announced the opinion of the Court:
The first enquiry is, whether a court of chancery has any jurisdiction in a case of this character, and whether the circuit court ought not to have declined to interpose and ought not to have left the plaintiff to seek his redress in a common law court. The facts, so far as they affect this jurisdictional question, are simply these : The county court in a suit in chancery, in which the plaintiff in this cause was not a party, ordered the sale of the land of William W. Williamson to satisfy a lien upon it; the sale was made, and Russell purchased the land, and the sale was confirmed; the plaintiff in *621this suit., Theodore A. Williamson, was in possession of this land claiming by a title paramount, as he alleged, and not under William W. Williamson. The county court reciting in its decree, that he was a tenant of William W. Williamson, and refused to surrender the land to the purchaser, Russell, ordered, that a writ of habere facias possessionem should be issued directed to the sheriff requiring him to turn out the plaintiff in this suit, Theodore A. Williamson, and place the purchaser, Russell, in possession. This writ was ordered to be issued without any previous rule to show cause, why he should not be required to deliver up possession of this land, being served on Theodore A. Williamson. This writ went into the hands of the sheriff.
The first question to be decided by us is, whether on this state of facts the plaintiff had a right to ask the circuit court to enjoin the sheriff and others from executing this writ, or should the plaintiff have been left to resort to his common law remedies for the injury he would sustain by the execution of this writ ? It seems to me, that this presents a proper case for the interposition of the chancery court by injunction. If the plaintiff in this cause had been dispossessed in this improper manner of his land, his only common law remedy would have been an action of ejectment against Russell, and the burden would have been on him in such a suit to establish his title not only against Russell but against the whole world, whereas if he had been left in possession of the land, Russell would have had to bring his action of ejectment against him, and not only prove, that the plaintiff’s title was invalid, but that his, Russell’s, title was valid.
This unlawful ejecting of one from his home is very different from a simple trespass on one’s land and is in the eye of the law an irreparable injury. It is suggested however, that the plaintiff would have in such case an adequate remedy at law by a suit for damages against the sheriff. But in the case put the plaintiff could sustain no suit for damages against the sheriff. For though the decree rendered by the court might be invalid, because the claimant of the land was no party to the suit, and no rule had been served on him, nevertheless this process would protect the officer against any suit. The process will always protect a sheriff from suit, when it issues by order of *622a court having authority of law to issue process of that nature, and where it is in legal form and on its face contains nothing to apprise the officer, that it issued without authority. See Collins v. Munn et al., 15 W. Va., 171. The ease cited by the appellees’counsel, of Tevis v. Ellis et als., 25 Cal., 515, differs essentially from this. That was an execution or writ of restitution, as there called, in favor of a plaintiff against a defendant in an action of ejectment; and the court held, that such a writ only authorized the sheriff to turn out the defendant in the ejectment-suit or those claiming under him; and if he turned out a third party claiming the land adversely to the parties in the ejectment-suit, the sheriff would be a trespasser and liable to suit.
The other cases cited by appellees’ counsel, Kuhn, Netter & Co. v. Mach & Bros., 4 W. Va. 186, and Walker v. Hunt, 2 W. Va. 491, were cases, where executions issued against the goods of one person and were levied by the sheriff on the goods of another. In all these cases the sheriff did not, as in the case before us, obey the process in his hands but violated it by executing it against a person or against the goods of a person not named in the process. These were all cases obviously of trespass by the sheriff; and in the two last cases the trespass was the illegal sale of goods. The court very properly refused to enjoin, as it has always been held, that the depriving one of personal property is as a general rule adequately recompensed by damages; but it is widely different, when one is about to be improperly deprived of land. In such case the doctrine has always been, that damages would not adequately compensate one for the loss of his land. Nearly the whole jurisdiction of courts of equity in enforcing the specific execution of contracts is based on this well-recognized distinction between personal property and land. But, as we have seen, in this particular case the plaintiff could have had no redress for the wrong done him in a court of law, as he could not have maintained an action of trespass against-the sheriff. The case of Goodnough v. Sheppard,, 28 Ill. 81, is a direct authority for the awarding of an injunction in a case like the one before us. There is no question, that the proper course of proceeding on the part of the county court was to issue a rule against the plaintiff, Theodore A. William*623son, to show cause why he should not be compelled to give possession of this land to the purchaser, Russell; and if on the return of this rule it had appeared, that he was a tenant of WTilliám W. Williamson or in any manner claimed under him, the writ of habere faoias possessionem should have been issued and enforced against him ; but if it appeared, that he claimed the land by a title, which was adverse to that of William W. Williamson, no such writ should have issued. See Newman v. Chapman, 2 Rand. 106; Commonwealth v. Rugsdale, 2 H. & M. 8.
