By the Court,
DixoN, O. J.I entirely concur with, tbe counsel for tbe respondent in tbe position tbat all parts of-tbe constitution are equally binding' and imperative, and tbat it is as susceptible of violation in respect to tbe positive prescriptions of duty wbicb it contains, as to tbe restraints wbicb it places upon tbe powers of tbe several departments of tbe government. A continued disregard by tbe legislative or any other branch, of tbe duties imposed upon it, would be as productive of evil to tbe community at large, and as destructive of tbe objects /for wbicb tbe constitution was formed, as tbe usurpation, by tbe same branch, of powers wbicb are expressly forbidden. Tbe one is a negative violation, and results from inaction, or a neglect to perform those things wbicb tbe constitution commands; tbe other, a positive violation, and arises from overstepping tbe barriers erected by it, and doing those things wbicb it prohibits. And tbe question whether it has or has not been violated in either respect by any one or more of tbe departments of tbe government, is in no wise affected or varied by considering whether it is or is not such a violation as maybe checked or remedied through tbe agency of or by virtue of tbe powers vested in some other department. It would be no less a violation because tbe constitution itself furnished no mode of redress. Such is tbe nature of tbe authority wbicb must'in many instances be conferred, tbat under tbe constitution it admits of no superiority or control. This ,is tbe case with tbe legislative power in many particulars, of wbicb tbe duty imposed by tbe 17tk section of tbe bill of rights is an example. There can be no doubt tbat tbe courts possess no power to compel the legislature to enact tbe laws required by tbat section; nor could they, in tbe absence of any statutes upon tbe subject, by judicial decision supply tbe deficiency; but tbe omission would nevertheless be a clear violation of tbe plainly expressed will of tbe people.
I furthermore concur with counsel in saying, tbat although tbe failure of tbe legislature to perform a positive constitutional duty may be a wrong without a remedy, yet when such duty has once been executed, tbe legislature is deprived of all future power to leave it wholly unexecuted; and tbat *238whilst it may, within the constitutional limits, vary or modify the laws by which that duty has been once performed, it cannot totally repeal them without the contemporaneous passage of substitutes. I do not think that so far as the laws exempting property from execution and sale for the payment of debts comply with the requirements of the constitution, . the legislature has now the power to abrogate them entirely, and leave debtors without the protection which the constitution positively declares it shall give them.
I also agree with counsel, that the constitutional provision referred to, can be executed by general laws only, and that local or special legislation upon the privileges of debtors, which would deprive those residing in certain places, or belonging to particular classes, of the advantages conferred by law upon others, could not be sustained.
Put I cannot assent to the proposition that the privileges spoken of in the constitution, and extended to debtors by existing laws, are, as to particular property which may come within the present protection, to be considered as vested rights, or as partaking so much of the character of such rights, that the legislature cannot, by future enactments, change or modify the laws so as to deprive debtors of a portion of the property which they now hold as exempt. It seems to me clear that if such statutes were general in their operation, and affected the interests of all debtors alike, according to the classes into which they are at present divided, and if they did not amount to a total repeal of all exemptions, but left debtors in the enjoyment of enough of the necessary comforts of life, so that we could not readily and without hesitation say that the constitutional duty was un-executed, they would not be subject to objection on account of those clauses in the constitution which forbid the disturbance of settled rights of property. The immunities or benefits which debtors are to derive from the operation of such laws, are spoken of in the constitution as privileges, not absolute rights. They affect the remedies of the creditor, rather than the strict legal rights of the debtor. The words used imply that the framer3, although they made it obligatory upon the legislature to recognize them, considered them mat*239ters of legislative grace or favor, and. not vested rights growing out of grants from the state, or compacts between state and individual debtors. The state receives nothing, and debtors pay no price the consideration for which does not contribute to their own immediate and exclusive benefit. They are more in the nature of gratuities commanded by the constitution and enforced by the legislature, and their perpetuity and safety, so far as future legislation is concerned, must depend entirely on the clause in the constitution which requires them, and such other clauses as prevent special or exclusive legislation upon subjects of general concern.
