The circuit court in its decree proceeded on the assumption, that the plaintiff Charles W. Mndley was not precluded by an acceptance of the deed, which had been tendered him, from now in this cause demanding such a deed, as by their contract the defendants other than Shields were bound to make to him. James W. Mndley was present when this deed was tendered; and he states the transaction as occurring thus: “Armstrong read the deed to Charles W. Mndley, and Mndley objected to taking the deed saying that the deed reserved more coal-privilege than the title-bond; and thereupon Armstrong talked a good while trying to explain it, saying it did not reserve as much privilege as the title-bond; but Mndley objected to taking the coterminous coal over the surface of his land, but finally said that he would take the deed and have his lawyers Mai’tin and Woods examine it, and if found right, it would be all right. Armstrong agreed *120that clay, that if it was not all right, he would make it all right, saying he did not want to take any advantage of Find-ley.” Charles W. Findley made a similar statement to that made by his brother.
One Chapin who was present on this occasion states, that the plaintiff accepted the deed of Armstrong and paid a part of the purchase-money and executed his notes for the balance, and he states no particulars. Armstrong states, that the plaintiff took the deed into his possession and carried it away. After he took the deed, he made his first payment on the land and executed his notes for the remainder. This he had declined to do, till ho got his deed. He says, as the plaintiff left his office, he, Armstrong, told him to take the deed to the clerk’s office and have it recorded in time for the land to go on the tax-books in his name that year. Several weeks after he returned the deed, said he had had it examined by his lawyer, and he wanted mo to change the deed so as to require that the coterminous coal should only be removed through the land sold him under the surface of it. He subsequently left the deed with Armstrong in his office, in order that it might be examined and the desired changes considered, and he never afterwards returned to get it. But Armstrong admitted that the day the deed was tendered “Charles W. Findley did not seem well satisfied with the deed as to the coal-privileges in any respect.”
Kunst, another defendant who was present, admits that “Charles W. Findley objected to the coals being removed from this tract over the surface at certain points but said he did not remember about the coterminous coal. There was very little said that day about coterminous coal.” But he and Armstrong both say, that there was no understanding or reservation that Findley’ might return the deed.
This was all the evidence on this question about the acceptance of this deed by Charles W. Findley. And as from the testimony of all the witnesses it is obvious that he was not satisfied with this deed when tendered, my’ conclusion is that the statement made by him and his brother is true, viz: that it was taken by him with the understanding, that before final acceptance it would be submitted to his counsel, who would compare it with the agreement, which *121was still retained by diaries W. Findley, and see whether it was right. And as on such comparison this deed was disapproved of, I think that the circuit court did not err in holding, as it did in effect, that the plaintiff Findley was not by what had passed precluded from demanding such a deed, as by his contract he was entitled to receive.
This question I propose now to consider. According to the pleadings in this cause, by which we must be governed in determining the questions in controversy,.there appear to be but two points of controversy. The first is: Had the defendants, who are to make this deed to the plaintiff, a right to reserve in it a vendor’s lien for the unpaid purchase-money for the tract ? The counsel for the appellee insists, that the defendants expressly agreed to convey the two hundred and thirty acres of land to the plaintiff' with general warranty of title upon his paying on the land three hundred dollars in cash and giving his notes for the balance of the purchase-money payable in seven equal annual payments, each note bearing interest from date; and, as this has been done by the plaintiff, the cash and more than the cash paid, and tli'e notes executed, that by the express terms of this agreement the plaintiff is entitled to a deed with general warranty of title, and the grantors have no right to retain a vendor’s lien, as they did not in their contract stipulate therefor. But these views are, I apprehend, based on a misconception of a vendor’s lien. It is not a lien, which a vendor by contraed reserves on the land, when he agrees to sell it. On the contrary it is based upon this principle, as laid down by Eldon in the leading case of Mackreth v. Symmons, 15 Ves. 329 (White and Tudor’s Leading Cases in Equity, vol. 1, pt. 1, side page 297 to page 453.) “A person having got the estate of another shall not as between them keep it and not pay the consideration ; and there is no doubt, that a third person having full knowledge, that the other got the estate without payment, cannot maintain, that though a court of equity will not permit him to keep it, he may give it to another person without payment.” In another part of the same opinion he states the law in a manner, in which it has since been recognized, wherever the vendor’s lien has continued to have an existence: “That the vendor’s lien *122exists, unless an intention — and a manifest intention, that it shall not exist, appears.” And where the vendor had not made a deed, he is entitled to retain a vendor’s lien, though when the land was sold, he took personal' security for the purchase-money and did not expressly contract for a retention of the vendor’s lien. (Hatcher’s Adm’r v. Hatcher’s Ex’or, 1 Rand. 53; Dunlap’s Ex’or v. Shanklin’s Ex’or at al., 10 W. Va. 662; Warren et al. v. Branch at al., 15 W. Va. 38.
