announced the opinion of the Court:
This will be the first reported divorce case in this State. We would gladly wish, that it might he the last. Theboncls of matrimony should never be dissolved unless for the most, cogent legal reasons made cleai’ly to appear to the court. Of course when such reasons do appear, painful as it is to pronounce a decree dissolving the marriage, the law must be enforced. One of the grounds for divorce from the bond of matrimony, as declared in our Code, chapter 64, section 5, *450is, “where either party willfully abandons or deserts the other for three years.”
That is desertion, for which a divorce will be granted. It is a breach of matrimonial duty, and is composed first, of the breaking of the matrimonal cohabitation, and secondly, ot the intent to desert in the mind of the offender; both must combine to make the desertion complete. Bailey v. Bailey, 21 Gratt. 43; Latham v. Latham, 30 Gratt. 307.
It is a question of some doubt from the depositions in this cause, whether the defendant in the first instance deserted the plaiutiff, or whether the plaintiff drove her from his home, and thus deserted her. The plaintiff1 and his two sons by a former marriage, in their depositions say, that the plaintiff' ordered Miss Mary Hunter to leave the house, and that the defendant, against the jmotest of the plaintiff left with her. On the other hand the defendant and Miss Hunter are justas positive in their depositions, that plaintiff ordered Miss Hunter to leave, and when Mrs. Burk protested, and reminded plaintiff of his promise, that Miss Hunter should live with them, that he then ordered his wife to leave too. It is very evident from the evidence, that the plaintiff’s dislike to Miss Hunter, and his ordering her from his house was the whole cause of the trouble. It is shown to the satisfaction of my mind, that the plaintiff' did promise his wife, before he married her, that her old aunt should have a home with them. No satisfactory reason is shown for plaintiff’s harshness to this old lady, and if he had had any adequate respect for his wife’s.attachment to her old aunt, he would not have acted in this unseemly manner. In this act he certainly did not show any affection for his wife. But even this conduct would not justify a desertion on the part of the wife. Her duty was to her husband, before her aunt. The weight ot the evidence shows, that she did on that first occasion desert her husband. But even if she did not, the weight of the evidence shows, that in 1867 the plaintiff, through Rev. Mr. Nourse and others, asked her in good faith to retui’n, which she refused to do. If she had not deserted him before, the desertion would have dated from that time. 1 Bish. M. & D. sec. 786 and cases cited;. Trall v. Trall, 32 N. J. Eq. 231. The intent to desert being once shown, is presumed to con*451tinue until the contrary appears. Bailey v. Bailey, 21 Gratt. 43.
Is there anything in this record, which shows, that the intent to desert was abandoned? The conductor the parties will have much influence in determining this question. Mrs. Burk swears, that in about a year after she left her husband’s house, he visited her and they cohabited together as man and wife; and that in aboirt two years thereafter, the plaintiff, Burk, came with his own teams and moved Mrs. Burk, her children and aunt Mary, and their household goods to a house within a few hundred yards of the house, in which plaintiff' lived, where for a number of years they resided; Mr. Burk, visiting her- as he pleased, staying with her at night as her husband, and resuming the matrimonial cohabitation. Mrs. Burk testifies, that he did not ask her to go into his house where he lived; he says he did.
It is very evident from the circumstances and the conduct of the parties, that this arrangement was a compromise between them; because the plaintiff would have been under no legal obligation to bring his wife back to his own premises, had she without cause deserted him, and persisted in such desertion. From this place when plaintiff had sold it, his wife uniting in the deed, he removed her and her children, and Miss Hunter to another place, which he had bought a few miles distant from where they lived, in a log house on said place, near his own residence. Again the plaintiff kept up his visits to his wife, staying with her at night as he wished, and cohabiting with her, and this state of things continued until the spring of 1880, when he sent the demand to her, through his counsel, that she should move into the house with him; and about the same time he sent a notice to the old lady, Miss Hunter, to vacate the premises. This terminated the arrangement to have her live away from his residence, even on his premises; an arrangement, which had evidently been made and adhered to for about ten years. This he had a right to do, and if his wife declined to go without a legal excuse, it would be desertion on her part from that time. "When .the husband changes his matrimonial home, the wife must go with him, and if she refuses without a legal excuse she deserts him. This demand was *452made on the wife, a few months only before this suit was brought. It was the wife’s duty to obey him, and to go into his own'residence, and we do not see in the record a legal excuse for her not doing so. It is her duty now to ofier in good faith to live with him, in the residence he has chosen, and if ho refuses to receive her,' from that moment it will be desertion in him. But the desertion tobe ground of divorce from the bond of matrimony must continue three years. It must be a continuous, unbroken desertion. Two periods of desertion cannot be added together for the purpose of making up the term required by the statute. Gaillard v. Gaillard, 23 Miss. 152. Desertion cannot be inferred from the mere unaided fact, that the parties do not live together. Jennings v. Jennings, 2 Beasley 38.
