J. R. Smoot brought assumpsii in the circuit court of Taylor County against John T. McGraw upon a promissory note made by McGraw to Hoffman Sommers, and transferred by Sommers to Francis M. Durbin, and by Durbin to Smoot. A jury trial was had, resulting in a verdict for Smoot, and judgment was rendered thereon, and McGraw sued out a writ of error. Mc-Graw’s counsel have no brief. The assignment of error is all we have to specify the grounds of complaint against the judgment. McGraw assigns as error the overruling of his demurrer to the declaration. It is claimed that the declaration does not aver that the assignee of the note by Durbin to Smoot was made after the assignment by Sommers to Durbin. I think it does. After stating the execution of the note by McGraw to Sommers, the declaration says, “and the said Hoffman Sommers, after the *145making of the said promissory note, before the payment of the sum of money therein specified, to-wit, on the day and year aforesaid, endorsed the said note, by which said endorsement he, thé said Hoffman Sommers, ordered and appointed the said sum of money to be paid to Francis M. Durbin, and then and there delivered the said promissory note so endorsed as aforesaid to the said Frances M. Durbin; and the said Francis M. Durbin, beforé the payment of the said sum of money therein specified, to-wit, on .the day and year aforesaid, endorsed the said promissory note, by which said endorsement he, the said Francis M. Durbin, ordered and appointed the said sum of money in the said promissory note specified to be paid to the said plaintiff, and then delivered the said promissory note so endorsed as aforesaid to the said plaintiff.” This declaration states in order of time and sequence, first, the execution of the note; next, its endorsement by Sommers to Durbin; next, its endorsement by Durbin to Smoot. The declaration first states a complete assignment from the paj'-ee to Durbin, and then states an assignment from Dur-bin to Smoot. How could Durbin assign to Smoot .until after Sommers’ assignment to him? Both assignments are stated, one after the other in order.
The next point of complaint under the head of demurrer is that the declaration does not state that the defendant did not pay the note to the payee or his immediate assignee after the assignment to the plaintiff, no notice of any of the assignments having been given to the defendant. Plaintiff’s counsel seeks to meet this point by sa3dng that a declaration need not aver nonpayment. to Sommers or Durbin after Durbin’s assignment to Smoot. I clo not concur in this position, for I think that the declaration must contain a breach of obligation or duty, a wrong done to give cause of action, which wrong or breach of duty, in the case of a promissory note, is the non-payment of the debt; and an averment of non-payment being essential, if the note has passed through several hands, the declaration must aver that it was not paid to any of those who had authority to receive payment. Judge Green’s opinion in Douglass v. Central Land Co., 12 W. Va. 502. If notice to McGraw of assignment had been averred, as the forms prescribed (4 Rob. Prac. 192), it would only be neeessar}r, to averr non-payment to assignor before such notice, as thereafter the assignor could not receive payment; *146but that being omitted, the averment spoken of becomes necessary in this particular case. Therefore, it is necessary that the 'declaration show that this note was not paid to either Sommers, or Durbin after its assignment to Smoot. It does show that it was not paid to Smoot after he acquired the note, or to Som-mers or Durbin before its assignment to Smoot; but does it show that it was not paid to Sommers or Durbin after assignment to Smoot? 1 think the declaration can be held to do so. It avers that the defendant “hath not as yet paid the said sum of money to the plaintiff since the assignment to him, or to the said Hoffman Sommers or to the said Prancis M. Durbin before the said assignment thereof to this plaintiff, although often requested so to do, but to pay the same the said defendant hath hitherto wholly refused.” This does not in words say that pajfment since the assignment to Smoot, had not been made to Som-mers or Durbin, but it does in effect and construction say so, by the use of the words, “but to pay the same the said defendant hath hitherto wholly refused.” That clause asserts non-payment to any party or person from the execution of the note down to the suit. Surely, we should not be so technical as to reverse a judgment on such slender ground as this, especially in view of the curative spirit of section 29, chapter 125, Code, which says that a demurrer shall not be sustained for any defect or imperfection in the declaration, unless there be omitted something so essential to the action that judgment according to law and the very right of the case cannot be given. I do not say that that statute dispenses with the call for a declaration showing lagaJ cause of action, but I refer to it as a remedial statute, especially in connection with the last clause quoted above from the declaration, which I think is in itself, without’ the aid of that staute, plain to show a denial of payment to any and every party ’to the note from its execution down to the institution of the suit.
Another assignment of error is, that the court erred in permitting the biR of particulars to be filed. The defendant himself moved the court to require the plaintiff to file the bill of particulars. The declaration being a good one on a promissory note, required no bill of particulars, being definite in itself. When the plaintiff filed the promissory note as Ms bill of particulars, there was no' error in allowing it, simply because it was surplusage, *147useless, and further, because it was a sufficient and certain bill of particulars, 'in law importing and speeifjdng legal indebtedness.
Another assignment of error is that the court erred in not excluding the evidence, the note, from the jury. I do not think this exception can be made in the absence of a motion for a new trial. Brown v. Brown, 29 W. Va. 777. Considering the matter, however, it is said that no assignment to the plaintiff was shown by the evidence. The note was shown, and endorsed upon it were the names of Hoffman Somers, first, and H M. Durbin, next. That showed an assignment to the plaintiff. A mere delivery of a promissory note, with intent to assign, is a good assignment. It is well settled that an endorsement of the obligee’s name merely, coupled with delivery, is a valid assignment, such a blank endorsement importing an authority to any bona fide holder to write over the nanie a full assignment or endorsement to him, “and in fact, without being filled up, may be regarded, for all purposes of pleading and evidence, as a full assignment or endorsement. Courts will consider that as done which may be done, and will not even require the formality of writing out a full assignment or endorsement at the trial. This is the uniform practice in regard to ordinary bonds and notes, and is convenient and legal.” McGuire v. Pierce, 9 Grat. 167, 178; 3 Minor 434. The plaintiff produced this note in evidence, and his possession, in connection with such endorsements, was evidence of assignment, and assignment to him, and of his ownership of the note. In this connection, though it might be more pertinent in discussing the demurrer, 1 note that the declaration, instead of being the one always used in actions by an assignee against the maker of a non-negotiable note or bond, averring arc assignment, does not allege an assignment otherwise ihan by the use of the word “indorsed,” a word applicable only to negotiable instruments. and the question occurred to my mind whether this alleged an assignment to the plaintiff of a non-negotiable note, as this is. An assignee, not being payee, must show his title by averring an assignment. 1 Barton’s L. Prac. 321. I find, what is reasonable, that the courts have have held that the use of the word “indorse” will operate as the. word “assign” in pleadizrg the assignment of a non-negotiable instrument. 1 Barton’s L. Prac. 237; Freeman’s Bank v. Ruckman, 16 Grat. 126.
Seeing no error we affirm the judgment.
Affirmed.