There was in this contract of sale, which we have given at length in the statement of the case, nowhere any manifestation of an intention, that the vendor’s lien should exist, much less did a “ manifest intention that the vendor’s lien should not exist appear.” I am therfore of opinion, that the circuit court did not error in directing in its final decree, that when a deed for this land was made to the plaintiff, there should be reserved a lien for the unpaid purchase-money.
The next question of controversy is, whether the vendors had a right in this deed to reserve “ a right to remove on and through this tract of land sold the coals of coterminous tracts of laud.” This, it is claimed by the vendors of this land, is a proper provision to insert in their deed because of this provision in their contract of sale: “Th’e coal and coal-privileges in the land west of Buck run, heretofore sold and deeded, are reserved. All the coal on that land has been sold and' conveyed. The coal and all the coal in the land east of Buck run, and all the necessary and desired coal-privileges are hereby reserved.” Tiffs is certainly very loose and careless language to insert in a contract, whereby the rights of parties are to be governed. Still, when the entire contract is read together, a sufficiently definite meaning can, I think, be attached to these vague words to prevent their vitiating the contract entirely because of their utter vagueness and uncertainty of meaning. To the first sentence it is difficult to attach a meaning. “ The coal and coal privileges in the land west of Buck run, heretofore sold and deeded, are reserved. All the coal on that side has been sold and conveyed.” This language construed literally is in irreconcilable conflict. One part of this most awkward sentence says: “ The coal west of Buck run is reserved.” *123This means and can only mean, that. it is reserved to the vendors of this Land, that is, to A. Armstrong, James 0. Watson, &c. But these parties in the same sentence say: “This coal west of Buck run has been heretofore sold and deeded.” To whom it has been sold and deeded is not stated, but as if to emphasize this, there is added this sentence: “All the coal on that side has been sold and conveyed.” If this is to be regarded as literally true, how could the vendors, Armstrong and others, in this contract for the sale of the entire tract reserve to themselves this coal ? It was, if this be literally true, not theirs to reserve but had already been sold.
In the long answer filed by the vendors in this cause and in their long depositions, though there is much irrelevant matter, there is nothing, which aids in the interpretation of this' most awkward language. They do not produce or state in these answers or depositions the previous deeds of or contracts concerning this coal west of Buck run or give us any idea of their character, though it would seem obvious enough, that the production might throw some light on the loose language of the contract. But I observe in the deed of this land, tenderedby the vendors to the plaintiff there are these provisions with reference to this coal: “There is also excepted and reserved from this deed and conveyance all the stone-coal and coal of every kind and description underlying or contained within said two hundred and thirty acres of laud and the exclusive right forever to have, obtain and remove said coals from and through the land and the right forever to enter in and upon said land and there do and perform all such work and acts, as may be necessary to conveniently mine,” obtain and remove all said coals from and through the land, but the coals on the west side of Buck run shall not be removed over the top or surface of the land.” This deed scorns to treat all the coal on this two hundred and thirty acres of land including that west of Buck run as the coal of the grantors in this deed, and as if it were not true, as stated apparently in the contract, that “all the coal on the west side of Buck ruu had before that been sold and conveyed by them.”
As no objection was made by the vendee, the plaintiff, to *124the above quoted provisions in the deed tendered to him by the vendors, I presume the fact to be, these vendors still have an interest in said coal on the west side of Buck run, and that it has not been absolutely and completely conveyed away to others, though doubtless others by some contracts unknown to us have some interest in it. But as both the vendors and the vendee have in their pleadings and evidence in this cause taken no notice of the interest of these third persons but have presented this cause, as if the vendors owned all the coal underlying the whole of this two hundred and thirty acres of land sold, I will interpret the contract, as if this were the fact, assuming, as all the parties to this„contract do, that in the controverted questions this assumption will not alter the interpretation, which should be put on those portions of this contract, which are the subject of controversy.