The county court in its decree ordering this habere faoias possessionem to issue recited, “that it appeared to the court, that Theodore. A. Williamson, the tenant of the mortgager, W. W. Williamson a party to the suit, refused to surrender possession of the land to Joshua Russell, the purchaser from the commissioners.” If this recital be true, the court did right in dissolving the injunction and dismissing the bill, though no rule had issued against Theodore A. Williamson, because, if this recital is true, no injury is sustained by him, though this habere facias possessionem ought not to have issued, before a rule was served on him. The principal question in the ease is: Has the plaintiff any valid claim to this land as against William W. Williamson, or does he hold it only under him ? There is no question, but that the plaintiff entered upon this land under the title of William W. Williamson and in subordination to it. Has the character of his possession since changed ? That must depend on the question, whether he had under the circumstances shown in this case a right to purchase this land when sold for delinquent taxes, which had been assessed in the name of William W. Williamson.
Cooley on Taxation chapter 15, page 315 thus states the law: “Some persons from their relation to the cause orto the tax are precluded from becoming purchasers at a tax-sale by the sheriff. The title to be transferred at such sale is one based on the default of the person,.who owes to the government the duty to pay the tax. But. one person may owe this duty to the government, and another may owe it to the owner of the land. Such a case may exist, where the land is occupied by a tenant, who by his lease has obligated himself to pay taxes. Where that is the relation of the parties to the land, *624it would cause a shock to the moral sense, if the law were to permit the tenant to neglect his duty and cut off the lessor’s title by buying in the land at a lax-sale.”
On the next page the author well says : “ There is a general principle applicable to such cases; that a purchase made by one, whose duty it was to pay the taxes, shall operate as payment only; he shall acquire no rights as against a third party by a neglect of the duty, which he owed to such party. This principle is universal and is so entirely reasonable as scarcely to need the support of authorities. Show the existence of the duty, and the disqualification is made out in every instance.” Many authorities are cited which fully support this position. Many authorities have gone so far as to assert the broad doctrine, “that when one is in possession, when the tax is assessed, it thereby becomes his duty to pay the taxes, and he could not permit the land to be sold for such taxes and obtain a tax-deed for the purpose of destroying an outstanding title, and that the mere fact of possession, when the taxes are assessed, is a disqualification to buy.” See Whitney v. Gunderson, 31 Wis., 359, 379; Basset v. Welch, 22 Wis., 175; and a large number of cases more or less similar in principle cited by Cooley in note on page 349. But Cooley thinks these cases go too far; and I am not prepared to say they do not. But be this as it may, it is beyond dispute, that when one owes a duty to the owner of the land to pay the taxes, he is disqualified thereby from purchasing the land at a tax-sale made because of his delinquency in paying the taxes. Thus in Haskel v. Putnam, 42 Maine, 244, a tenant, who had agreed to pay a certain rent and the taxes, failed to pay the taxes, and the land was sold for the taxes. It was held, that he was disqualified from buying at such sale and could not set up his tax-title against his landlord.
This principle, which is sustained by all the authorities, suffices to determine the rights and duties of the plaintiff in the case before us. In stating the case I expressed the opinion, that the evidence in this case established it to be the duty of the plaintiff to his brother William W. Williamson, to pay the taxes on the land while he was his tenant. The land was sold for these taxes, which the plaintiff ought to have paid; and he was disqualified from purchasing at such sale and cannot *625set up his tax-title against bis brother, the landlord, or anyone claiming under him. His payment at the tax-sale will be considered as a redemption of the land for his landlord, William W. Williamson, and he remained, as before, his tenant; and the county, court had a right to dispossess him in said suit against William W. Williamson by a writ of habere facias possessionem. The circuit court therefore did not err in dissolving the injunction and dismissing the bill.