The language of the constitution is general, and within it there is room for the exercise of a- wide discretion on the part of the legislature. It declares that the privilege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts, of life, shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure or sale for -the payment of debts. As a general proposition, it may be said that it is for the legislature to decide what are the necessary comforts of life, and what amount of property may reasonably be exempted, and to determine the sanitary properties of the laws by which such exemptions are recognized. But I cannot assent to the doctrine that the discretionary power given to the legislature is absolute and unlimited, and that it may not do violence to the clause, as well by exempting too much as too little, or by protecting those things which are not of the necessary comforts of life as well as by refusing to protect those which are ; or by the passage of unwholesome laws as well as by neglecting to pass those which are healthful and proper. Nor do I believe that the action of the legislature in this respect is entirely beyond the reach or control of the courts. In my opinion upon the motion for a rehearing in the case of Phelps vs. Rooney [12 Wis., 698], I have endeavored to give my views and the reasons which have led to my conclusions upon this latter branch of the subject; but as my brethren think differently, those views cannot be regarded as the true exposition of the constitution in this particular. I there endeavored to show that our present statute, accord*240ing to tbe construction wbicb it received in that case, is void, for tbe reason that it exempts property wbicb does not pertain to tbe necessary comforts of life, and to an amount wbicb exceeds tbe bounds of reason and j ustice, and because tbe law is unwholesome and evil in its tendencies and effects. Tbis, however, may be considered foreign to tbe present discussion, since tbe whole court is of opinion, notwithstanding any differences wbicb may exist upon that question, that it is competent for tbe legislature, by general laws, and within tbe limits above stated, to withdraw tbe privilege and reduce tbe amount of property below what may be at present exempted. Tbe legislature may, undoubtedly, if in its judgment tbe public good requires tbe modification, reduce tbe amount of agricultural lands to ten or twenty acres, and declare that tbe homestead shall embrace no more. Or it may regulate tbe exemption by the value instead of tbe area or extent in acres. Like changes may be made with regard to real property within town plots, cities, or villages. Tbe amount of personal property at any time declared to be free from seizure or sale, may likewise be lessened, provided tbe legislature in all cases leave debtors in tbe enjoyment of enough of tbe comforts of life, so that it cannot be fairly and reasonably said that tbe requirements of tbe constitution remain in whole, or in any material part, unsatisfied.
It being determined that tbe privileges of debtors are not vested rights, and that tbe legislature may modify and abridge them by laws wbicb operate directly upon tbe property, it only remains to be decided in tbis case whether tbe legislature may not accomplish tbe same thing as an incident or consequent of some other power wbicb it constitutionally possesses and may lawfully exert; and whether tbe act, by virtue of wbicb tbe boundaries of tbe city of Racine were extended so as to embrace tbe homestead of tbe respondent, is liable to censure on tbe ground of its being local or special in its character or operation, so far as it affects tbe privileges of debtors residing within tbe limits of tbe newly included territory.
It seems to follow from what has already been said of tbe nature of tbe debtor’s privilege and tbe tenure by wbicb it *241is held, that the legislature could not, by simply conferring it, deprive itself of the future power to exercise some constitutional authority, because such exercise might indirectly impair or diminish the extent of such privilege. It is indeed conceded by counsel that such would not be the ef-feet, and that the legislature had the power, notwithstanding the immunity which the respondent previously enjoyed, to extend the limits of the corporation so as to include the land in controversy, and, for the purposes of municipal government, to subject it to all the burdens incident to such a corporation. This very question was decided in the case of Weeks vs. Milwaukee, in which it was held that the legislature had the power to do so. But it is contended that although the legislature may thus, for municipal purposes, annex adjoining lands and enlarge -tire territorial limits of cities, such annexation does not change the use to which the lands of the debtor are applied, .or the character of his occupation, and cannot therefore curtail his privileges; but that for all the purposes of exemption his property is to be treated as if no change had taken place. The answer which was given to the position of counsel in Weeks vs. Milwaukee, that farming lands not needed for city purposes, but which had been annexed by act of the legislature to the city of Milwaukee, were, for the purposes of taxation, to be considered as if they had not been annexed, is an answer to this position also. It was there urged that the increased burdens consequent on annexation were unjust and oppressive to the proprietors of the farming lands thus added to the city, and furnished good ground for excluding them from the operation of the general rule, that all property must be taxed within the municipality in which it may be situated. It was replied that the question resolved itself into one of power, and it being admitted that the legislature had the power to annex adjoining territory, all the consequences which would legitimately follow from such annexation must be permitted to attach and take effect, and that the inconvenience, uncertainty and confusion which would ensue from the doubtful and ambiguous condition of such a district, were sufficient to deter the court from adopting such a rule. It was further*242more sa^ Persons owning lands in tbe vicinity of cities and towns, must bold tbem subject totbeir disadvantages as well as tbeir advantages, and that they must be supposed to have acquired tbem with full knowledge of tbe general power of tbe legislature to regulate and control tbe legal boundaries and extent of municipal corporations, and of tbe freedom with which such power may be exercised. These observations apply with equal force to this case, and seem to dispose of this part of tbe argument. Tbe respondent must be deemed to have acquired and held bis homestead subject to such changes in tbe municipal governments of tbe state as tbe legislature might see fit to make, and what be has lost in extent, (if tbe question of loss or gain can enter into tbe consideration of tbe matter at all), be must be deemed to have gained in tbe increased value of tbe remaining portion by reason of its nearness to a flourishing city, and tbe benefits which be receives from tbe new form of government. At worst, be is placed on tbe same footing with all other residents of our cities and villages, which cannot really be said to be any hardship or injustice, while tbe opposite rule, if adopted, might be productive of wrongs and mischiefs which •neither the people nor tbe legislature ever could have intended. Eor then tbe selfish and perverse debtor might see a large city grow up around him without laying out his grounds for the convenience of the public, and by still holding his forty acres in the most central and valuable portion, be might set at defiance both his creditors and tbe public, and no efforts on the part of tbe legislature for tbe welfare or advantage of either would be of any avail.
