By deed, dated March 24, 1882, Charles S. Lee of Berkeley county, in consideration of love and affection, conveyed to Maun B. Page a tract of sixty-five acres of land in the vicinity of Martinsburg, Berkeley county, on which said Lee then resided, “intrust, however, for the following use and purpose and no other: To the use and benefit of Margaret IT. Lee, the wife of said Charles S. Lee, as if she were unmarried, during her natural life, and after her death to the use of her children; and also upon this further trust: That upon the request in writing of her, the said Mai'garet IL Lee, it shall be the duty of said trustee to convoy said property to such person and such persons as said Margaret II. Lee may direct and appoint.”
This deed was ’duly acknowledged by the grantor and said acknowledgment properly certified by a justice of said county *663on March 26, 1862, and on said deed are the following endorsements :
“Berkeley County, to-wit :
“April 1, 1862.
“The foregoing deed of trust from Charles S. Lee to Mann R. Page, for the benefit of Margaret IT. Lee, was this day produced in the clerk’s office, properly authenticated, and admitted to record.
“Teste:
“E. G. Alburtis, C. B. G”
“Recorded in Book 62, page 22.”
On October 9, 1862, said Charles S. Leo and Margaret H. his wife, by deed of that date, “in consideration of the sum pf five thousand dollars to them in hand paid,” conveyed to Ezra Herring the same tract of land conveyed by said deed of March 24, 1862, with general warranty and other covenants. The acknowledgment of the grantors and privy examination of the wife in due form were certified upon this deed on the day of its date, and on August 2, 1865, it was duly admitted to record in said county. The grantee, Ezra Herring, was at once put in possession of said land and he has so continued ever since. At the time he made said purchase, said Herring had no actual notice of the said prior conveyance of March 24, 1862, and never had thereafter any notice or knowledge of the existence of said conveyance until the year 1873, at wdxich, time he vras informed that such a deed existed and that it had on April 1, 1873, been copied in-a book in the clerk’s office of the county court of said county at the instance of said Charles S. Lee. About six weeks after obtaining this information and having learned that Mrs. Lee and her children v'ere claiming the land under said deed, the said Herring, on July 2, 1873, instituted this suit in the circuit court of said countj7, against the said Chas. S. Lee and wife and his children and the trustee, to have said deed declared void and the cloud resting upon his title to the land by reason of the record made of same on April 1, 1873, removed and for general relief.
In the plaintiff’s original and amended bills three separate grounds are relied on to show7 that the defendants have no valid claim to said land :
*664First — That said deed of March 24, 1862, was never presented in the clerk’s office of Berkeley county before- the clerk of said, county court, nor before any one authorized to act as such or for said clerk, nor was the same ever in law admitted to record prior to April 1, 1873;
Second — That the grantor, when he executed said deed, did so with intent to defraud the plaintiff as a subsequent purchaser; and
Third — That the power of appointment vested by said deed in the said Margaret H. Lee was, by the deed of October 9, 1862, to plaintiff from her and her husband, fully executed and the title thereby vested in the plaintiff.
In the view this Court takes of the case, it is unnecessary to consider the second and third grounds thus presented by the plaintiff and I shall, therefore, omit any statement of the facts relating to said grounds.
The said Charles S. Lee and also his wife and the trustee deny in their answers the charges of the plaintiff affecting the regularity of the recordation or the validity of said deed of March 24, 1862, and the trustee asks that the said land may be decreed to Mrs. Lee and her children and the plaintiff required to account for rents and profits. There was a general replication to these answers. On May 26, 1876, the circuit court entered a decree granting the relief prayed for by the plaintiff and the defendants appealed to this Court.
It is not claimed that Herring, the appellee, had any actual notice of the deed of March 24, 1862, until after his purchase had been completed and his deed of October 9, 1862, had been duly recorded, nor is it seriously questioned that he is a pui-chasor for a valuable consideration. He being then a subsequent purchaser for a valuable consideration without actual notice, the statute declares the prior deed to Mann B. Page, trustee, absolutely void as to him unless it was at the time of his'purchase or before the recordation of his deed, duly recorded. Sec. 5, ch. 118, Code of Virginia, and sec. 5, ch. 74, Code of West Virginia. The single en-quiry then is, was said deed duly recorded pi-ior to August 2, 1865?