The balance of the clause in the contract, on which we are commenting, is equally badly worded. It is: “The coal and all the coal in the land east oí Buck run and all the necessary and desired coal-privileges are also hereby reserved.” The vendors claim that these words “all desired coal-privileges are reserved” authorized them to insert in the deed when it was made any privilege connected with the coal, that they desired. And that the privilege, which, they had aright to thus reserve, were privileges not only in reference to all the coal on this tract of two hundred and thirty acres sold, but the coal on any other of their lands or even on lands not owned then by them, but on such as they might at any time afterwards acquire title to by purchase. And accordingly in the deed they tendered the vendee they inserted this clause: “They reserve a right to remove on and through this land the coals of coterminous tracts of land.” It seems to me utterly impossible to put this interpretation on these words of this contract ot sale; for it is obvious, that, if they bore this interpretation, they would render utterly null and void the entire contract, as it would render it utterly vague and uncertain in its meaning. Under such an interpretation of it the vendee could have no possible conception of what use he could have of the surface of this two hundred and thirty acres of land, for which he had agreed to give twenty-five *125dolíais per acre. For whatever uses the vendors chose to put it to,‘not only in running the coal on it, but in the running of any other coal in the neighborhood or elsewhere, or in hauling’ any other coal, they could do so at their pleasure. If this had been expressed on the face of the contract, it would have destroyed it utterly as a contract; for one of the contracting parties under this so-called contract would have had just such rights and only such rights as the other contracting party might choose to permit him to enjoy.
Wlnit meaning then should be attached to these words? What is meant by “necessary and desired coal-privileges ?” In the first place the contract on its face shows, that tire ven-dee only purchased the surface of the land, and that he purchased no part of the coal underlying this tract of land. And though very awkwardly expressed, it does seem to mo, that this reservation of the “necessary and desired coal-privileges” must have meant a reservation of all the coal of every description underlying this two hundred and thirty acres of land with a right on their part to have, obtain and remove the same from, on and through this two hundred and thirty acres of land, aud the “right to enter at all times upon the said two hundred and thirty acres of laud and there do and perform all such work and acts, as may be necessary to mine, obtain and remove from said two hundred and thirty acres of hind all coals from and through said two hundred and thirty acres of land.” And, inasmuch as the grantors inserted in the deed, which they tendered the vendee, the provision “but the coals on the west .side of Buck run shall not be removed on the top or surface of the land,” they thereby declared, that this was not necessary to the “conveniently mining of the same.” And because of this declaration on their part this provision should be also inserted in the deed, which should be made by them. The only intelligible difference which I can make between the words “necessary coal-privileges” and “necessary and desired coal-privileges” is that by the adding of the word desired the parlies indicated, that the necessary privilege for obtaining this coal should be interpreted liberally in favor of the vendors, instead of being intei’preted strictly against them, as they might otherwise on general principles have been in-*126terpretecl. They 'have in the deed, which they have tendered placed on these words this liberal interpretation in their own favor; and this liberal interpretation I adopt as the proper interpretation, except that portion of it which reserves a right to remove on and through this two hundred and thirty acres of land the coal of coterminous tracts. This, we have seen, it is out of the question to suppose the parties intended to reserve by their contract. This is the more obvious from the fact, that in this contract there is not the least allusion to the vendors of this two hundred and thirty acres of land owning any other land or asking or reserving any privilege of any sort in reference to any other land.
From the final decree of July 27, 1882, it is obvious, that the circuit court of Taylor county construed this contract of sale substantially as I have construed it.
Much evidence was taken to show, that the vendors owned land coterminous to this two hundred and thirty acres sold, and that these lands were cut off from the railroad, by this tract of two hundred and thirty acres, and that they were buying other lands there in the rear of it, and that unless they had this privilege of moving this coal on coterminous tract, through this tract of two hundred and thirty acres, they would sustain serious loss. But there is not one word of proof with reference to what passed at the time of making this contract. It is true that when the language of a written agreement is susceptible of more than one interpretation, that is to say, is on its face ambiguous, it has been held, that the courts will look at the surrounding circumstances existing, when the contract was made, at the situation of the parties and the subject-matter of the contract, and will sometimes even call in aid the acts done by the parties under it, as affording a clue to the intention of the parties; but the court never resorts in such a case to the verbal declarations of the parties, either before, at the time of or after the execution of the contarct, to aid in giving construction to its language. See Crislip v. Cain, 19 W. Va. 483 and numerous cases there cited.