Tbe only limitation which courts can rationally fix to this general legislative power to alter or extend the boundaries of municipal corporations, is that established by the courts of Kentucky in the cases of Cheaney vs. Hooser, 9 B. Mun., 380; City of Covington vs. Southgate, 15 id., 491; Sharp's Executor vs. Dunavan, 17 id., 223; and Maltus vs. Shields, 2 Met. (Ky.), 553. And I confess that I see so many difficulties in the way of its application, that I very much doubt its correctness and propriety. In those cases the question of taxation ir, alone considered, and it is said with reference to it, *243that the power of providing a local government includes necessarily the power of ascertaining and prescribing the of the town, and the proper boundaries of its territorial jurisdiction; that the power and discretion of the legislature on this subject are only limited by the discrimination to be made between what may, with reasonable plausibility, be called a tax for which the objects of the taxation may be regarded as a just compensation, and that which is palpably not a tax, but is, under the form of a tax, or in some other form, the taking of private property for the use of the public without compensation; that exact equality in distributing the burthen of local taxation is not attainable, and cannot form the test of the distinction referred to, but there must be a palpable departure from equality, or it must be palpable that the persons or their property are subjected to a local burthen for the benefit of others, or for purposes in which they have no interest, and to which they are therefore not justly bound to contribute. It is furthermore said that in order to bring a case within the operation of the rule, it must be so flagrant as to authorize the conclusion, at first blush, that the burden is imposed without any view to the interests of the individual in the objects to be accomplished by it, and for the mere purpose of taking private property for public use, without compensation, and that the facts and circumstances showing such purpose must be clearly and unequivocally made to appear. The- case of The City of Covington vs. Southgate, where the limits of the city had been extended so as to include 167 acres of land belonging to Southgate, which was appropriated to fields, pasture and woodland, was held to be within the rule, and the assessment for city purposes void. In the other cases, the annexation of agricultural lands in smaller parcels was held to be legal and valid. But the doctrine is made' to' rest entirely upon the clause in the constitution which prohibits the taking of private property for public use without just compensation made, and it is observed that however flagrant might be the oppression, and though it might approach or amount to actual spoliation by the appropriation of the property of one or a few to the exclusive benefit of the many, the constitution *244in no other way famishes any solid or available protection against the result of legislation so contrary to its spirit. One difficulty about the application of such a rule, in my estimation, is the great uncertainty and fluctuation which must ever attend its application to particular cases. Another is, that it seems to me to be an interference on the part of the courts with what was intended to be exclusively a matter of legislative discretion; and still another, that I do not see how the courts can thus impeach and set aside an act of the legislature, without inquiring into and impeaching the motives which influenced the legislature in passing it, which is a ground of objection to statutes that all courts, including those of Kentucky, expressly disavow.
These decisions furnish no support for the positions of counsel in this case, except so far as they may be said to bear indirectly upon the point that the legislation complained of is local or special in its character and operation. They do furnish some ground for contending that the legislature cannot, under color of making laws to regulate and extend the boundaries of cities or villages, enact them for the mere purpose of cutting off or reducing the exemptions of joarticu-lar individuals, and thus legislate specially for or against certain persons, contrary to the spirit and intent of the constitution. Whether or not such a case, were it plainly made to appear, would fall within the objections which have 'been suggested to the doctrine of the cases referred to, it is unnecessary for us here to state, for the reason that we are of opinion that no such case is made by the complaint. It is only alleged that the respondent’s land, at the time of the passage of the act annexing it to the city, was not within the territory which was actually populated and used for city purposes, and that it was only fitted for and used as agri,1 cultural land. This, at most, can only be regarded as the opinion of the respondent, upon a matter which rested solely upon the discretion and judgment of the legislature, andean-, not be permitted to overturn or defeat the opinion which it has expressed in the form of a legislative enactment. If its judgment can be overruled at all, it can only be done upon facts and circumstances, admitted or proved, which conelu-*245sively show that the act in question was passed, under the guise of exercising some constitutional authority, for the express purpose of accomplishing an object which the constitution prohibits. In such cases, no presumptions against the fairness or integrity of the legislative body can be entertained.
The object of the act is apparently constitutional, and as the facts stated do not show it to be otherwise, or that it is, or was designed to be, special in its= character or effect, it must be permitted to stand.
The judgment of the circuit court must therefore be reversed, and the cause remanded for • further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.