The material facts bearing upon this enquiry are undisputed and are as follows; That the transactions, out of which *665this controversy has arisen, took place during the late war in Berkeley county; that prior to March 1, 1862, the Confederate military forces were in possession of Martinsburg and said county; that about the last of February, 1862, the records and papers, or the greater part of them, belonging to the circuit and county court clerks’ offices of said county were removed therefrom and taken to Winchester or some other point so as to prevent them from falling into the possession of the Federal forces; that E. G. Albertis, who had been duly elected and qualified as such for the term of six years from July, 1858, was then the clerk of the county court of said county, and that Joseph Burns was from and after his appointment as such in November, 1861, his acting and authorized deputy; that about the 1st day of March, 1862, the Confederate forces evacuated Martinsburg and went to Frederick county in Virginia, -and both said clerk and his deputy wont with them, and that on that day the Federal army took possession of Martinsburg and remaind there continuously until July 3, 1862, when the Federáis were driven out by the Confederates; that neither said clerk nor, so far as appears, his deputy was in Martinsburg or within the Federal lines at any time during the months of March or April, 1862, after they left on the first of March of that year; that after'and during the occupation of the Federal army, both the clerks’ offices of said county were occupied and used by the said army as a provost marshal’s office and as barracks for soldiers and that neither was used asa clerk’s office. The records of the county court office show that, at the May term, 1861, R A. Sommerville was appointed and qualified as deputy for E. G. Alburtis, clerk of said county; they also show the following entry:
' “Ata court held for Berkeley county, at the court-house of said county, on Monday, April 14th, 1862. Present:— Andrew W. McCloary, presiding justice, JohnE. Brady and Joseph S. Dehaven, gent, justices.
“The following list of conveyances, &c., was admitted to record in the clerk’s office of this court since the March term, to-wit:
“Deed of trust from Charles S. Lee to Mann R Page, benefit of Margaret H. Lee, for real estate.
*666“Deed of b. ancl sale from Richard A. "Webster and wife to Louis Schen, for real estate.”
The said records also show, that on and after March 19, 1862, a number of marriage licenses in the handwriting ot said R. A. Sommerville were issued.
The said Sommerville acted as deputy clerk from the time of his appointment in May, 1861, until the November term, 1861, when he was removed by the clerk and the said Joseph Burns was appointed and qualified in his place. At the April term, 1862, of said court, the said Alburtis, clerk, and his deputy being absent in the Confederate lines, the said Sommerville at the suggestion of some of the members of the court, made the journal entries of the proceedings at that term.
Deed-book No. 62 and several others are missing from said office. The said deed of March 24, 1862, does not appear of record in any of the regular deed books now in said office and no evidence other than what has been hereinbefore stated has been produced to show that it was in fact ever recorded before April 1, 1873.
The endorsements on the said deed, hereinbefore copied, are wholljq including the signature, “E. G. Alburtis,” in the handwriting of said R. A. Sommerville and they were made without the knowledge or authority of said Alburtis. Some time between January 1, 1873, and April 1, 1873, the said deed with said endorsements then on it was found in the bundle of deeds in said office by the clerk, who at the request of the defendant, Charles S. Lee, on April 1, 1873, recorded it and sent the original to said Lee. There are some other facts in the record relating to this transaction, which, in my view of the case, have not the most remote bearing upon the question to be decided and I, therefore, omit them as entirely immaterial.
The foregoing facts resolve themselves into three legal enquiries:
First — Assuming that said R. A. Sommerville had been a legal deputy ofE. G. Alburtis, clerk, while Berkeley county was in the occupancy and under the control of the Confederates and that he had not been removed, could he have legally acted as such deputy after the Confederates and said *667clerk with them had abandoned said county and it had passed into the occupancy and under the control of the Federáis? That is, can a clerk who voluntarily leaves his office and takes up his residence within the territory of one belligerent have a deputy conducting the business of his office for him within the territory of the other belligerent?