But these principles have no application in this case. The language of this contract in this ease is not so much ambiguous as unmeaning and contradictory. I do not doubt under *127this rule, thattho previous sales of coal or contracts in reference to coal on this tract of land west of Buck run, referred to in this contract, could liave been and ought to have been introduced in evidence to aid in interpreting a portion of this contract. But the attempt to interpret the words “neecssary and desired coal privileges” as meaning a right to transport through this tract of land coal on coterminous tracts owned by the vendors by proving, that the parties all knew that such a privilege was one which would be greatly desired by the vendors, would not be an effort to construe ambiguous words but an effort to insert in this contract a new and important clause in reference to matters, which,'there is nothing whatever on the face of the contract to indicate, were at all in the contemplation of the parties, when the contract was entered into. The demurrers to the bill are based upon the ground, that Martin L. Shields had no interest in the subject of controversy and ought not to have been made a defendant. He occupied the position in effect of an assignor of this contract to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff in effect received this contract by assignment without recourse to Shields the assignor. It is true, that -where an assignment purports to transfer the whole interest of the assignor, and there'is nothing in the pleadings and proofs to induce the belief that it does not do so, the assignor has been held not to be a necessary party the suit. Scott et al. v. Ludington et al., 14 W. Va. 393 and authorities there cited. But the grounds urged in these cases was, that the assignor should be a party, but -while lie may under these circumstances be dispensed with, yet the making of a party though not absolutely necessary is not in such case improper, as these cases shown The circuit court therefore did not err in overruling the demurrer to the bill.
But there were certain errors nevertheless in said decree,, for -which it must be reversed. In the first place it orders a conveyance to the plaintiff, Charles W. Findley, of a tract of* land of two hundred and thirty-two acres one rood and twelve . poles, -which by an obvious mistake is a greater quantity of land than was purchased by him; this amount including by mistake certain lots expressly excepted in this written contract. This decree properly overruled the demurrers to the plaintiff’s hill *128and properly directed, that in the deed to be made to Charles W. Findley with covenants oí general warranty of title a Amudor’s lien should be retained' for the unpaid purchase-money. But before ordering said deed to be made the circuit court ought to have referred the cause to a commissioner of the court to ascertain exactly tlie amount of this unpaid purchase-money. The court properly directed that there should be left out of this deed the words “and to remove on and through the laud the coals of coterminous tracts of land;” but it should have defined more definitely the provisions, which should be inserted in said deed, instead of providing generally that the deed should conform in all respects to the terms of said contract. The parties difler as to the meaning of the terms of this contract; audit would never do to insert in it the language used in said contract, as we have seen that it is exceedingly vague and unsatisfactory. The terms to be inserted in this deed to be executed should be the exact terms in reference to the coal on said two hundred and thirty acres of land and the privileges with reference to the receiving and removing the same, which were inserted in the deed tendered by the vendors to the vendee omitting of course the portion, which the circuit court directed to be omitted. There are other portions of this deed, which was tendered, that should be changed, as for instance, the following clause: “The said Charles W. Findley shall however have one acre of the coal in that part of the land on the east side of Buck run, but no more, and it shall be laid off in such shape and place as is or may be most convenient or beneficial to said Findley and the other parties to this deed.” This instead of being left in this very indefinite manner should be definitely fixed either by the agreement of the parties or by the action of the the court.
In short, before this cause is finally disposed of, the deed to be delivered to Charles W. Findley should be inspected by the circuit court and by it approved and ordered to bo executed and delivered. And in order that these things may be properly done, the decree of June 27, 1882, must be reversed,set aside and annulled and the appellee Charles "W". Findley as the party substantially prevailing must recover of the appellants his costs in- this Corrt expended. And this Court *129proceeding to render such decree, as the court below ought to have rendered, doth overrule the demurrer of Martin L. Shields and also the demurrer of Armstrong, "Watson and Kuust; and this Court is of-opinion that the plaintiff is now entitled to specific execution of the contracts filed with his bill marked “Exhibit AA and BB” and that under said contract the vendors are entitled in the deed to be executed by them to retain a vendor’s lien on the land agreed to be sold; but that they have no right to reserve in such deed the right to move on and through this land sold the coals of coterminous lands; and that with this exception under the provisions of the contract marked “AA,” whereby “ the coal and coal-privileges in the land west of Buck run are reserved ” and “ the coal and all the coal in the laud east of Buckrun, and all the necessary and desired coal-privileges are hereby reserved,” the vendors have a right to have inserted in their deed to be made for said land all the provisions in this deed filed with the answer in this cause, as the deed tendered by them to the plaintiff, which reserves all the coal underlying said land sold and the right to remove the same on and through the land sold and the right at any time to enter upon said laud and there do and perform all such work and acts, as may be necessary to conveniently mine, obtain -and removed all said coals from and through said, land sold, but the coals on the west side of Buck run shall not be removed over the top or surface of said land. And this cause is re-mande to the circuit court of Taylor county with instructions to see carried out the provisions of this decree and further to proceed -with this cause according to the principles laid down in the above written opinion and further according to the principles governing courts ot equity.
AeFI^MHD IN PART, REVERSED IN PART. REMANDED.