I would not be understood as implying, that it is necessary for the tenant expressly to agree to pay the taxes, before he can be in all cases disqualified from buying at a sheriff’s sale for taxes, though, I doubt not, in some cases he would be at liberty to bid at such sale, where he had not agreed to pay the taxes, and where the facts and circumstances imposed on him no moral duty toward his landlord to pay such taxes. See Bettison v. Build, 17 Ark. 546. On the other hand there are cases, where, I think, the tenant would* be disqualified from buying the land at a tax-sale, though he had not agreed to pay the taxes; but it is unnecessary here to draw the line between these cases. See Gaskin et al. v. Blake, 87 Miss. 675.
It was claimed, that Mrs. Louisa E. Walker had under the 30th section of chapter 117 of Acts of 1872-3, page 324, one year from the death of her husband, within which to redeem this land. But there is nothing in this position. The assignment of the mortgage was made to her September 23, 1875, and though it was not said in the assignment, that it was for her sole and separate use, since April 1, 1869, such an assignment creates in this State a sole and separate estate, it being unnecessary in a deed or assignment, in order to create a separate estate, under our Code to do more than simply to convey or assign. See Radford et al. v. Carwyle et al., 13 W. Va., syllabus 12, page 574. She was there/ore never under any disability with reference to this land.
It was also insisted, that the tax-deed to the plaintiff conveyed no title, because this land was improperly assessed in the name of William Williamson and W. S. Caldwell, when in fact William W. Williamson owned the whole tract of forty-three acres, and W. S. Caldwell had only a mortgage on three acres of it and no title or claim of any sort on the remaining forty acres. Such a description, o.f the ownership of *626the land was certainly very erroneous. The inference drawn from the manner, in which the land was assessed and sold, would necessarily be, that both Williamson and Caldwell had some interest in the whole of these forty-three acres of land. The land ought to have been assessed in the name of Williamson alone. Had the mortgage of Caldwell been on the whole land, while the assessment and sale of it in the name of Williamson and Caldwell would have been an irregularity, yet, 1 suppose, it would have been covered by sec. 25, ch. 117 of the Acts of 1872-3, p. 321, which declares that no irregularity shall vitiate a fax-sale, “unless it be such an irregularity, as materially to prejudice the rights of the owner, ■whose real estate is sold, and it be clearly proven to the court or jury, that such delinquency has been exercised by the party, in whose name it was sold, that but for such irregularity the said party would have redeemed the same under the provisions of the 15th and 16th sections of this chapter.”
It is difficult to say, what is meant by this section in saying, that to vitiate a deed it must be “clearly proven, that such diligence has been exercised by the party, in whose name it was sold, that but for such irregularity the said party would have redeemed the same.” At first blush it would look, as if the Legislature intended, that no irregularity, however material it might on its face appear to be, or however clear it might be apparently, that it was such an irregularity as materially to prejudice the rights of the owner of the land, should vitiate the deed, unless the owner of the land sold introduced parol proof and clearly proved, that he had exercised diligence, and that despite his diligence he had been so deceived by this irregularity, that he was thereby prevented from redeeming this land. But it does seem to me impossible to give such a construction to this act. The object of our tax-laws in their liberality in sustaining tax-titles was to give confidence to purchasers from persons, who hold such tax-titles, that a deed apparently good, so far as the records showed, would not be set aside by the courts on account of some irregularity in the performance by the officers of the State of the many duties imposed upon them as preliminary to the obtaining of a tax-deed.
The provision in the Acts of 1873, chapter 117, section 25, *627page 321, that the tax-deed should be vitiated bv such irregr ularities only “as appear on the face of the proceeding of record in the office of the clerk of the county court, and be such an irregularity as materially to prejudice the rights of the owner, whose real estate is sold ” was evidently designed for this purpose: to enable a purchaser from pne, who held a tax-deed, by a search of the county court clerk’s office to ascertain with some degree of certainty, whether the tax-deed was or was not good. If he could not do so, the land could not be sold, and a great public injury would result, as it would tend to prevent persons from buying and settling on these tracts of land sold for delinquent taxes, which were often very large, and the settlement of the State by actual occupants of her wild lands was thus seriously hindered. This was the great evil intended to be corrected by our laws with reference to the sales of real estate for taxes. But if we interpret this provision, which we have quoted, and which was introduced into our law for the first time in 1873, as meaning, that these tax-titles are to depend for their validity not solely on what appears on the face of the proceedings of record in the office of the clerk of the county but upon the parol proof, which the owner of the land might introduce, that he had used diligence, and that but for an irregularity in the proceedings he would have redeemed his land, we by such construction of the law would, it seems to me, introduce all the evils of uncertainty as to the validity of tax-deeds, which it was obviously the purpose of the law to remove.