Second — If said Sommerville could not have acted as such deputy by authority of said clerk, then, could he have acted as such without such .authority? In other words, if he could not act as deputy de jure, could he act as deputy de facto ? And
Third — If he could have done neither of these, was he clerk de facto of said county court at any time between March 1, 1862, and April 2, 1862, and did he act as such ?
1. As to the first enquiry. Can the relation of clerk and deputy exist when the one is in territory hostile to that of the other? Webster defines a deputy to be “one appointed as the substitute of another, and empowered to act for him, in his name or on his behalf;” and he defines au agent as “one intrusted with the business of another; au attorney; a minister; a substitute; a deputy; a tactor.” Bouvier defines a deputy to be “one authorized by an officer to exercise the office or right which the officer possesses, for and in place of the latter.” There is this distinction between the doing of an act by an agent and doing an act by a deputy. An agent can only bind his principal when he does the act in the name of his principal; but a deputy may do the act and sign his own name, and it binds his principal. A deputy, however, is in law deemed an agent. Story on Agency, § 149, note. These definitions clearly show that there must be an officer or principal in existence and capable of acting for himself at the time the deputy or agent is acting for him. When the officer or principal is dead and that fact is known or he is otherwise disqualified to act for himself he cannot act by deputy or agent. Hunt v. Rousmanier, 8 Wheat. 174; Story’s Ag. § 488. So if in any manner the principal’s power over the office or subject-matter of the agency becomes extinct, the authority of the deputy or agentto act also ceases. Story’s Ag. § 499. This must be so of necessity; for unless there is an office in the possession or under the control of the officer *668he cannot perform the duties of his office, and to hold that the officer could act by deputy in such case would be to hold that he could do by deputy what be had not the power to do himself. Such a position is contrary to both law and reason. Then, the next point is, had the said Alburtis, clerk, such possession of the clerk’s office of Berkeley county, or had he such control over it, on April 1, 1862, as to enable him to admit to record the said deed of March 24, 1862? The facts hereinbefore stated show that at that time he was within the Confederate lines and said clerk’s office was within the Federal lines. One of the immediate consequences of a declaration of war, which has been fully recognized by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States and this Court as applicable to our late civil war, is an absolute interruption and interdiction of all commercial intercourse and dealings between the residents of the two belligerents. The idea, says Kent, that any commercial intercourse, or pacific dealing, can lawfully subsist between people at war, except under a special license, is utterly inconsistent with the duties growing out of a state of war. The war at once puts an end to all dealings and all communications with each other. This doctrine renders null and void all contracts made with the enemy during the war; it prohibits the drawing of bills of exchange or the remission of money by one belligerent to the other. All endeavors to trade with an enemy, by the intervention of third persons, or by partnerships are equally forbidden, and no artifice can legalize any trade, communication or contract of whatsoever character without the express permission of the government. The people of the belligerent sections or States cannot commence or carry on any correspondence or business together and- all partnerships and agencies existing between the people of the two parties prior to the war are dissolved by the mere force and act of the war itself, and all created during the war are absolutely void. 1 Hallack’s Inter. Law 481; 1 Kent’s Com. 66; Haymond v. Camden, supra.
It is also a well settled principle of international law, that a state of war makes all the subjects of the one belligerent the legal enemies of each and every subject of the other, and if the one is found within the territory of the other he is *669liable to be seized turn retained as a prisoner of war. This hostile character results from political ties and not from personal feelings or individual opinions. So long as these political ties continue or so long as the individual continues to be a ’subject or resident of the opposite belligerent he remains an enemy; such are public enemies, whatever maybe their occupation or their private sympathies or sentiments. It has been held by this Court, that during the late war every citizen who elected to reside .in the South or within the Confederate lines, thereby became an enemy of every citizen residing within the Federal lines without reference to his individual opinions or disposition — Haymond v. Camden, supra.
