinions in different states.
In Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Vermont, and other of the states, it has been held that on sale of chattels possession must accompany the sale, or it is fraudulent in-law, although there is no fraud in fact: 5 Serg. & Rawle, 275. In Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Ohio, and other states, it has been held that the remaining in possession after sale is prima facie evidence of fraud. Unexplained the retaining of possession after sale would be held fraudulent, but such possession is not held to be exclusive evidence of fraud in itself: 9 Ohio, 153. The latter rule appears to be the prevailing rule, and should be followed in our courts. The court also instructed the jury “that the passing upon the evidence of the contract alleged to have been made by Brammel with the officers of the bank, the jury are to be governed by the weight of testimony, and the language used by Brammel when he got the four hundred dollars, is to be taken as it was understood by the bank, and not as Brammel might have understood it.” This instruction was clearly erroneous. The contract, if there was one, was not what one of the parties understood it to be, but what both assented to. There is no contract unless the parties, not one of the parties, assent to. And they must assent to the same thing in the same sense: 1 Parson’s Con. 475-80.
The following instruction was requested by the defendant in the court below, and refused by the court: “It devolves upon the plaintiff in the case (defendant in error) to prove the title and ownership of the property taken on the writ of replevin to be in the plaintiff by a preponderance of evidence, and if the evidence shows that title to the property in question at the time this suit was commenced was in any person other than the plaintiff, the Wyoming National Bank, the plaintiff fails in his case, and the verdict must be for the defendant.” This instruction should have been given to the jury. The judge who tried the case appears to have fallen in error in considering the *269question at issue to be whether the defendant unlawfully took the property in question, when the real question was whether the defendant unlawfully detained the property from the plaintiff?
The important questions presented under the laws of this territory on the subject of replevin (Civil Code, Laws 1869, sec. 186), are: 1. Is the plaintiff the owner of the property in question, or has he a special ownership or propertj therein? '2. Is he entitled to the immediate possession of the property? 8. Is the property wrongfully detained from him by the defendant? The plaintiff to recover must establish the affirmative of each of these propositions by a preponderance of testimony. If he fails to maintain either of these propositions, the verdict of the jury should be for the defendant. Unless the plaintiff in the court below ivas the owner of the property in question as alleged, the action of the sheriff, though it may have been wrongful as against Brammel, Ivinson, or the railroad company, could not be taken advantage of by the plaintiff. The plaintiff in an action of replevin must recover, if at all, upon the strength of his own title, and not upon the weakness of that of the defendant: Hilliard on Demedies for Torts, p. 30, see. 6.
The court also instructed the jury that “ in addition to the actual damages sustained by the plaintiff, if the taking of the sheriff was wrongful, you may assess such exemplary or vindictive damages, as a punishment for the wrongful taking, as you think just and proper under the circumstances.” Section 196 of the code of. civil procedure, laws of 1869, provides, where the property has been delivered to the plaintiff, as in this case, the jury shall assess adequate damage,s to the plaintiff for the ‘ ‘ illegal detention ” of the property; not for the “wrongful taking.” The section does not authorize vindictive damages, but adequate damages, or, in other words, such damages as the evidence shows the plaintiff has sustained. There are other errors assigned, but we deem it unnecessary to consider them at this time.
Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.