The evidence in this case shows very clearly, that for more than ten years before the institution of this suit, the plaintiff had two residences on his premises, in one of which his children by his former wife lived, and in the other his wife and children; and the husband and father divided his time between the two. As before stated he had the right to break up this arrangement whenever he chose, and when he did, his wife must go with him to the other residence, or to whatever place he might make his home. But while the arrangement continued, is it not absurd to say, that there could under such circumstances be any desertion by the wife ?
It has been held, that actual abandonment of matrimonial cohabitation, without reasonable cause, for the statutory period, intentional on the part of the wife, is cause for divorce, notwithstanding the fact, that she make occasional visits to the house of her husband to look after her children, and while there, engage in domestic duties, but while there occupied a different room from her husband. Rie v. Rie, 34 Ark. 37. In Kentucky it was held, the right of the wife to obtain a divorce, will not be impaired by an offer made by the husband a short time before the lapse of two years to make provision for her support, unless it is accompanied with an offer to receive and acknowledge her as his wife. 2 Litt. 338
In Massachusetts it was held, that proof that a.husband *453intentionally and against bis wife’s consent abandoned for five consecutive years all matrimonial intercourse and companionship with her, and denied her the protection of his home, will sustain her libel tor divorce from the bond of matrimony, on the ground of desertion; and it is immaterial, that during that period he has regularly contributed money, and from time to time necessaries towards supporting his wife and children. Magrath v. Magrath, 103 Mass. 577.
In Yeatman v. Yeatman, Law Rep. 1 P. & D. 491, the judge ordinary said: “A wife is entitled to her husband’s society and the protection of his name and home, in cohabitation. The permanent denial of those rights may be aggravated by leaving her destitute, or mitigated by a liberal provision for her support; but if the cohabitation is put an end to, against the consent of the wife and without the intent of renewing it, the matrimonial offense of ‘ desertion ’ is in my judgment complete.” It is also true, that although the husband gives his wife only a meager or no support, denies her much of his society, puts her in a house separate from his ordinary residence, because she refuses to live at his residence, and yet does not break off the matrimonial cohabitation, neither can be said to have deserted the other. As is said in Latham v. Latham, 30 Gratt., to constitute “ desertion ” within the meaning of the statute, there must be a combination of two things: an intention to desert, and an actual breaking off of the matrimonial cohabitation. The matrimonial eohabition cannot be broken oft by the mere fact of living in separate houses, while the husband constantly or at any time occupies the marriage-bed. If such a thing could for a moment be tolerated, then a man would have a legal warrant for the space of three years to make his wife his mere mistress, an act as shocking to the law as it is to morality and religion.
In an anonymous case 6 Mass. 147, Parsons C. J. said: “It would be injustice to the wife, and immoral in the husband to claim and enjoy as his peculiar marital rights, the society of his wife, after a knowledge of her offense, and afterwards to east her off for that same offense.”
This plaintiff occupies a very unenviable position as shown by the record. Within the greater part of the statutory *454period of three years, prior to the institution of this suit, it is clearly and conclusively shown, that he continued to have intercourse with his wife; he admits it himself in his deposition, in which he says in answer to a question, “That from the time that she came there, or rather from about a year after she came back to the Ford farm, I tried to provide for her and the children; and at times I have eaten at her table, and for a while she gave her consent, that she would bed with me at her own bouse, which invitation I accepted hoping in the course of time, that she would come home and that we would live as man and wife. Not quite a year ago she said, that should stop forever.” Was the stopping of that privilege the cause of this suit ? And did he hope to convince the court, that notwithstanding the fact, that matrimonial cohabitation had not been broken off one year, that he could procure a divorce on the ground, that his wife had deserted him for three consecutive years ? If he honestly claimed, that three years before he brought this suit his wife was a deserter from his home, and that the time was running, which would.give him a right to a divorce, and during that time he was cohabiting with her, from his stand point he was making her. his mistress, nothing more. Could anything be more unjust to the wife or more immoral in such a husband ?
There is a ease, Kennedy v. Kennedy, 87 Ill. 250, in which it was held, that where a wife refused to go with her husband to a new home acquired by him, and without cause or justification deserted him for more than two years, that the fact of the husband’s cohabiting with her at her brother’s house on one occasion within the two years, when she still refused to go and live with him, did not have the effect to bar him of the right to a divorce. This is the only case so far as I know, in which such doctrine is held. We cannot approve it; we think it wrong in principle, and decidedly dangerous to good morals in its tendency. There was however only one instance of cohabitation within two years. Here the cohabitation was continuous, for more than two of the three years required.
This record shows no legal ground for a divorce. The decree of the circuit court is reversed with costs to the appellant; and this Court proceeding to pronounce such decree as *455the circuit court should have rendered, the plaintiffs bill is dismissed with costs.
Judges Green and Snyder Concurred.Decree Reversed. Bill Dismissed.