If we so interpreted the law, no lawyer however able could ever safely pronounce after a careful examination of the records in the clerk’s office of the county court, whether a tax-deed was or was not valid, as its validity would after all depend upon parol proof and largely upon what the owner of the land might swear to in giving his evidence. If he was unscrupulous, he might swear, that but for some irregularity perhaps apparently very trifling he would have redeemed the land, and that he had been diligent in his enquiries; or on the other hand, if he was scrupulous, he might admit, that some gross irregularity, which would apparently materially prejudice his rights, did not in point of fact do so, as he had not been diligent in making enquiries and knew nothing of *628the existence of such irregularity, till after the making of the tax-deed. Thus the untruthful owner of the land would succeed in setting aside a tax-deed, which on the face of the proceedings of record in the county court clerk’s office was apparently a valid deed ; and the truthful tax-payer would fail to set aside a tax-deed, which on the face of the proceedings on record in the clerk’s office of the county court was apparently an invalid deed.
Such results are so obviously unjust and in such obvious violation of the objects and purposes of our law with reference to the sale of lands for taxes as well as the whole spirit of our recording acts, that it seems to me, that a construction of our law, which necessarily tends to these results, cannot be adopted by the court. Parol proof must, it seems to me, if we would not introduce a highly mischievous innovation, be excluded, when we are enquiring, whether an irregularity appearing of record is material and prejudicial to the owner of the land and prevented him from redeeming the same. He must, as every other man must, be supposed to know what appears of record in the clerk’s office in reference to his land, and if what so appears was calculated to mislead him and prevent him from redeeming his land, we must conclude, that it did so. We cannot permit parol proof on this subject to be introduced without rendering the validity of all tax-deeds far more uncertain, than they were before the passage of the act of 1873, the obvious object of which was to render them more certain.
If such an interpretation was adopted by the courts, it would often happen, that though the proceedings which appear of record in the clerk’s office were precisely alike in two cases, yet in one of them the tax-deed would be held valid and the other invalid, the parol proof differing in the two cases. And this parol proof would often differ, though the real facts were the same, the owner in the one case admitting the real facts and in the other denying them ; and these facts, on which the validity of the tax-deed on this construction of this law would depend, are facts, which would generally be entirely in the knowledge of the owner; and the validity of the tax-deed would thus ultimately depend on the honesty of the owner of the land. If honest he would lose his land ; and if dishon*629est he would retain it, setting aside the tax-deed by his own false statements.
I can not believe, that this is a proper mode of construing the law. The true construction is, that the courts must determine, whether the particular irregularity is such, as would mislead a man of ordinary intelligence, and was calculated to prevent him from redeeming his land and thus materially prejudice his rights. If the irregularity was of this character and would naturally produce this result, it vitiates the tax-deed ; otherwise, it does not,
Applying this rule to the irregularity in this case of taxing this forty-three acres of land as owned by Williamson and Caldwell, when it was owned by Williamson alone, and Caldwell had a mortgage on only three acres of it and no interest in the other forty acres, was it such an irregularity, as was calculated to mislead Williamson as a reasonable man and prevent him from redeeming his land, or his creditors from doing it for him? It seems to me, that it was well calculated to mislead and to produce such result; and therefore as it appeared of record in the county court’s clerk’s office, it would vitiate the tax-deed. But as it is unnecessary to determine this point in this case, I do decline to express a positive opinion in regard to it and will leave it to be finally determined, when a case arises, in which it becomes necessary to decide it. The importance of the principle involved in its determination induces me to waive its definite decision now, and let it remain an open question, till it becomes necessary in some other case to determine it definitely.
For the reasons I have stated the decree of the circuit court dissolving the injunction and dismissing the plaintiff’s bill must be affirmed; and the appellees must recover of the appellant their costs in this Court expended and $30.00 damages.
Judges JohnsoN ahd HaymoNd CoNcurred.Deciiee Affirmed.