Alburtis, the said clerk, being a resident within the Confederate lilies and the said Sommerville being a resident within the Federal linos, they were, according to the principles just stated, public enemies of each other. They could have no correspondence or communication with each other; and any business relation or agency existing between them before the Avar, or at the time they became such enemies to each other, ivas ipso fació dissolved and any such relation established after they became such enemies was absolutely void. From this it follows necessarily, that said Sommerville could not, at the time said deed purports to have been recorded, have been legally acting as the deputy of said Alburtis, the clerk of said court. The said Alburtis himself could not at that time have acted as clerk of said court in Martinsburg. If he had come there and attempted to do so, he would have been liable to arrest and imprisonment as a public enemy. Being thus disqualified and inhibited from acting, he was as to said office cwiliter mortuus, and during the occupancy of said county and office by the Federal authorities he could neither act as clerk himself nor have a deputy acting for him. — The King v. The Corporation of Bedford, 6 East. 356; Story's Ag. § 488.
2. If, as we have seen, said Sommerville coulct not have acted as deputy de jure for said Alburtis, clerk, could he have acted as such de facto ? Remembering that a deputy is one authorized by an officer to exercise the office or right, which the officer possesses, for and in his place, it is apparent that there can be no such a thing as a deputy acting without *670authority from his principal. He is a mere agent and unless he acts by express or implied authority from the officer his acts are not binding upon him and therefor void. The principal is liable tor the acts of his deputy and for his neglect of duty. To declare that any person who might assume to act as deputy, in the absence and without the knowledge of the officer, would be to make such officer liable for the acts of a person he may never have seen or had any communication with. If such be the law, the Federal provost marshal who had possession of the clerk’s office of said county in March and April, 1862, or any private soldier who may have been quartered in it, by assuming to act as de facto deputy, could have made Alburtis liable for his acts, though he never saw or had any. communication with him. The officer has also a right to remove his deputy or call him to an account for his acts. How could Alburtis, when ho was forbidden by public law to enter Martinsburg or to see such assumed deputy, remove or call him to account? ¡Suppose he had come there and found said provost marshal acting as his deputy and he had attempted to call him to account, what would have been the result? He would in all probability have been put in the guard house and said de facto deputy continued to act. The idea that there could be such an officer as a de facto deputy is an absurdity of itself. It is to assume that there may be an agent acting for and creating liabilities against a principal who has conferred no authority, has no control over and who may have no knowledge of the existence of the agent or deputy so acting. It is, therefore, certaiu that said Sommerville could not, on April 1, 1862, have been the de facto deputy of Alburtis, the clerk of said court.
3. If said Sommerville was not on the said 1st day of April, 1862, either the de jure or the de facto deputy of Alburtis, as we have shown he was not, was he at that time de facto clerk of said county court and did he in making the endorsement on said deed of March 24, 1862, act as such de facto clerk? If he did not so act in endorsing said deed then it is altogether immaterial whether he was or was not at that time such defacto clerk. The policy and reason of the rule upon which the acts of de facto officers are sustained and held valid as to third parties and the public in collateral *671proceedings are, that a person requiring official duties to be performed, cannot be expected to inquire into the title of the officer when he finds him in the open and undisputed occupancy of the office and in the reputed and notorious discharge of its duties. But when in civil cases, at least, the public or third persons have knowledge that the person so acting or pretending to act is not the officer de jure, the reason of the rule ceases and the rule itself for validating such act does not apply. It the person who invokes protection for the act of a de facto officer, knew when the act was done that it was not the act of a legal officer, the law will not sustain such'act or hold it valid as to such person but will declare it void — Opinion in State v. Carroll, 38 Conn. 467; Rex v. Bedford Level, 6 East. R. 357; Rex v. Lisle, Andrews R. 163.
Consequently, in the case at bar, it is not necessary to consider whether or not said Sommerville was in the undisputed occupancy of said office, and in such reputed and notorious discharge of its duties as to make him the clerk de facto and his acts valid as to third persons who had no notice of the fact that he -was not the de jure officer. But assuming that he'may have been such, though the proof seems to be scarcely sufficient to support such an assumption, his act in endorsing or even in pretending to record said deed of March 24, 1862, would be invalid as to the grantee in said deed, because he signed the name of Alburtis as the clerk of said office. He did not claim to act as clerk of said office either de jure or defaeto, but by this very act declared and gave notice to the party invoking his • official services, that he was not such clerk and did not claim to act as such. His act then, in pretending to record such deed was for the reasons we have given and according to the authorities cited, the act of a mere spoliator or intruder, if it was not an actual forgery, and it was, therefore, absolutely void — Tucker v. Aiken, 7. N. H. 113, 140; Bla. Tax Titles 93; Margate Pier v. Han-nam, 5 Eng. C. L. R. 278; Griffin v. Cunningham,, 20 Gratt. 43, 65, 80.
