The relator received a majority of votes for judge of probate of Racine county, at the late general election, *182and has since taken the official oath. The respondent was the judge of probate of the county at the adoption of the constitution, and still claims to be so, and refuses to deliver the books 'and muniments of the office. To compel this delivery a 'mandamus is now applied for. No objection is made to the form of proceeding, and it.is understood that both parties are desirous of having the whole matter disposed of on this application.
Two questions are presented in this case: 1. Was the election of judges of probate at the late general election, in November, provided for by the act of August 21, 1848 ? 2. Can a judge of probate be elected at or within thirty days of a general election ?
These are questions of the gravest character. They involve the construction of a law under which a large proportion of the administrative officers of the state are now acting, and the constitutionality of an election hi which all our citizens participated.
The construction of the act to provide for the holding of general and special elections, approved August 21, 1848, must be determined like other statutes, not only by its own words, but by a reference to the proposed object of the legislature in passing it, and the subject of legislation, and, hi this case, by reference to the constitution. The seventh section of the constitutional schedule provides, that “ all county, precinct and town officers shall hold their respective offices until the legislature shall, in conformity with the provisions of the constitution, provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices.” The first section of the thirteenth article of the constitution provides, “that general elections shall be holden on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November in each year.” This provision, of itself, was ineffectual, inasmuch as it did not designate what officers were to be elected at the general election; and it required, therefore, legislative action to make it operative. And the question now is, whether the *183provisions of the act tinder consideration are sufficient for this purpose. We think they are. The first section of title 2, article 1, of the act, declares “ that general elections are such as are held at the same time in all the counties of the state, for the election of all or a part of the following officers : governor, lieutenant-governor, senators, members of assembly, clerks of the circuit courts, sheriffs, registers of deeds, district attorneys, state superintendént, judges of probate, clerks of the board of supervisors, coroners, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney-general, representatives in congress and electors of president, and all other state and county officers not herein enumerated or otherwise provided for, and shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November in each year.” Now, what is this but re-enacting that part of the constitution which regulates the holding of general elections, and specifying what officers, in addition to those named in the constitution, shall be elected at the general election ? The constitution had fixed the time of holding these elections, and provided that the governor and state officers should be elected at them, but left to the legislature to determine what other officers should be also then elected : and this it has very clearly done by the section recited, unless the awkward insertion of the words “ora part ” renders the whole section so uncertain and indefinite as to make it absolutely unintelligible, and therefore void. We cannot concede to these words this destructive potency. They are to be regarded as merely providing that such part of the enumerated officers as hold by an annual tenure should be elected at each general election, and that those of a longer tenure should be elected at such general elections as vacancies occurred ; thus saving the legislature from the apparent folly of attempting to provide for the annual election of-governor, members of congress and others, as to the duration of whose offices it had no authority. We think this the obvious meaning of the act, and the proper construction of it according to well-*184established rules of construing statutes. But, did tbe matter admit of a doubt in the first instance, that doubt should be regarded as removed by the action which has been had under this act. While this court will never allow its judgments to be influenced by popular opinion, the united understanding and action of the whole state in a matter of great public interest is a guide that any tribunal may safely follow. It was by virtue of the law now under consideration that our late general election was held. In that election all our citizens participated, voting for their favorite candidates for, judges of px-obate, sherifls, coroners and other officers, the right to elect whom depended on the same statute, and whose election was obnoxious to the same objections ; and yet it is believed that, of our forty thousand electors, not one refrained from voting for these officers on account of a belief or a suspicion that their election was not authorized. Our presidential electors were chosen by virtue of this same provision, and yet, has it occurred to any one that their votes ought to be rejected by congress, and the state disfranchised, because they were not legally elected ? We apprehend not.
The other question, and perhaps the most important one, is, can a judge of probate be elected at or within thirty days of a general election ?
In deciding this question, our only guide.is the constitution., in construing which we are to be governed by the same general rules of intei’pretation which prevail in relation to statutes. Now, who, in this comxection, are meant as judges ? Clearly, those high judicial officers already mentioned, and whose election had been previously provided for in the same article ; those officers known in legal, as well as common parlance, as judges; and judges of probate, we conceive, are not of this number. It was argued, ho wever, on the part of the respondent, that the words “a judge or judges” are broad enough to include judges of probate, and that, there being no express exception of them, we are bound to apply the designation *185“judge” to tbem, because tbe constitution uses this word as a part of their official title. If this be so, it necessarily follows that all officers who are, for any purpose, made judges by the constitution, are judges within the provision under consideration ; a construction which would prohibit the election of senators and assemblymen (who are judges of the election of their own members) at a general election — a proposition that no one would probably venture to advance. Again, by a similar process of reasoning, it might be contended that the judges of the supreme court, which, after' five years, the legislature is authorized to establish, might be elected at a general election, because, in the constitution, they are not called judges, but a chief justice and associate justices. And yet it is presumed that no person can entertain such an idea.
We are therefore of opinion that the relator was duly elected judge of probate of Racine county, and that he is entitled to the office. A peremptory mandamus is awarded accordingly.