But it is contended the order of the county court of Berkeley county made on April 14,1862, which recites that a “deed of trust from Charles S. Lee to Mann R. Page, benefit *672of Margaret II. Lee, for real estate,” was among the list of conveyances admitted to record in the clerk’s office of that court since the March term, is conclusive of the fact that such was duly and legally recorded. And it is also contended that any irregularity or invalidity which may have attached to the acts of said Sommerville or to the registration of said deed was cured and made valid by the Act of the Legislature passed March 81, 1873, Acts 1872-3, page 168-9. In support of these positions the following authorities are relied on by the appellants’ counsel: Hawkins v. Forsythe, 11 Leigh 294; Carper v. McDowell, 5 Gratt. 212; Taliaferro v. Pryor, 12 Id. 277.
These cases fully establish the doctrine that whatever appears on the records of a court or clerk’s office and has been duly authenticated by the signature, of the judge or proper officer must be held to be an absolute verity and cannot be collaterally assailed. But this court, in a very recent decision, has expressly held that it is only that which was actually placed on the record-books by an officer authorized to place it there, and which is properly authenticated, that is entitled to be regarded as an absolute verity. If a record is interlined or erased by some unauthorized person such alteration constitutes no part of the record and it may be assailed by parol testimony. This is not controverting the absolute verity of the record, but it is simply enquiring what really constitutes the record. If this were not allowed, the absolute verity attributed to a record could be used to give sanction to a forgery or fraudulent erasure of the record. State v. Vest, 21 W. Va. 796; Brice v. Floyd, 7 Leigh 647.
Such being the law in regard to interlineations and erasures in the records of a court, there can be no question that the same rule should be applied in a case like the one before us where there has been a spoliation or a forgery imposed upon the court as a genuine record by a mere intruder or usurper. Rose v. Himeley, 3 Cr. 268; Forbes v. Hyde, 31 Cal. 347; Turner v. Stipp, 1 Wash. 319; Maxwell v. Light, 1 Call. 117; Dawson v. Thruston, 2 H. & M. 132; Horsly v. Garth, 2 Gratt. 472; Johnson v. Slater, 11 Id. 322; Starbuck v. Murray, 5 Wend. 148.
The act of said Sommerville in attempting to admit said *673deed to record being, as we have seen, absolutely void and not simply voidable, tbe said curative act of March 31,1873, if it could be construed to apply to this case, would'be unconstitutional and void. If it was competent for the Legislature to make a void proceeding or act valid, then said act might be invoked to sustain the deed in this case. But upon that question there cannot be a moment’s hesitation. The Legislature can no mor e impart bin ding efficacy to a void act than it can take one man’s property and give it to another. Indeed to do one is to accomplish the other. What difference can it make whether the act directly or indirectly takes the property of one and transfers it to aqother? To make a void act valid and thus effect the transfer is the same thing as making the transfer directly. Such was not the purpose or intent of said statute and if it had been it would be absolutely - void. McDaniell v. Correll, 19 Ill. 226; Denny v. Mattoon, 2 Allen 361; 20 Gratt. 109; Cooley’s Const. Lim. 381-2.
For the foregoing reasons I am of opinion that said deed from Chas. S. Lee to Mann K. Page, dated March 24, 1862, was never legally recorded and that it is, therefore, void as to appellee, the grantee, in the subsequent deed of October 9, 1862, from the same grantor; consequently, the said decree of the circuit court of May 26, 1876, must be affirmed with costs to the appellee against the appellants and thirty dollars damages.
The Other Judges Cohcurred.Aeeirmed: